Public Speaking Handbook 5Th Edition Beebe Test Bank Full Chapter PDF

Public Speaking Handbook 5th Edition
Beebe Test Bank

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Test Bank Chapter 7: Developing Your Speech
Multiple-Choice Questions
TB_Q7.1 When you discover the listener's needs, interests, and expectations prior to selecting a
topic, you are fulfilling which guideline for selecting a topic?
a. consider yourself
b. consider the occasion
c. consider the audience
d. consider the topic
LO 7.1: Select and narrow a topic for a speech that is appropriate to the audience, the occasion,
the time limits, and yourself.
Topic: Select and Narrow Your Topic
Skill: Understand the Concepts
Difficulty: 2 - Moderate
Answer: c
TB_Q7.2 Emily has been asked to speak to a group of her colleagues at work about a new
project, but she wonders, "What do these people already know about this project, and are they
excited about it?" These questions reflect Emily's
a. lack of self-esteem as a public speaker.
b. consideration for the occasion for which she is speaking.
c. concern about the interests and knowledge of her audience.
d. lack of sophistication in audience analysis techniques.
Skill: Apply What You Know
Answer: c
TB_Q7.3 For his graduation ceremony, Brady decided to give his valedictory address on the
topic “opposition to the rising costs of university tuition.” What did Brady fail to do?
a. consider the occasion
b. narrow his topic
c. conduct a demographic analysis
d. consider the audience
Answer: a
Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
TB_Q7.4 When you make a list of your own interests, and just begin writing as many topics
related to these as you can think of without stopping to consider them, you are using a technique
known as
a. topic building.
b. brainstorming.
c. natural topic selection.
d. webbing.
Answer: b
TB_Q7.5 After his speech teacher assigns an informative speech, Angel begins to worry about
what to choose as his topic. That night he takes out a blank sheet of paper and writes down every
possible topic idea he can think of. What is Angel doing?
a. topic narrowing
b. brainstorming
c. procrastinating
d. searching
Answer: b
TB_Q7.6 It's the end of the semester, your brain is fried, and you just can't come up with a
creative topic for your persuasive speech. As a last resort, you pick up the daily newspaper and
decide on a topic by looking at one of the headlines. Is this advisable?
a. No; it is a form of plagiarism when you get speech topics from a newspaper.
b. No; newspapers offer boring material which do not make for a good topic.
c. Yes, but topics generated from newspapers take much longer to develop than others.
d. Yes; scanning newspaper headlines may be an effective strategy to find a speech topic.
Answer: d
TB_Q7.7 When searching for a speech topic, Web directories, such as Yahoo!, are helpful
because
a. they generate a list of topics divided into categories and subcategories.
b. they present material in many different ways.
c. the information provided in Web directories is always accurate.
d. Web directories will have better ideas for topics than you will.
Answer: a
TB_Q7.8 Is it appropriate to develop a speech topic based on something you heard on a

television talk show?
a. No; using televised information for a speech topic is a form of plagiarism.
b. No; most topics discussed on talk shows are inappropriate speech material.
c. Yes, but you have to address the topic the same way the talk show did.
d. Yes; brainstorming ideas from a television program is a good way to develop a topic.
Answer: d
TB_Q7.9 Almost all speeches have an overall goal to inform, to persuade, or to entertain. This
goal for your speech is known as its
a. general purpose.
b. specific purpose.
c. central idea.
d. blueprint.
LO 7.2: Write an audience-centered specific-purpose statement for a speech.

Topic: Determine Your Purpose
Skill: Remember the Facts
Difficulty: 1- Easy
Answer: a
TB_Q7.10 What are the three most common general purposes for speeches?
a. to tell, to show, to teach
b. to excite, to engage, to convince
c. to inform, to persuade, to entertain
d. to demonstrate, to manipulate, to coerce
Difficulty: 1 - Easy
Answer: c
TB_Q7.11 When Elizabeth was asked to be the after-dinner speaker for the senior honors dinner,
she responded with great enthusiasm. She viewed this as an opportunity to reflect on her time in
college, bring a smile to her fellow seniors' faces, relay the excitement of the event, and help
them enjoy themselves. In this situation, Elizabeth would be speaking to
a. inform.
b. persuade.
c. convince.
d. entertain.

Answer: d
TB_Q7.12 During your speech you ask your audience to sign a petition to increase student
parking areas. Your general goal is to
a. inform.
b. notify.
c. entertain.
d. persuade.

Answer: d
TB_Q7.13 "At the end of my speech, my audience will be able to list the three different types of
Reggae music." This statement is an example of a
a. central idea.
b. general purpose.
c. specific purpose.
d. blueprint.

Answer: c
TB_Q7.14 The ______ is decided solely by the speaker since it depends on the behavioral
change the speaker expects from the audience at the end of the speech.
a. general purpose
b. specific purpose
c. central idea
d. functional purpose

Answer: b
TB_Q7.15 In a speech about the importance of establishing a daily exercise routine, Bart
summarized his goal for the speech in the following statement: "At the end of my speech, the
audience will initiate a daily exercise routine." This statement is a
a. general purpose.
c. concluding statement.
d. summary statement.

