Physics 101 Formulas

Kinematics Last Name:

'𝒙 '𝒗
𝒗"#$ = 𝒂"#$ = First Name:
') ')
1 Lab Section:
𝑣 = 𝑣, + 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑥, + 𝑣, 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 3 Exam Day: Exam Time
2
𝑣 3 = 𝑣,3 + 2𝑎𝛥𝑥
𝑔 = 9.8 m/s3 = 32.2 ft/s3 (near Earth’s surface)

Dynamics
𝛴𝑭 = 𝑚𝒂 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 𝑚𝑔 (near Earth’s surface)
𝑓G,I"J = 𝜇G 𝐹M
#P
𝑓N = 𝜇N 𝐹M 𝑎O = Q
= 𝜔3 𝑅

Universal Gravitation
]P
Universal Gravitational Constant 𝐺 = 6.7 × 10–ZZ N ∙ ^_P
aIb IP aIb IP
𝐹` = QP
𝑈` = − Q

Work & Energy

Z mP
𝑊e = 𝐹𝐷cos(𝜃) 𝐾 = 3 𝑚𝑣 3 = 3I 𝑊Mno = 𝛥𝐾 = 𝐾p – 𝐾q 𝐸 = 𝐾 + 𝑈
𝑊sO = 𝛥𝐸 = 𝐸p – 𝐸q = (𝐾p + 𝑈p ) – (𝐾q + 𝑈q ) 𝑈`t"# = 𝑚𝑔𝑦

Impulse & Momentum

Impulse: 𝑰 = 𝑭"#$ 𝛥𝑡 = 𝛥𝒑 𝑭"#$ 𝛥𝑡 = 𝛥𝒑 = 𝑚𝒗p – 𝑚𝒗q 𝑭"#$ = 𝛥𝒑/𝛥𝑡

𝛴𝑭$J) 𝛥𝑡 = 𝛥𝑷)y)"z = 𝑷)y)"z,pqs"z – 𝑷)y)"z,qsq)q"z (momentum conserved if 𝛴𝑭$J) = 0)

I b 𝒙b { I P 𝒙P
𝒙OI = Ib { IP

Elastic Collisions: Mass 𝒎𝒊 moving with 𝒗𝒊 ; Stationary mass 𝑴

I•€ 3I
𝑣I,p = 𝑣I,q I{€ 𝑣€,p = 𝑣I,q I{€

Rotational Kinematics
Z
𝜔 = 𝜔, + 𝛼𝑡 𝜃 = 𝜃, + 𝜔, 𝑡 + 3 𝛼𝑡 3 𝜔3 = 𝜔,3 + 2𝛼𝛥𝜃
𝛥𝑥o = 𝑅𝛥𝜃 𝑣o = 𝑅𝜔 𝑎 o = 𝑅𝛼
(rolling without slipping: 𝛥𝑥 = 𝑅𝛥𝜃 𝑣 = 𝑅𝜔 𝑎 = 𝑅𝛼 )
1 revolution = 2π radians

Rotational Statics & Dynamics Moments of Inertia (I)

𝜏 = 𝐹𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝐼 = 𝛴𝑚𝑟 3 (for a collection of point particles)
𝛴𝜏 = 0 and 𝛴𝐹 = 0 (static equilibrium) 1
𝛴𝜏 = 𝐼𝛼 𝐼 = 𝑀𝑅3 (solid disk or cylinder)
2
𝑊 = 𝜏𝜃 2
𝑳 = 𝐼𝝎 𝛴𝝉$J) 𝛥𝑡 = 𝛥𝑳 𝐼 = 𝑀𝑅3 (solid ball)
5
(angular momentum conserved if 𝛥𝝉$J) = 0) 2
Z “P 𝐼 = 𝑀𝑅3 (hollow sphere)
𝐾ty) = 3 𝐼𝜔3 = 3” 3
Z Z 𝐼 = 𝑀𝑅3 (hoop or hollow cylinder)
𝐾)y)"z = 𝐾)t"sG + 𝐾ty) = 3 𝑚𝑣 3 + 3 𝐼𝜔3 1
𝐼 = 𝑀𝐿3 (uniform rod about center)
12
1
𝐼 = 𝑀𝐿3 (uniform rod about one end)
3

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Physics 101 Formulas
Fluids
e
𝑃 = , 𝑃(𝑑) = 𝑃(0) + 𝜌𝑔𝑑 change in pressure with depth 𝑑
™
€
𝜌 = œ (density) 𝜌Ë")$t = 1000 kg/mÍ
1 mÍ = 1000 liters
Buoyant force 𝐹• = 𝜌𝑔𝑉ŸqG = weight of displaced fluid 1 atm = 1.01 𝑥 10Î Pa
Flow rate 𝑄 = 𝑣Z 𝐴Z = 𝑣3 𝐴3 continuity equation
1 Pa = 1 N/m3
Z Z (area of circle A=πr 2 )
𝑃Z + 3 𝜌𝑣Z3 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦Z = 𝑃3 + 3 𝜌𝑣33 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦3 Bernoulli equation

