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Plan
Assume partitions are not sensitive to deflections. Will require recheck if sensitivity is
established later.
Table A-9:
End bay: Min h 16 12
8 in.
24 24
Interior bay: Min h 16 12 6.86 in.
28 28
Note that slab thickness was chosen on the basis of deflection control, since flexure and shear
probably won’t govern the design (this will be checked later).
Try h 7.0 in. (this may need to be checked for deflections in the end span).
Assuming a cover of 0.75 in. and No. 4 bars as the slab reinforcement,
d 7.0 0.75 0.5 6.0 in.
2
10-1
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Total dead load: wD 87.5 10 97.5 psf
Live load: 𝑤𝐿 = 60 psf
Factored load: 𝑤𝐿 = 1.2 ∗ 97.5 + 1.6 ∗ 60 = 213 psf
Load per foot along design strip = 213 psf
wL 3wD , so we can use the ACI Moment coefficients for the calculation of the positive and the
negative moments.
The maximum value for M u is at the first interior support since n 15 ft. throughout. Using the
appropriate moment coefficient from ACI Code Table 6.5.2,
𝑤𝑢 ℓ2𝑛 0.213 ∗ (15)2
𝑀𝑢 = = = 4.8 kip-ft/ft
10 10
For a reinforcing ratio of 0.01 , which is a reasonable upper limit for a slab, the reinforcing
index can be found from Eq. (5-21),
0.01 60000
0.15
4000
From Eq. (5-22) calculate the flexural resistance factor, R.
R 0.15 4000 1 0.59 0.15 547 psi
Using this value of R, the required value of bd 2 can be determined using Eq. (5-23a), assuming
that 0.9 (will check it later).
4.8
𝑏𝑑2 ≥ 12000 = 117 in.3
0.9 ∗ 547
117
For 𝑏 = 12 in., 𝑑 = √ 12 = 3.12 in.
Therefore, the minimum d to keep 0.01 is 𝑑 = 3.12 in. Actual d 6 in. will be less
than 0.01 (O.K. for flexure).
The max shear Vu is at the exterior face of the first interior support. Using the appropriate shear
coefficient from ACI Code Table 6.5.2,
ℓ𝑛 15
𝑉𝑢 = 1.15𝑤𝑢 = 1.15 ∗ 213 ∗ = 1837 lbs/ft
2 2
𝜙𝑉𝑐 = 0.75(2√𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑) = 0.75(2√4000 ∗ 12 ∗ 6) = 6830 lbs/ft OK
Flexural reinforcement
10-2
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𝑀𝑢 ∗ 12000 4.8 ∗ 12000 2
𝐴𝑠 ≈ 𝑎 = 0.9 ∗ 60000(0.95 ∗ 6) = 0.19 in. /ft
𝜙𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − 2)
Iterate to find the depth of the compression stress block and recompute the value of the required
reinforcement:
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 0.19 ∗ 60000
𝑎= ′ = = 0.28 in.
0.85𝑓𝑐 𝑏 0.85 ∗ 4000 ∗ 12
0.28
𝑐= = 0.33 in.
0.85
Since the depth to the neutral axis, c, is less than 3 8 of d , the section is tension controlled
s
y , 0.9 .
The maximum spacing of the bars is, by ACI Code Table 7.6.2.3,
3h 21 in.
smax
18 in
Select No. 4 bars at 12 in.
𝐴𝑠⁄ 0.2 in.2 in.
ft = 12 ⁄ft = 0.2 in.2
12 in.
The flexural reinforcement for the supports and the midspan for all the spans is calculated in the
following table.
10-3
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Calculation of reinforcement required in the slab.
3. Moment Coef. 1 24 1 14 1 10 1 11 1 16 1 11 1 16
5.
As reqd. in.2 /ft 0.08 0.13 0.19 0.12 0.17 0.12
6.
As,min in.2 /ft 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15
#4 @ #4 @ #4 @ #4 @ #4 @ #4 @
7. Reinforcement
16 in. 16 in. 12 in. 16 in. 12 in. 16 in.
8.