Answer: b
TB_Q7.16 A _______ is a complete declarative sentence that summarizes your speech.

a. general purpose
b. specific purpose
c. central idea
d. blueprint
LO 7.3: State a single audience-centered central idea with direct, specific language in a complete
declarative sentence.
Topic: Develop Your Central Idea
Answer: c
TB_Q7.17 In his speech outline, Barnett included the sentence: "Censorship of the music
industry violates our First Amendment right to free speech." This statement is
a. a general purpose statement.
b. a specific purpose statement.
c. a central idea or thesis.
d. an inflammatory statement.
Answer: c
TB_Q7.18 Allison has written and rewritten the central idea of her speech on "Dog Care." She
finally comes up with: "Dog care is very difficult." What is the problem with this central idea?
a. Her central idea is not audience-centered.
b. Her central idea is too confusing.
c. Her central idea is too vague.
d. Her central idea is not a declarative sentence.
Answer: c
TB_Q7.19 Searching for logical divisions in a subject is a strategy for determining your
a. general purpose.
c. preview statement.
d. main ideas.
LO 7.4: Apply three ways of generating main ideas from a central idea.
Topic: Generate and Preview Your Main Idea
Answer: d
TB_Q7.20 Mabel’s central idea is “A liberal arts education benefits the student in two ways.”
What phrase in this central idea indicates to Mabel that her central idea has logical divisions?
a. “liberal arts”
b. “the student”
c. “education benefits”
d. “two ways”
Answer: d
TB_Q7.21 The central idea for your speech on "use sunscreen" just will not break itself down
into logical divisions. Rather than trying to find another topic that divides more logically, you
would
a. find a chronological pattern for the main ideas.
b. establish reasons why your central idea is true.
c. get creative and make up divisions even if they are not applicable to your topic.
d. find new supporting material on the topic and start again.
Answer: b
TB_Q7.22 Derrick's speech on rodeos focused on three different events. His central idea was
“the modern rodeo has many interesting events including bronco busting, calf roping, and bull
riding.” Derrick's central idea could be readily broken down into main ideas based on
a. a chronological order or series of steps.
b. reasons to show the central idea is true.
c. logical division of the central idea.
d. the relative importance of each idea.
Answer: c
TB_Q7.23 A combination of your central idea and a summary of your main points is known as
the
a. general purpose.
c. central idea.
d. blueprint.
Answer: d
TB_Q7.24 “I'm going to talk about the sport of racquetball, including the history of the game,
the basic equipment used when playing racquetball, and the health benefits derived from the
sport.” An audience member would recognize this as
a. an attention-getter.
b. a blueprint statement.
c. a specific purpose.
d. a general purpose.
Answer: b
TB_Q7.25 In her speech Tonya says, "Tonight, I'm going to discuss with you two reasons why
everyone should recycle, including cost-saving benefits and the problems waste creates in the
environment." This statement is
a. a general purpose statement.
b. an attention-getting device.
c. a preview of main ideas.
d. a specific purpose statement.
Answer: c
True/False Questions
TB_Q7.26 Not only should a speaker’s choice of topic be relevant to the interests and
expectations of his or her listeners; it should also take into account the knowledge listeners
already have about the subject.
Answer: True
TB_Q7.27 Speakers should choose topics that are important to their listeners as well as to
themselves.
Answer: True
TB_Q7.28 You should never select a topic that you are not already familiar with, even if you
would like to know more about it.
Answer: False
TB_Q7.29 By contemplating which topics reflect the audience, occasion, and speaker, you will
automatically produce a good topic.
Answer: False
TB_Q7.30 To be successful, a topic must be appropriate to the audience but not the occasion.
Answer: False
TB_Q7.31 All successful topics reflect audience, occasion, and speaker.
Answer: True
TB_Q7.32 A disadvantage of searching the Web for a topic idea is that it does not aid in
developing a preliminary bibliography while you are searching for a topic.
Answer: False
TB_Q7.33 There are three primary general purposes: to inform, to persuade, or to entertain.

Answer: True
TB_Q7.34 "To tell my audience about pigs," is a good specific purpose statement.

Answer: False
TB_Q7.35 When preparing the specific purpose statement, you should use words that refer to
observable or measurable behavior.

Answer: True
TB_Q7.36 Limit the specific purpose to two or three ideas.

Answer: False
TB_Q7.37 The central idea should be a complete declarative sentence—not a phrase or clause,
and not a question.
Answer: True
TB_Q7.38 The central idea should be a single idea.
Answer: True
TB_Q7.39 Your central idea should use vague, unclear language.
Answer: False
TB_Q7.40 You should state your central idea as a one-paragraph summary of your speech, and
then generate main ideas by looking for natural divisions, reasons, or steps to support your
central idea.
Answer: False
Fill-in-the-Blank Questions
TB_Q7.41 To be successful, a topic must fit the time constraints and consider you as a speaker,
the audience and the _______.
Answer: occasion
TB_Q7.42 ______ is a creative problem-solving technique used to generate many ideas for a
topic.
Answer: Brainstorming
TB_Q7.43 The central idea of your speech is also referred to as the _______.
Answer: thesis
TB_Q7.44 The ______ of your speech are detailed points of focus that help you develop your
central idea.
Topic: Generate and Preview Your Main Ideas
Answer: main ideas
TB_Q7.45 Once you have generated your main ideas, you can add a preview of those main ideas
to your central idea to produce a _______ for your speech.
Answer: blueprint
Essay Questions
TB_Q7.46 What are the steps involved in brainstorming for a topic?
Skill: Analyze It
Difficulty: 3 - Difficult
Answer :
- Start with a blank sheet of paper.
- Set a time limit for brainstorming.
- Begin writing as many possible topics for a speech as you can.
- Do not stop to evaluate your topics; just write them down.
- Let one idea lead to another—free-associate; piggyback off your own ideas.
- Keep writing until your time is up.
TB_Q7.47 State the guidelines for preparing a specific purpose.