Simple Harmonic Motion

Hooke’s Law: 𝐹G = – 𝑘𝑥 N 3³ I
𝜔3 = I 𝑇 = = 2𝜋Ê N 𝑓 = 1/𝑇
Z È
𝑈Gmtqs` = 3 𝑘𝑥 3
𝑥I"J = 𝐴 𝑣I"J = 𝜔𝐴 𝑎I"J = 𝜔3 𝐴 𝜔 = 2𝜋 𝑓
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑡) or 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑡) `
𝑣(𝑡) = – 𝐴𝜔sin(𝜔𝑡) 𝑜𝑟 𝑣(𝑡) = 𝐴𝜔cos(𝜔𝑡) For a simple pendulum 𝜔3 = “ , 𝑇 = 2𝜋 L / g
𝑎(𝑡) = – 𝐴𝜔3 cos(𝜔𝑡) or 𝑎(𝑡) = – 𝐴𝜔3 sin(𝜔𝑡)

Harmonic Waves
¤
𝑣 = o = 𝜆𝑓 𝑣 = 𝑐 = 3 × 10§ m/s for electromagnetic waves (light, microwaves, etc.)
e 3
𝑣3 = I for wave on a string 𝜆s = s 𝐿 (wavelength, of the 𝑛)ª harmonic)
¨“
Sound Waves
” ±
Loudness: 𝛽 = 10 log10 -” ¯ (in dB), where 𝐼, = 10–Z3 W/m3 𝐼 = ²³t P (sound intensity)
®
𝐼3
𝛽3 − 𝛽Z = (10 dB) log µ ¶
𝐼Z

#¸¹º»¼ ±#¾¿¸À»ÁÂ
𝑓zqG)s$t = · Å 𝑓GyÆtO$ (Doppler Effect)
#¸¹º»¼ ∓#¸¹ºÂÄÁ

Numerator: Use
+ if listener moves toward source
– if listener moves away from source.
Denominator: Use
– if source moves toward listener
+ if source moves away from listener.

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Physics 101 Formulas
Temperature and Heat
Î
Temperature: Celsius (𝑇Ñ ) to Fahrenheit (𝑇e ) conversion: 𝑇Ñ = - ¯ (𝑇e – 32∘ )
Ò
Celsius (𝑇Ñ ) to Kelvin (𝑇Ô ) conversion: 𝑇Ô = 𝑇Ñ + 273
𝛥𝐿 = 𝛼𝐿, 𝛥𝑇 𝛥𝑉 = 𝛽𝑉, 𝛥𝑇 thermal expansion
𝑄 = 𝑐𝑀𝛥𝑇 specific heat capacity
𝑄 = 𝐿p 𝑀 latent heat of fusion (solid to liquid) 𝑄 = 𝐿# 𝑀 𝑙atent heat of vaporization
𝑄 = 𝜅𝐴𝛥𝑇𝑡/𝐿 conduction
𝑄 = 𝑒𝜎𝑇 ² 𝐴𝑡 radiation (𝜎 = 5.67 × 10•§ J/(s ∙ m3 ∙ K ² ))
𝑃s$) = 𝑒𝜎𝐴(𝑇 ² – 𝑇,² ) (surface area of a sphere 𝐴 = 4𝜋𝑟 3 )

Ideal Gas & Kinetic Theory

𝑁™ = 6.022 𝑥 103Í molecules/mole Mass of carbon − 12 = 12.000 u
Þ Q
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 = 𝑁𝑘• 𝑇 𝑅 = 8.31 (]ßà∙á) 𝑘• = M = 1.38 × 10•3Í J/K
â
Í Z 3 Í
𝐾𝐸"#$ = 3 𝑘• 𝑇 = 3
𝑚𝑣tIG 𝑈 = 3
𝑁𝑘• 𝑇 (internal energy of a monatomic ideal gas)
3 ÍNã o ÍQo
𝑣tIG = = (𝑀 = molar mass = kg/mole)
I €

Thermodynamics
𝛥𝑈 = 𝑄 + 𝑊 (1st Law)
Í
𝑈 = -3¯ 𝑛𝑅𝑇 (internal energy of a monatomic ideal gas for fixed 𝑛)
𝐶œ = (3/2)𝑅 = 12.5 J/(mol ∙ K) (specific heat at constant volume for a monatomic ideal gas)

𝑄ë + 𝑄Ñ + 𝑊 = 0 (heat engine or refrigerator)

ì o
𝑒 = íî
𝑒I"J = 1 – o ï (Carnot engine)
î

𝑊 = 𝑃𝛥𝑉 (work done by an expanding gas)

𝛥𝑆 = 𝑄/𝑇 (entropy)

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