As provided in.2 /ft 0.15 0.15 0.2 0.15 0.2 0.15
Fig. S10-1.1 shows a longitudinal-section of the slab showing the reinforcement. The bar cut-off
points were located using Fig. A-5(c).
12”
16” 12”
10-4
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10-2 A four-span one-way slab is supported on 12-in.-wide beams with center-to-center
spacing of 14, 16, 16, and 14 ft. The slab carries a superimposed dead load of 20 psf
and a live load of 100 psf. Design the slab flexural reinforcement, using 𝒇′𝒄 =
𝟑𝟓𝟎𝟎 psi and 𝒇𝒚 = 𝟔𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 psi.
Plan
Assume partitions are not sensitive to deflections. Will require recheck if sensitivity is established
later.
Table A-9:
End bay: Min h 14 12
7.60 in.
24 24
Interior bay: Min h 16 12 6.86 in.
28 28
Note that slab thickness is chosen on basis of deflection control, since flexure and shear probably
won’t govern the design (will be checked later).
Try h 6.5 in. to reduce weight of floor system. Deflections should be checked, but not done as
part of this solution.
Assuming a
cover of 0.75 in. and No. 4 bars as the slab reinforcement,
d 6.5 0.75 0.5 5.5 in.
2
10-5
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Considering a 1-ft wide strip of slab:
6.5
Slab self weight: wDs 150 81.25 psf
12
Superimposed dead load: wDi 20 psf
Total dead load: wD 81.25 20 101.25 psf
Live load: 𝑤𝐿 = 100 psf
Factored load: 𝑤𝑢 = 1.2 ∗ 101.25 + 1.6 ∗ 100 = 282 psf
Load per foot along design strip = 282 psf
wL 3wD , so we can use the ACI Moment coefficients for the calculation of the positive and the
negative moments (ACI Code Section 6.5.1).
For a reinforcing ratio of 0.01 , which is a reasonable upper limit for a slab, the reinforcing
index can be found from Eq. (5-21),
0.01 60000
0.171
3500
From Eq. (5-22) calculate the flexural resistance factor, R.
R 0.171 3500 1 0.59 0.171 538 psi
Using this value of R, the required value of bd 2 can be determined using Eq. (5-23a), assuming
that 0.9 (will check it later).
5.8
𝑏𝑑2 ≥ 12000 = 144 in.3
0.9 ∗ 538
144
For 𝑏 = 12 in., 𝑑 = √ 12 = 3.5 in.
i.e., min d to keep 0.01 is 𝑑 = 3.5 in. Actual d 5.5 in. will be less than 0.01 (O.K. for
flexure).
The max shear Vu will occur in one of the two locations discussed for the maximum moments.
Using the appropriate shear coefficient from ACI Code Table 6.5.2,
ℓ𝑛 13
𝑉𝑢1 = 1.15𝑤𝑢 = 1.15 ∗ .282 = 2.1 kip/ft
2 2
10-6
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ℓ𝑛 15
𝑉𝑢2 = 1.0𝑤𝑢 = 1.0 ∗ .282 = 2.1 kip/ft
2 2
Vc 0.75 2 fc' bw d 0.75 2 3500 12 5.5 5860 lbs/ft ok for shear
Flexural reinforcement
a
Assuming that d 0.95d and s y , find the required reinforcement for a 1-ft wide strip
2
of slab.
𝑀𝑢 ∗ 12000 5.8 ∗ 12000 2
𝐴𝑠 ≈ 𝑎 = 0.9 ∗ 60000(0.95 ∗ 5.5) = 0.25 in. /ft
𝜙𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − 2)
Iterate to find the depth of the compression stress block and recompute the value of the required
reinforcement:
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 0.25 ∗ 60000
𝑎= ′ = = 0.42 in.
0.85𝑓𝑐 𝑏 0.85 ∗ 3500 ∗ 12
0.42
𝑐= = 0.49 in.
0.85
Since the depth to the neutral axis, c, is less than 3 8 of d , the section is tension controlled
s
y , 0.9 .