Skill: Analyze It
Answer: A specific purpose statement should:
- use words that refer to observable or measurable behavior.
- be limited to a single idea.
- reflect the needs, interests, expectations, and knowledge level of your audience.
TB_Q7.48 List four criteria for formulating a central idea.
Skill: Analyze It
Answer :
The central idea should:
- be a complete declarative sentence.
- use direct, specific language.
- be a single idea.
- be an audience-centered idea.
TB_Q7.49 What three questions can be asked to generate main ideas for a speech?
Skill: Analyze It
Answer :
- Does the central idea have logical divisions?
- Are there several reasons why the central idea is true?
- Can I support the central idea with a series of steps or chronological progression?
TB_Q7.50 Complete the following for a topic: - brainstorm - determine general purpose - state
specific purpose - state central idea with a blueprint.
LO 7.2: Write an audience-centered specific-purpose statement for a speech; LO 7.3: State a

single audience-centered central idea with direct, specific language in a complete declarative
sentence; LO 7.4: Apply three ways of generating main ideas from a central idea.
Topic: Determine Your Purpose; Develop Your Central Idea; Generate and Preview Your Main
Ideas
Skill: Analyze It
Difficulty: 3 Difficult
Answer : Answers will vary, but should include all of the listed elements. For example:
Brainstorm: Computers: MAC, pc, IBM, memory, brand, size, cost, laptop, and Internet
Determine general purpose: To inform
State specific purpose: At the end of my speech, the audience will be able to state the factors to
consider when buying a notebook computer.
State central idea with a blueprint: Three factors to consider when buying a notebook
computer are price, size, and brand.
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East. At Pao-Ting Fu, where women were said to have suffered
indescribable brutalities before being slain, investigation by
an American military officer convinced him that "there is no
evidence of any peculiar atrocities committed upon the persons
of those who were slain"; and the American Board of
Commissioners for Foreign Missions has publicly announced:
"While forced to believe that our missionaries in Shan Si and
at Pao Ting Fu were put to death by the Chinese, we have never
credited the published reports concerning atrocities connected
with their slaughter."
CHINA: A. D. 1901 (March).

Withdrawal of American troops, excepting a Legation guard.
The following order was sent by cable from the War Department
at Washington to General Chaffee, commanding the United States
forces in China, on the 15th of March: "In reply to your
telegram Secretary of War directs you complete arrangements
sail for Manila with your command and staff officers by end
April, leaving as legation guard infantry company composed of
150 men having at least one year to serve or those intending
re-enlist, with full complement of officers, medical officer,
sufficient hospital corps men and, if you think best, field
officer especially qualified to command guard. Retain and
instruct officer quartermaster's department proceed to erect
necessary buildings for guard according to plan and estimates
you approve."
CHINA: A. D. 1901 (March-April).

Discussion of the question of indemnity.
Uneasiness concerning rumored secret negotiations of
Russia with the Chinese government relative to Manchuria.
As we write this (early in April), the reckoning of

indemnities to be demanded by the several Powers of the
Concert in China is still under discussion between the
Ministers at Peking, and is found to be very difficult of
settlement. There is understood to be wide differences of
disposition among the governments represented in the
discussion, some being accused of a greed that would endeavor
to wring from the Chinese government far more than the country
can possibly pay; while others are laboring to reduce the
total of exactions within a more reasonable limit. At the
latest accounts from Peking, a special committee of the
Ministers was said to be engaged in a searching investigation
of the resources of China, in order to ascertain what sum the
Empire has ability to pay, and in what manner the payment can
best be secured and best made. It seems to be hoped that when
those facts are made clear there may be possibilities of an
agreement as to the division of the total sum between the
nations whose legations were attacked, whose citizens were
slain, and who sent troops to crush the Boxer rising.
Meantime grave anxieties are being caused by rumors of a

secret treaty concerning Manchuria which Russia is said to be
attempting to extort from the Chinese government [see, in this
volume, MANCHURIA], the whispered terms of which would give
her, in that vast region, a degree of control never likely to
become less. The most positive remonstrance yet known to have
been made, against any concession of that nature, was
addressed, on the 1st of March, by the government of the
United States, to its representatives at St. Petersburg,
Berlin, London, Paris, Vienna, Rome, and Tokio, as follows:
"The following memorandum, which was handed to the Chinese

Minister on February 19, is transmitted to you for your
information and communication to the government to which you
are accredited: "The preservation of the territorial integrity
of China having been recognized by all the powers now engaged in
joint negotiation concerning the injuries recently inflicted
upon their ministers and nationals by certain officials and
subjects of the Chinese Empire, it is evidently advantageous
to China to continue the present international understanding
upon this subject. It would be, therefore, unwise and
dangerous in the extreme for China to make any arrangement or
to consider any proposition of a private nature involving the
surrender of territory or financial obligations by convention
with any particular power; and the government of the United
States, aiming solely at the preservation of China from the
danger indicated and the conservation of the largest and most
beneficial relations between the empire and other countries,
in accordance with the principles set forth in its circular
note of July 3, 1900, and in a purely friendly spirit toward
the Chinese Empire and all the powers now interested in the
negotiations, desires to express its sense of the impropriety,
inexpediency and even extreme danger to the interests of China
of considering any private territorial or financial
arrangements, at least without the full knowledge and approval
of all the powers now engaged in negotiation.
HAY."
----------CHINA: End--------
CHINESE TAXES.
See (in this volume)

LIKIN.
CHING, Prince:
Chinese Plenipotentiary to negotiate with the allied Powers.

CHINA: A. D. 1900 (AUGUST-DECEMBER).
CHITRAL: A. D. 1895.
The defense and relief of.

INDIA: A. D. 1895 (MARCH-SEPTEMBER).
CHITRAL:A. D. 1901.
Included in a new British Indian province.