The maximum spacing of the bars is, by ACI Code Table 7.7.2.3,
3h 19.5 in.
smax
18 in
The flexural reinforcement for the supports and the midspan for all the spans is calculated in the
following table.
Calculation of reinforcement required in the slab.
10-7
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1. n 13.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 15.0 15.0
2. wu n
2
kips-ft 47.7 47.7 55.3 63.5 63.5 63.5
3. Moment Coef. 1 24 1 14 1 10 1 11 1 16 1 11 1 16
6.
As,min in.2 /ft 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14
#4 @ #4 @ #4 @ #4 @ #4 @ #4 @
7. Reinforcement
16 in. 16 in. 9 in. 11 in. 9 in. 11 in.
8. As provided in.2 /ft 0.15 0.15 0.27 0.18 0.27 0.18
Fig. S10-2.1 shows a cross-section of the slab showing the reinforcement. The bar cut-off points
were located using Fig. A-5(c).
9”
16” 11”
10-8
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10-3 A three span continuous beam supports 6-in.-thick one-way slabs that span 20 ft
center-to-center of beams. The beams have clear spans, face-to-face of 16-in.-square
columns, of 27, 30, and 27 ft. The floor supports ceiling, ductwork, and lighting
fixtures weighing a total of 10 psf, ceramic floor tile weighting 16 psf, partitions
equivalent to a uniform deal load of 20 psf, and a live load of 60 psf. Design the
beam, using 𝒇′𝒄 = 𝟒𝟓𝟎𝟎 psi. Use 𝒇𝒚 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 psi for flexural reinforcement and
𝒇𝒚𝒕 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 psi for shear reinforcement. Calculate cut-off points, extending all
reinforcement past points of inflection. Draw an elevation view of the beam and
enough cross-sections to summarize the design.
6 in.
slab self-weight: 150 pcf 75 psf
12 in.
ft.
ceiling, tile, partitions: 10 psf 16 psf 20 psf 46 psf
The beam size is not known at this stage, so it must be estimated for preliminary design purposes.
Once the size of the beam has been established, the factored load will be corrected and then used
in subsequent calculations. The beam size will be estimated in step 2.
The ASCE/SEI 7-10 recommendations allow live-load reductions based on tributary area
multiplied by a live-load element factor, LL 2 , to convert the tributary area to an influence
area.
10-9
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15 15
L Lo 0.25 60 0.25 42.4 psf > 0.5 60 psf
K LL AT 2 540
Note that L shall not be less than 0.50 Lo for members supporting one floor (O.K.)
The size of the beam will be chosen on the basis of negative moment at the first interior support.
For this location, the factored load on the beam, not including the beam stem below the slab, is:
wu 1.2 75 46 1.6 33.8 199 psf
The tributary width for the beam is 20 ft and the factored load from the slab per foot of beam is
241 psf 20 ft. 3,987 lbs 3.99 kips
ft ft
Two approximate methods can be used to estimate the weight of the beam stem:
(a) the factored dead load of the stem is taken as 12 to 20 percent of the other factored loads
on the beam. This gives 0.478 to 0.797 kip/ft.
(b) the overall depth of beam h is taken to be 1/18 to 1/12 of the larger span, , and bw is
taken to be 0.5h . This gives the overall h as 20 to 30 in., with the stem extending 14 to 24 in.
below the slab, and gives bw as 10 to 15 in. The factored load of such sizes ranges from 0.175 to
0.45 kip/ft.
As a first trial, assume the factored weight of the stem to be 0.50 kip/ft. Then, total trial load per
foot 3.99 0.5 4.49 kip/ft
ACI Table 9.3.1.1 (Table A-9) gives the minimum depths, unless deflections are checked. For
partitions flexible enough to undergo some deflection, minimum depth for beam BC is
16 in.
hmin , where the span center-to-center of supports 27 ft 28.3 ft
18.5 12 in.
ft
28.3 12
Thus, hmin 18.4 in.
18.5
10-10
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(b) Determine the minimum depth based on the negative moment at the exterior face of the
first interior support.