INDIA: A. D. 1901 (FEBRUARY).
CHOCTAWS, United States agreements with the.

INDIANS, AMERICAN: A. D. 1893-1899.
CHRISTIAN ENDEAVOR, The Young People's Society of.
The nineteenth annual international convention of Young

People's Societies of Christian Endeavor was held in the
Alexandra Palace, London, England, from the 13th to the 20th
of July, 1900, delegates being present from most countries of
the world. Reports presented to the convention showed a total
membership of about 3,500,000, in 59,712 societies, 43,262 of
which were in the United States, 4,000 in Canada, some 7,000
in Great Britain, 4,000 in Australia, and smaller numbers in
Germany, India, China, Japan, Mexico, and elsewhere.
{145}
The first society, which supplied the germ of organization for

all succeeding ones, was formed in the Williston
Congregational Church of Portland, Maine, on the 2d of
February, 1881, by the Reverend Francis E. Clark, the pastor
of the church. The object, as indicated by the name of the
society, was to organize the religious energies of the young
people of the church for Christian life and work. The idea was
caught and imitated in other churches—Congregational,
Presbyterian, Methodist, Baptist, and others—very rapidly,
and the organization soon became, not only widely national,
but international. In 1898, it was reported that Russia then
remained the only country in the world without a Christian
Endeavor Society, and the total was 54,191. In the next year's
report Russia was announced to have entered the list of
countries represented, and the number of societies had
advanced to 55,813. In 1900, the numbers had risen to the
height stated above. The Epworth League is a kindred
organization of young people in the Methodist Church.

EPWORTH LEAGUE.
CHRISTIANS AND MOSLEMS:

Conflicts in Armenia.

TURKEY: A. D. 1895.
CONFLICTS IN CRETE.

TURKEY: A. D. 1897 (FEBRUARY-MARCH).
CHUNGKING.
"Chungking, which lies nearly 2,000 miles inland, is, despite

its interior position, one of the most important of the more
recently opened ports of China. Located at practically the
head of navigation on the Yangtze, it is the chief city of the
largest, most populous, and perhaps the most productive
province of China, whose relative position, industries,
population, and diversified products make it quite similar to
the great productive valley of the upper Mississippi. The
province of Szechuan is the largest province of China, having
an area of 166,800 square miles, and a population of
67,000,000, or but little less than that of the entire United
States. Its area and density of population may be more readily
recognized in the fact that its size is about the same as that
of the States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Kentucky combined,
but that its population is six times as great as that of those
States. Its productions include wheat, tobacco, buckwheat,
hemp, maize, millet, barley, sugar cane, cotton, and silk."
United States, Bureau of Statistics,

Monthly Summary, March, 1899, page 2196.
CHURCH OF ENGLAND: A. D. 1896.

Papal declaration of the invalidity of its ordinations.

PAPACY: A. D. 1896 (SEPTEMBER).
CIVIL CODE: Introduction in Germany.

GERMANY: A. D. 1900 (JANUARY).
-------CIVIL-SERVICE REFORM IN THE UNITED STATES: Start-----
CIVIL-SERVICE REFORM IN THE UNITED STATES: A. D. 1893-1896.

Extensions of the Civil-Service rules by President Cleveland.
"Through the extensions of the Federal classification during

President Cleveland's second administration, the number of
positions covered by the civil-service rules was increased
two-fold. On March 3, 1893, the number classified was 42,928.
By a series of executive orders ranging from March 20, 1894,
to June 25. 1895, 10,000 places were added to the list,
bringing the total, approximately, to 53,000. Meanwhile, the
Civil Service Commission had recommended to the President a
general revision that would correct the imperfections of the
original rules and extend their scope to the full degree
contemplated by the Pendleton Act. After much correspondence
and consultation with department officers, and careful work on
the part of the Commission, the rules of May 6 [1896] were
promulgated. They added to the classification about 29,000
more places, and by transferring to the control of the
Commission the system of Navy Yard employment, established by
Secretary Tracy, brought the total number in the classified
service to 87,117. The positions in the Executive branch
unaffected by these orders included those classes expressly
excluded by the statute—persons nominated for confirmation by
the Senate and those employed 'merely as laborers or
workmen'—together with the fourth-class postmasters, clerks in
post-offices other than free delivery offices and in Customs
districts having less than five employees, persons receiving
less than $300 annual compensation, and about 1,000
miscellaneous positions of minor character, not classified for
reasons having to do with the good of the service—91,600 in
all. Within the classified service, the list of positions
excepted from competitive examination was confined to the
private secretaries and clerks of the President and Cabinet
officers, cashiers in the Customs Service, the Internal
Revenue Service and the principal post-offices, attorneys who
prepare cases for trial, principal Customs deputies and all
assistant postmasters—781 in all. The new rules provided for a
general system of promotion, based on competitive examinations
and efficiency records, and gave the Commission somewhat
larger powers in the matter of removals by providing that no
officer or employee in the classified service, of whatever
station, should be removed for political or religious reasons,
and that in all cases like penalties should be imposed for like
offenses. They created an admirable system, a system founded
on the most sensible rules of business administration, and
likely to work badly only where the Commission might encounter
the opposition of hostile appointing officers. President
Cleveland's revised rules were promulgated before the
Convention of either political party had been held, and before
the results of the election could be foreshadowed. The
extensions were practically approved, however, by the
Republican platform, which was adopted with full knowledge of
the nature of the changes, and which declared that the law
should be 'thoroughly and honestly enforced and extended
wherever practicable.' … Mr. McKinley, in his letter of
acceptance and in his inaugural address, repeated the pledge
of the Republican party to uphold the law, and during the two
months of his administration now past he has consistently done
so. He has been beset by many thousands of place-seekers, by
Senators and Representatives and by members of his own
Cabinet, all urging that he undo the work of his predecessor,
either wholly or in part, and so break his word of honor to
the nation, in order that they may profit. … At least five
bills have been introduced in Congress, providing for the
repeal of the law. … Finally, the Senate has authorized an
investigation, by the Committee on Civil Service and
Retrenchment, with the view of ascertaining whether the law
should be 'continued, amended or repealed,' and sessions of
this Committee are now in progress. … Mr. McKinley, by
maintaining the system against these organized attacks, will
do as great a thing as Mr. Cleveland did in upbuilding it."
Report of the Executive Committee of the New York

Civil Service Reform Association, 1897.
{146}
In his annual Message to Congress, December, 1896, President

Cleveland remarked on the subject:
"There are now in the competitive classified service upward of

eighty-four thousand places. More than half of these have been
included from time to time since March 4, 1893. … If
fourth-class postmasterships are not included in the
statement, it may be said that practically all positions
contemplated by the civil-service law are now classified.
Abundant reasons exist for including these postmasterships,
based upon economy, improved service, and the peace and quiet
of neighborhoods. If, however, obstacles prevent such action
at present, I earnestly hope that Congress will, without
increasing post-office appropriations, so adjust them as to
permit in proper cases a consolidation of these post-offices,
to the end that through this process the result desired may to
a limited extent be accomplished. The civil-service rules as
amended during the last year provide for a sensible and
uniform method of promotion, basing eligibility to better
positions upon demonstrated efficiency and faithfulness."
United States, Message and Documents (Abridgment),

1896-1897, page 33.
CIVIL-SERVICE REFORM IN THE UNITED STATES: A. D. 1894.

Constitutional provision in New York.

CONSTITUTION OF NEW YORK.
CIVIL-SERVICE REFORM IN THE UNITED STATES: A. D. 1897-1898.

Onslaught of the spoils-men at Washington.
Failure of the Congressional attack.
"During the four months following the inauguration [of

President McKinley] the onslaught of place-seekers was almost
unprecedented. Ninety-nine out of every hundred of them
discovered that the office or position he desired was
classified and subject to competitive examination. The tenure
of the incumbent in each case was virtually at the pleasure of
the department officers; removals might easily be made; but
appointments to the places made vacant could be made only from
the eligible lists, and the lists were fairly well filled. It
is true that the rules permitted the reinstatement without
examination of persons who had been separated from the service
without personal fault within one year, or of veterans who had
been in the service at any time, and that some removals were made
to make room for these. But the appointments in such cases
went but a very little way toward meeting the demand. The
result was that almost the whole pressure of the
office-hunting forces and of their members of Congress was
directed for the while toward one end—the revocation or
material modification of the civil service rules. President
McKinley was asked to break his personal pledges, as well as
those of his party, and to take from the classified service
more than one half of the 87,000 offices and positions it
contained. … But the President yielded substantially nothing.
… The attack of the spoils-seekers was turned at once from the
President to Congress. It was declared loudly that the desired
modifications would be secured through legislation, and that
it might even be difficult to restrain the majority from
voting an absolute repeal. In the House the new movement was
led by General Grosvenor of Ohio; in the Senate by Dr.
Gallinger of New Hampshire. … The first debates of the session
dealt with civil service reform. The House devoted two weeks to
the subject in connection with the consideration of the annual
appropriation for the Civil Service Commission. … The effort
to defeat the appropriation ended in the usual failure. It was
explained, however, that all of this had been mere preparation
for the proposed legislation. A committee was appointed by the
Republican opponents, under the lead of General Grosvenor, to
prepare a bill. The bill appeared on January 6, when it was
introduced by Mr. Evans of Kentucky, and referred to the
Committee on Reform in the Civil Service. It limited the
application of the civil service law to clerical employees at
Washington, letter carriers and mail clerks, and employees in
principal Post Offices and Customs Houses, proposing thus to
take from the present classified service about 55,000
positions. A series of hearings was arranged by the Civil
Service Committee, at which representatives of this and other
Associations, and of the Civil Service Commission, were
present. A sub-committee of seven, composing a majority of the
full committee, shortly afterward voted unanimously to report
the bill adversely. About the same time, the Senate Civil
Service Committee, which had been investigating the operation
of the law since early summer, presented its report. Of the
eight members, three recommended a limited number of
exceptions, amounting in all to probably 11,000; three
recommended a greatly reduced list of exceptions, and two
proposed none whatever. All agreed that the President alone
had authority to act, and that no legislation was needed. …
The collapse of the movement in Congress has turned the
attention of the spoilsmen again toward the President. He is
asked once more to make sweeping exceptions."
Report of the Executive Committee of the

New York Civil Service Reform Association, 1898.
CIVIL-SERVICE REFORM IN THE UNITED STATES:A. D. 1897-1899.