The beam fits the requirements in ACI Code Section 6.5.1 and can use the ACI moment and shear
coefficients. For the support at B,
w 2 4.49 28.5
2
Mu u n 364 kips-ft
10 10
27 ft 30 ft
where n 28.5 ft (the average of the two adjacent spans).
2
Using the procedure developed in Chapter 5 for the design of singly reinforced beam sections, the
reinforcement ratio that will result in a tension-controlled section can be estimated from
Eq. (5-18) as,
f ' 0.825 4.5
initial 1 c 0.0155
4 fy 4 60
For this reinforcement ratio, use Eq. (5-21), to find the reinforcing index,
0.0155 60
0.206
4.5
From Eq. (5-22) calculate the flexural resistance factor, R.
R 0.206 4500 1 0.59 0.206 815 psi
Using this value of R, the required value of bd 2 can be determined using Eq. (5-23a), assuming
that 0.9 (will check it later).
364
bd 2 12,000 5961 in.3
0.9 815
Since columns are 16 in., try a 14 or 16 in. wide stem. Let’s try b 14 in.
5961
Then, d 20.6 in. d 21.5 in.
14
With one layer of steel at supports, h 21.5 2.5 24 in. (O.K. for deflections).
So, try a 14-in. wide-by-24-in. beam.
10-11
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(d) Summary
b 14 in.
Use : h 24 in. 18 in. below slab
d 21.5 in.,assuming one layer of steel
3. Compute the dead load of the stem, and recompute the total load per foot.
18 14
Weight per foot of the stem below slab 0.15 0.263 kip/ft
144
Corrected total factored load for 1st internal support moment: 3.99 1.2 0.263 4.3 kip/ft
Since this is less that the 4.1 kip/ft used earlier to estimate the beam size, the section chosen will
be adequate.
bw 0.25 n 14 0.25 27 12 16 in. 91 in.
be bw 2 8 hs 14 2 8 6 110 in.
20 12 16
bw 2 transverse len. 14 2 238 in.
2 2
Therefore, the effective flange width is 91 in. and shown in Fig. S10-3.1
10-12
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Fig. S10-3.1 Beam cross-section
Cm 1 1 1 and 1 1
16 14 10 11 16
M u Cm wu 2
n ,kips-ft -208 238 -349 255
10-13
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Because the beam acts as a rectangular beam with compression in the web, we can assume that
a
d 2 0.90d .For s y and =0.9 , the required reinforcement for that section is,
M u 12,000 349 12,000
As 4.01 in.2
a 0.90 60,000 0.90 21.5
fy d
2
Iterate to find the depth of the compression stress block and recompute the value of the required
As f y 4.01 60000
reinforcement: a 4.49 in., c 4.49 5.44 in.
0.85 fc b 0.85 4500 14
' 0.825
Since the depth to the neutral axis, c, is less than 3 8 of d , clearly the section is tension
controlled s y , 0.9 , and
349 12,000
As ,red 4.03 in.2
4.49
0.90 60,000 21.5
2
The other negative moment sections have a lower design moment, so it will be conservative to
use the ratio of As obtained here to quickly determine the area of compression steel required
Mu
at those other locations. That ratio is
As
4.03 in.2
M u 349 kips-ft
0.012 in.2 /kips-ft (eq. A)
Because the beam acts as a T-shape beam with compression in the top flange, assume that the
a
compression zone is rectangular, i.e. a h f 6 in. , use d 0.95d .For s y and =0.9 ,
2
the required reinforcement that section is,
Iterate to find the depth of the compression stress block and recompute the value of the required
reinforcement:
As f y 2.77 60000
a 0.48 in., c 0.48 0.58 in.
0.85 fc be 0.85 4500 91
' 0.825
The section is tension controlled s y , 0.9 , and doing one iteration for the negative
moment section results in As 2.67 in. 2
10-14
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The other positive moment section has a lower design moment, so it will be conservative to use
the ratio of As obtained here to quickly determine the area of tension steel required at those
Mu
other locations. That ratio is
As
2.67 in.2
M u 255 kips-ft
0.01 in.2 /kips-ft (eq. B)
3 f c' 200bw d
From ACI Code Section 9.6.1, As ,min bw d and .
fy fy
For 4500 psi concrete, 3 fc' 201 psi , thus
3 4500
As ,min 14 21.5=1.01 in.2
60,000
10-15
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Note that in the negative moment regions some of the bars can be placed in the slab besides the
beam and it is not necessary to check whether they will fit into the web width.