Temporary check in New York.
Governor Black's law.
Restoration of the merit system under Governor Roosevelt.
"In June [1897]—after the Court of Appeals … had declared that

the constitutional amendment was self-executing, and that
appointments made without competitive examination, where
competitive examinations were practicable, must be held to be
illegal—steps were taken to secure a reduction of the exempt
and non-competitive positions in the State Service. A letter
was addressed to Governor Morton, by the officers of the
Association, on June 8, asking that the service be
reclassified, on a basis competitive as far as practicable.
The Governor replied that he had already given the subject
some thought, and that he would be glad to give our
suggestions careful consideration. On the 4th of August he
instructed the Civil Service Commission to prepare such a
revision of the rules and classification as had been proposed.
On the 11th of November this revision, prepared by
Commissioner Burt, was adopted by the full Commission, and on
the 9th of December the new rules were formally promulgated by
the Governor and placed in immediate operation. … The
Governor, earlier in the year, had reversed his action in the
case of inspectors and other employees of the new Excise
Department, by transferring them from the non-competitive to
the competitive class. … This marked the beginning of a
vigorous movement against the competitive system led by
chairmen of district committees, and other machine
functionaries.
{147}
Governor Morton's sweeping order of December completed the
discomfiture of these people and strengthened their purpose to
make a final desperate effort to break the system down. The
new Governor, of whom little had been known prior to his
unexpected nomination in September, proved to be in full
sympathy with their plan. In his message to the legislature,
Mr. Black, in a paragraph devoted to 'Civil Service,' referred
to the system built up by his predecessor in contemptuous
language, and declared that, in his judgment, 'Civil service
would work better with less starch.' He recommended
legislation that would render the examinations 'more
practical,' and that would permit appointing officers to
select from the whole number on an eligible list and not
confine them to selections 'from among those graded highest.'
Such legislation, he promised; would 'meet with prompt
executive approval.' Each house of the legislature referred
this part of the message to its Judiciary Committee, with
instructions to report a bill embodying the Governor's ideas.
… Within a few days of the close of the legislative session,
the measure currently described as 'Governor Black's bill was
Introduced. … The bill provided that in all examinations for
the State, county or municipal service, not more than 50 per
cent. might be given for 'merit,' to be determined by the
Examining Boards, and that the rest of the rating,
representing 'fitness,' was to be given by the appointing
officer, or by some person or persons designated by him. All
existing eligible lists were to be abolished in 30 days, and
the new scheme was to go into operation at once. … A hearing
was given by the Senate Committee on the following day, and
one by the Assembly Committee a few days later. … The bill,
with some amendments, was passed In the Senate, under
suspension of the rules, and as a party measure. … It was
passed in the Assembly also as a caucus measure."
"Early [in 1898] after time had been allowed for the act to
prove its capabilities in practice, steps were taken toward
commencing a suit to test its constitutionality in the courts.
… Pending the bringing of a test suit, a bill was prepared for
the Association and introduced in the Legislature on March
16th, last, one of the features of which was the repeal of the
unsatisfactory law. … The bill … was passed by the Senate on
March 29th. On the 31st, the last day of the session, it was
passed by the Assembly. … On the same date it was signed by
the Governor and became a law. This act has the effect of
exempting the cities from the operation of the act of 1897,
restoring the former competitive system in each of them."

"As a result of the confusing legislation of [1897 and 1898]

at least four systems of widely differing character had come
into existence by the first of [1899]. New York city had its
charter rules, … the state departments were conducted under
two adaptations of the Black law, and in the smaller cities
the plan of the original law of 1883 was followed. In his
first annual message, Governor Roosevelt directed the
attention of the Legislature to this anomalous condition and
strongly urged the passage of an act repealing the Black law
and establishing a uniform system, for the state and cities
alike, subject to state control. Such an act was prepared with
the co-operation of a special committee of the Association. …
After some discussion it was determined to recast the measure,
adopting a form amounting to a codification of all previously
existing statutes, and less strict in certain of its general
provisions. … The bill was … passed by the Senate by a
majority of two. … In the Assembly it was passed with slight
amendments. … On the … 19th of April the act was signed by the
Governor, and went into immediate effect. … The passage of
this law will necessitate the complete recasting of the civil
service system in New York, on radically different lines."

Modification of Civil Service Rules by President McKinley.
Severe criticism of the order by the National Civil
Service Reform League.
On the 29th of May, 1899, President McKinley was persuaded to

issue an order greatly modifying the civil service rules,
releasing many offices from their operation and permitting
numerous transfers in the service on a non-competitive
examination. This presidential order was criticised with
severity in a statement promptly issued by the Executive
Committee of the National Civil Service Reform League, which
says: "The National Civil Service Reform League, after mature
consideration, regards the order of President McKinley, of May
29, changing the Civil Service rules, as a backward step of
the most pronounced character. The order follows a long
succession of violations, of both the spirit and the literal
terms of the law and rules, in various branches of the
service, and must be considered in its relations to these. Its
immediate effects, which have been understated, may be set
forth as follows:
(1) It withdraws from the classified service not merely 3,000

or 4,000 offices and positions, but, as nearly as can be now
estimated, 10,109. It removes 3,693 from the class of
positions filled hitherto either through competitive
examination or through an orderly practice of promotion, and
it transfers 6,416 other positions in the War Department,
filled hitherto through a competitive registration system,
under the control of the Civil Service Commission, to a system
to be devised and placed in effect by the present Secretary of
War.
(2) It declares regular at least one thousand additional
appointments made temporarily, without examination—in many
cases in direct disregard of the law—in branches that are not
affected by the exceptions, but that remain nominally
competitive.
(3) It permits the permanent appointment of persons employed

without examination, for emergency purposes during the course
of war with Spain, thus furnishing a standing list of many
thousands which positions in the War Department may be filled,
without tests of fitness, for a long time to come.
(4) It alters the rules to the effect that in future any

person appointed with or without competitive examination, or
without any examination, may be placed by transfer in any
classified position without regard to the character or
similarity of the employments interchanged, and after
non-competitive examination only.
{148}
(5) It permits the reinstatement, within the discretion of the

respective department officers, of persons separated from the
service at any previous time for any stated reason.
The effect of these changes in the body of the rules will be

of a more serious nature than that of the absolute exceptions
made. It will be practicable to fill competitive positions of
every description either through arbitrary reinstatement—or
through original appointment to a lower grade, or to an
excepted position without tests of any sort, or even by
transfer from the great emergency force of the War Department,
to be followed in any such case by a mere 'pass' examination.
As general experience has proven, the 'pass' examinations, in
the course of time, degenerate almost invariably into farce.
It will be practicable also to restore to the service at the
incoming of each new administration those dismissed for any
cause during the period of any administration preceding. That
such a practice will lead to wholesale political reprisals,
and, coupled with the other provisions referred to, to the
re-establishment on a large scale of the spoils system of
rotation and favoritism, cannot be doubted."
In his next succeeding annual Message to Congress the