14 2 1.5 0.375 7
Bar spacing 8 3.1 in. <10.3 in. OK.
3
It was also clear that the bar spacing is smaller than 10.3 in., since there are four bars and
bw 14 in.
ACI Code Section 24.3.4 says “part” of the negative moment steel shall be distributed over a
width equal to the smaller of the effective flange width (91 in.) and n 10 34.2 in. At the
interior supports, there are 6 top bars. Place the two No. 8 bars at the corners of the stirrups, two
No. 7 bars over the beam web, and the other two No. 7 bars in the slab. Within a width of 34.2
in. we must place six bars. These cannot be further apart than 10.3 in. (as calculated in part a).
We shall arbitrarily place two bars at 5 in. outside the web of the beam.
ACI Code Section 24.3.4 requires “some” longitudinal reinforcement in the slab outside this
band. We shall assume that the shrinkage and temperature steel in the slab will satisfy this
requirement.
The shear force diagrams are calculated in the following table and shown at the bottom of the
table. The shear coefficients for the supports are from ACI Code Table 6.5.2 and the coefficient
for the midspan of the beam is based on Eq. (6-26).
10-16
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n ,ft 27 30
wu ,kips/ft 4.58 4.53
wLu ,kips/ft 1.36 1.31
Cv at support and
1.0 0.125 1.15 1.0 0.125 1.0
midpsan
wu n 2 61.8 59.4 68.0 68.0
wLu n 36.6 39.3
Vu , kips 61.8 4.58 71.0 68.0 4.92 68.0
Vn Vu 82.4 6.1 94.7 90.6 6.56 90.6
Because the beam is supported by a column, the critical section is located at d away from the face
of the support.
To satisfy the minimum stirrup requirement in ACI Code Section 9.6.3.3, the stirrup spacing
must be,
10-17
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Av f yt 0.22 40,000
smax 12.6 in.
50bw 50 14
Note that 0.75 4500 50.3 psi > 50 psi, so use 50 psi in ACI Code Table 9.6.3.3 .
The spacing required to support the shear force at the support is,
0.22 40 21.5
s 5.93 in.-say 5 in. on centers
72.3 40.4
Vu 0.22 40 21.5
We can change the stirrup spacing to 10.5 in. when 40.4 58.4 kips
10.5
This occurs at about 4.25 ft from face of support A.
V V
We can stop the stirrups when u c x 11.0 ft from face of support A.
2
Place the first stirrup at 2.5 in. from support A, then 10 stirrups at 5 in. and 9 stirrups at 10.5 in.
Place the first stirrup at 2 in. from support B, then 15 stirrups at 4.5 in. and 8 stirrups at 10.5 in.
10-18
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This occurs at 5.75 ft from face of support.
We can stop the stirrups at 12.6 ft from face of support.
Place the first stirrup at 2.0 in. from support B, then 18 stirrups at 4.0 in. and 9 stirrups at 10.5 in.
d 21.5 in.
(a) Detailing requirements: 12db 12 in. for No. 8 bar
n
20.25 in. for 27 ft span, 22.5 in. for 30 ft span
16
n n
Thus, d exceeds 12db and for AB span, while governs for span BC.
16 16
The bottom and top bars have clear spacing and cover of at least d b and are enclosed by at least
minimum stirrups. Therefore, this is Case 1 in Table 8-1 (ACI Code Section 25.4.2.2).
Span AB
4 No. 7-Extend 2 full length into each support, cut off the other two at the positive moment point
of inflection so that extra stirrups are not required.
Exterior end: From Fig. A-2, inflection point at 0.10 27 12 32.4 in. from face of column.
Rule 3-a - Extend d 21.5 in. past the flexural cutoff point, i.e. 32.4 in.-21.5 in = 10.9 in. from
face of column at A. Say 10 in.
Rule 4-a - Distance from midspan to cutoff point greater than d .
Rule 1-b - This is an interior beam with open stirrups. Since this is a discontinuous end use 90
deg. standard hooks on 2 No. 7 bars.
Rule 4-d – At the inflection point, the remaining steel is two No. 7, As 1.2 in.2 Thus,
1.2 60
a 1.57 in.
0.85 4.5 12
1.57
M n 1.2 60 21.5
2
=1490 kip-in=124 kip-ft
The shear at 32.4 in. from the exterior end is,
32.4
Vu 5.65 82.4 67.1 kips
12
a 21.5 in.
M 1490
Thus, n a 21.5 43.7 in.
Vu 67.1
This exceeds d 39.1 in. - therefore, OK.
10-19
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Interior end: From Fig. A-2, inflection point at 0.104 27 12 33.7 in. from face of column
Rule 3-a - Extend bars to 33.7 in.- 21.5 in. = 12.2 in. from face of column. Use 10 in. to match
other end.
Rule 4-a - Satisfied
Rule 1-b - This is an interior beam with open stirrups. Rule 1-b applies. Lap splice 2#7 bars from
the exterior span with 2 No. 7 bars from the interior span with a Class A tension lap splice
1.0 39.1 in. 3 ft - 2 in.
Rule 4-d
M n 1490 kip-in=124 kip-ft
The shear at 33.7 in. from the exterior end is,
33.7
Vu 6.56 94.7 76.3 kips
12
a 21.5 in.
M 1490
Thus, n a 21.5 41.0 in.
Vu 76.3
This exceeds d 39.1 in. - therefore, OK.
Span BC
2 No. 8 and 3 No. 7 at midspan – Extend 2 No. 7 into supports. Cutoff 2 No. 8 and 1 No. 7 bars at
the positive moment point of inflection so that extra stirrups are not required. Inflection point at
0.146 30 12 52.6 in. from face of column
Rule 3-a - Extend n
22.5 in. past the flexural cutoff point, i.e. 52.6 in.-22.5 in. = 30.1 in.
16
from face of column. Say 30 in.
Rule 4-a - Satisfied.
Rule 1-b – Lap splice 2#7 bars 3 ft - 2 in at support
Rule 4-d
M n 2650 kip-in=221 kip-ft
The shear at 52.6 in. from the exterior end is,
52.6
Vu 5.60 90.6 66.0 kips
12
a 21.5 in.
M 2650
Thus, n a 21.5 61.7 in.
Vu 66.0
This exceeds d - therefore, OK.
10-20
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Rule 4-b - Since 75 in. > 39.1 in. Rule 2 is satisfied.
Since all cutoffs are past points of inflection, they are not in zones of flexural tension, therefore
extra stirrups are not needed.
Provide 2 No. 4 top bars as stirrup support, lab splice with negative moment steel.
10-21
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No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Fig. S10-3.2 Beam reinforcing detailing.
10-22
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No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
10-4 Repeat Problem 10-3, but cut off up to 50 percent of the negative-moment bars in
each span where they are no longer needed. Design shear reinforcement at the cutoff
point near the exterior support.
BC span
2. Design shear reinforcement at the cutoff point near the exterior support.
Please refer to previous problem 10-3, subsection 10.(c).
10-23
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Prima però che mettiamo il piede nel pompejano sobborgo,
demandiamo a’ libri antichi le costumanze che precedevano la
tumulazione: la visita a’ sepolcri non sarà che il complemento del
nostro tema. E avanti tutto, ricostruendo colla nostra fantasia sui
ruderi d’una di queste case l’intero edificio e animandolo de’ suoi
antichi abitatori, conduciamoci al cubiculum, dove sul ricchissimo
letto giace il pater familias in preda a morbo letale.
Sul monopodium marmoreo, o tavola di un sol piede, di cui gli scavi
offersero un esemplare, stanno i vasi e le ampolle del seplasarius, o
farmacista e che il medico ha prescritte; ma l’aspetto dei congiunti
accusa che poco oramai si attenda da que’ farmachi studiati.