President used the following language on the subject: "The
Executive order [by President Cleveland] of May 6, 1896,
extending the limits of the classified service, brought within
the operation of the civil-service law and rules nearly all of
the executive civil service not previously classified. Some of
the inclusions were found wholly illogical and unsuited to the
work of the several Departments. The application of the rules to
many of the places so included was found to result in friction
and embarrassment. After long and very careful consideration
it became evident to the heads of the Departments, responsible
for their efficiency, that in order to remove these
difficulties and promote an efficient and harmonious
administration certain amendments were necessary. These
amendments were promulgated by me in Executive order dated May
29, 1899. All of the amendments had for their main object a
more efficient and satisfactory administration of the system
of appointments established by the civil-service law. The
results attained show that under their operation the public
service has improved and that the civil-service system is
relieved of many objectionable features which heretofore
subjected it to just criticism and the administrative officers
to the charge of unbusinesslike methods in the conduct of
public affairs. It is believed that the merit system has been
greatly strengthened and its permanence assured."
United States, Message and Documents

(Abridgment), 1890-1900, volume 1.
At its next annual meeting, December 14, 1900, in New York,

the National Civil Service Reform League reiterated its
condemnation of the order of President McKinley, declaring:
"The year has shown that the step remains as unjustified in
principle as ever and that it has produced, in practical
result, just the injuries to the service that were feared, as
the reports of our committee of various branches of the
service have proved. The league, therefore, asserts without
hesitancy that the restoration of very nearly all places in
every branch of the service exempted from classification by
this deplorable order is demanded by the public interest and
that the order itself should be substantially revoked."

Civil Service Rules in the Philippine Islands.
"An Act for the establishment and maintenance of an efficient

and honest civil service in the Philippine Islands" was
adopted, on the 19th of September, by the Commission which now
administers the civil government of those islands. The bill is
founded on the principles of the American civil service in
their stricter construction, and its provisions extend to all
the executive branches of the government. The framing of rules
and regulations for the service are left to the Civil Service
Board provided for in the act. A correspondent of the "New
York Tribune," writing from Manila on the day after the
enactment, states: "W. Leon Pepperman, who has long been
connected with the civil service in the United States, and who
has made a personal study of the systems maintained by Great
Britain, France, and Holland in their Eastern colonies, will
be on this board, as will be F. W. Kiggins of the Washington
Civil Service Commission. The third member probably will be a
Filipino. President Taft had selected for this post Dr.
Joaquin Gonzalez, an able man, but that gentleman's untimely
death on the eve of his appointment has forced President Taft
to find another native capable of meeting the necessary
requirements. Mr. Kiggins probably will act as Chief Examiner,
and Mr. Pepperman as Chairman of the board:" According to the
same correspondent: " Examinations for admittance to the
service will be held in Manila, Iloilo, and Cebu, in the
Philippines, and in the United States under the auspices and
control of the Federal Civil Service Commission." At the
annual meeting of the National Civil Service Reform League of
the United States held in New York, December 13, 1900, the
above measure was commended highly in the report of a special
committee appointed to consider the subject of the civil
service in our new dependencies, as being one by which, "if it
be persevered in, the merit system will be established in the
islands of that archipelago, at least as thoroughly and
consistently as in any department of government, Federal,
State or municipal, in the Union. This must be, in any case,
regarded as a gratifying recognition of sound principles of
administration on the part of the commission and justifies the
hope that, within the limits of their jurisdiction at least,
no repetition of the scandals of post-bellum days will be
tolerated. The ruling of the several departments that the
provisions of the Federal offices established in the
dependencies which would be classified if within the United
States is also a matter to be noted with satisfaction by the
friends of good government."
{149}

The "spoils system" of service in the House of Representatives.
The "spoils system" maintained by Congressmen among their own

immediate employees, in the service of the House of
Representatives, was depicted in a report, submitted February
28, 1901, by a special committee which had been appointed to
investigate the pay of the House employees. The report,
presented by Mr. Moody, of Massachusetts, makes the following
general statements, with abundance of illustrative instances,
few of which can be given here: "The four officers elected by
the House, namely, the Clerk, Sergeant-at-Arms, Doorkeeper,
and Postmaster, appoint the employees of the House, except the
clerks and assistant clerks of members and committees, four
elevator men, the stenographers, and those appointed by House
resolutions. The appointments, however, are made on the
recommendation of members of the House, and very largely,
though not entirely, of members of the dominant party in the
House. If a member upon whose recommendation an appointment is
made desires the removal of his appointee and the substitution
of another person, the removal and substitution are made without
regard to the capacity of either person. In case a member upon
whose recommendation an appointment has been made ceases to be
a member of the House, an employee recommended by him
ordinarily loses his place. Thus the officers of the House,
though responsible for the character of the service rendered
by the employees, have in reality little or no voice in their
selection, and, as might reasonably be expected, the results
obtained from the system which we have described are in some
cases extremely unsatisfactory. This method of appointing
House employees has existed for many years, during which the
House has been under the control of each party alternately. We
believe that candor compels us to state at the outset that
some of the faults in administration which we have observed
are attributable to the system and to the persistence of
members of the House in urging upon the officers the
appointment of their constituents and friends to subordinate
places, and that such faults are deeply rooted, of long
standing, and likely to continue under the administration of
any political party as long as such a system is maintained."
The committee found nothing to criticise in the

administration of the offices of the House Postmaster or
Sergeant-at-Arms. With reference to the offices of the Clerk
and the Doorkeeper they say: "We have found in both
departments certain abuses, which may be grouped under three
heads, namely: Transfers of employees from the duties of the
positions to which they were appointed to other duties,
unjustifiable payments of compensation to employees while
absent from their posts of duty, and divisions of salary.
"First. Transfers of employees from the duties to which they
were appointed to other duties.—Some part of this evil is
doubtless attributable to the fact that the annual
appropriation acts have not properly provided for the
necessities of the House service. An illustration of this is
furnished by the case of Guy Underwood, who is carried on the
rolls as a laborer at $720 per annum, while in point of fact
he performs the duty of assistant in the Hall Library of the
House and his compensation is usually increased to $1,800 per
annum by an appropriation of $1,080 in the general deficiency
act. Again, a sufficient number of messengers has not been
provided for the actual necessities of the service, while more
folders have been provided than are required. As a result of
this men have been transferred from the duties of a folder to
those of a messenger, and the compensation of some has been
increased by appropriation in deficiency acts. But evils of
another class result from transfers, some examples of which we
report. They result in part, at least, from an attempt to
adjust salaries so as to satisfy the members that their
appointees obtain a just share of the whole appropriation,
instead of attempting to apportion the compensation to the
merits of the respective employees and the character of the
services which they render. …
"Second. Payments of compensation to employees while

absent.—The duty of many of the employees of the House ceases
with the end of a session, or very soon thereafter. Such is
the case with the reading clerks, messengers, enrolling
clerks, and many others who might be named. Their absence from
Washington after a session of Congress closes and their duties
are finished is as legitimate as the absence of the members
themselves. But many employees who should be at their posts
have been from time to time absent without justification, both
during sessions and between sessions. In the absence of any
record it is impossible for the committee to ascertain with
anything like accuracy the amount of absenteeism, but in our

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TB_Q7.8 Is it appropriate to develop a speech topic based on something you heard on a

LO 7.2: Write an audience-centered specific-purpose statement for a speech.

LO 7.2: Write an audience-centered specific-purpose statement for a speech.

LO 7.2: Write an audience-centered specific-purpose statement for a speech.

LO 7.2: Write an audience-centered specific-purpose statement for a speech.

LO 7.2: Write an audience-centered specific-purpose statement for a speech.

LO 7.2: Write an audience-centered specific-purpose statement for a speech.

TB_Q7.16 A _______ is a complete declarative sentence that summarizes your speech.

TB_Q7.31 All successful topics reflect audience, occasion, and speaker.

LO 7.2: Write an audience-centered specific-purpose statement for a speech.

LO 7.2: Write an audience-centered specific-purpose statement for a speech.

LO 7.2: Write an audience-centered specific-purpose statement for a speech.

TB_Q7.36 Limit the specific purpose to two or three ideas.

LO 7.2: Write an audience-centered specific-purpose statement for a speech.

TB_Q7.38 The central idea should be a single idea.

TB_Q7.39 Your central idea should use vague, unclear language.

TB_Q7.46 What are the steps involved in brainstorming for a topic?

TB_Q7.47 State the guidelines for preparing a specific purpose.

LO 7.2: Write an audience-centered specific-purpose statement for a speech.

TB_Q7.48 List four criteria for formulating a central idea.

LO 7.2: Write an audience-centered specific-purpose statement for a speech; LO 7.3: State a

CHINA: A. D. 1901 (March).

CHINA: A. D. 1901 (March-April).

As we write this (early in April), the reckoning of

Meantime grave anxieties are being caused by rumors of a

"The following memorandum, which was handed to the Chinese

See (in this volume)

See (in this volume)

See (in this volume)

See (in this volume)

CHOCTAWS, United States agreements with the.

See (in this volume)

CHRISTIAN ENDEAVOR, The Young People's Society of.

The nineteenth annual international convention of Young

The first society, which supplied the germ of organization for

See (in this volume)

CHRISTIANS AND MOSLEMS:

See (in this volume)

See (in this volume)

"Chungking, which lies nearly 2,000 miles inland, is, despite

United States, Bureau of Statistics,

CHURCH OF ENGLAND: A. D. 1896.

See (in this volume)

CIVIL CODE: Introduction in Germany.

See (in this volume)

-------CIVIL-SERVICE REFORM IN THE UNITED STATES: Start-----

CIVIL-SERVICE REFORM IN THE UNITED STATES: A. D. 1893-1896.

"Through the extensions of the Federal classification during

Report of the Executive Committee of the New York

In his annual Message to Congress, December, 1896, President

"There are now in the competitive classified service upward of

United States, Message and Documents (Abridgment),

CIVIL-SERVICE REFORM IN THE UNITED STATES: A. D. 1894.

See (in this volume)

CIVIL-SERVICE REFORM IN THE UNITED STATES: A. D. 1897-1898.

"During the four months following the inauguration [of

Report of the Executive Committee of the

CIVIL-SERVICE REFORM IN THE UNITED STATES:A. D. 1897-1899.

"In June [1897]—after the Court of Appeals … had declared that

Report of the Executive Committee of the

"As a result of the confusing legislation of [1897 and 1898]