Quando il medico o la natura avvertivano finalmente che all’infermo
più non restava speranza di vita, e che era prossimo al suo estremo
fato, la famiglia e i parenti di lui gli si raccoglievano intorno al letto,
come se si trattasse di dar l’ultimo saluto a chi fosse per partire per
un lungo viaggio. Era infatti per il viaggio che non aveva ritorno. Essi
iscongiuravano altresì la morte ed impetravano da Mercurio la grazia
che volesse servire di guida all’anima che stava per entrare nella
regione de’ morti. E quando l’agonia pareva incominciata, si aveva
cura di chiudergli gli occhi, acciò non fosse egli contristato dallo
spettacolo che precede la morte, o perchè meno formidabile gliene
apparissero le dimostrazioni. Il figlio, o il più prossimo parente,
dandogli l’ultimo bacio, ne raccoglieva l’estremo sospiro, e tale era
un conforto che auguravansi le madri di ciò fare coi loro figli, giusto
quanto Cicerone afferma: Matresque miseræ nihil orabant nisi ut
filiorum extremum spiritum excipere sibi liceret [218]. Nè altrimenti era
in Grecia fin da più remoti tempi e ce ne persuade Omero
nell’Odissea, dove Agamennone si lagna di Clitennestra:
. . . . al marito,
Che fra l’ombre scendea, non chiuse il ciglio
E non compose colle dita il labbro [219]:
Era forse anche per questo culto che gli Dei Mani si chiamassero Dii
patrii ed anche Dii sacri, come si veggono così, indicati sovra alcuni
monumenti. — Più avanti toccherò di feste ed onoranze istituite per
gli Dei Mani.
Come facciamo oggidì che denunziamo al Municipio l’avvenimento
d’una morte, e trattiamo della spesa de’ funerali, allora veniva
denunciato il decesso al tempio della dea Libitina, istituito da Numa,
nel quale si custodivano tutti gli apparati ed addobbi richiesti per
mettere in ordine un funerale e quivi col libitinario, o intraprenditore
delle pompe funebri, convengasi sull’indole di quella che ricercavasi
e sulla spesa.
Il libitinario spacciava alla casa del morto i suoi schiavi, detti
pollinctores, dal polline, dice Servio, o fior di farina onde lievemente
spargevasi la faccia del defunto, dopo che il corpo fosse stato dalle
donne con acqua calda lavato. — Tale costume di preparare,
imbiancandolo, il viso agli estinti si conserva tuttavia in Rumenia,
dove lo portarono i Romani antichi, che vi lasciarono indelebili tracce
di loro soggiorno e colonizzazione in altre molte consuetudini, nel
linguaggio e perfino nella denominazione del paese, che fino a’ dì
nostri vanta con noi comune le origini. — Quindi i medesimi
pollinctores l’ungevano e imbalsamavano con appositi aromi:
. . . . at ille
Jam sedet in ripa, tetrumque novicius horret
Porthmea, nec sperat cænosi gurgitis alnum
Infelix, nec habet quem porrigat ore trientem [230].
. . . it clamor ad alta
Atria; concussam bacchatur fama per urbem;
Lamentis, gemituque et fœmineo ululatu
Tecta fremunt; resonat magnis plangoribus aether [234].
Quirites exsequias... quibus est commodum ire jam tempus est [235].
Mercede quæ
Conductæ fient alieno in funere præficæ
Multo, et capillos scindunt et clamant magis [239].
Fundite fletus,
Edite planctus,
Fingite luctus,
Resonet tristi
Clamore forum, ecc. [241]
Siccome poi essi pensassero che l’anima fosse della natura del
fuoco, e che il rogo le facilitasse l’uscita dal corpo e però l’onore del
rogo non s’avesse a concedere che alle persone dotate di ragione e
sentimento; così, per testimonianza dello stesso Plinio il Vecchio,
non s’accordava a’ bambini, a’ quali non fossero ancora spuntati i
denti, perocchè sarebbe stata considerata siccome empietà che