Making Hypothesis
Hypothesis- “a logical supposition, a
reasonable g on the extensive review
of the literature. (Leedy and Omrod,
2013) • provides a tentative
explanation to questions that serve as
a basis of solutions to the identified
problems in the investigation.
Types of Hypothesis According to
Relationships of Variables (Independent
and Dependent Variables)
Instrumentation , Validity,
and Reliability
Steps in Selecting a
Methods of Research Research Instrument
Types of Hypothesis According to Form
1. Null Hypothesis (Ho) – is the assumption about the behavior
of the population or sample observation.
2. Alternative Hypothesis (Ha) – is the claim or assumption that
we are attempting to establish.
Example:
Research Situation 1: The researcher would like to know the
effect of tutoring in the Academic Performance of the students
availing it.
Null Hypothesis: Private tutoring has no significant effect on
the academic Performance of students availing it.
Alternative Hypothesis: Private tutoring significantly affects the
academic performance of students availing it.
Null Hypothesis: There is no significant difference
in the tests scores of the students when grouped
according to the test form taken
Alternative Hypothesis: There is a significant
difference in the test scores of the students when
grouped according to the test form taken.
 It may also refer to :
Two Characteristics of a Test 1. Divergent Construct –it measures one ability
only.
It is the consistency of
1. Validity Ex. Logical ability is being tested in the test
measurement results and the
SAMPLING
2. Convergent Construct- it measures a lot of ability
2. Reliability combined in one test. extent to which they are accurate, PROCEDURES
Ex. Logical, Mathematical, Abstract abilities is being
measured in a test
error-free, and stable.
FINDING ANSWERS THROUGH
DATA COLECTION
 PROPORTIONAL AND NON-PROPORTIONAL QUOTA
SAMPLING
BRIEF DESCRIPTION
A predetermined number or percentage of the
population is sampled
Example:
You know that in a given population, there are 60%
men and 40% women. In quota sampling , you will
select samples nonrandomly until you reach 40%
women(4 out of 10).

HETEROGENEITY OR DIVERSITY SAMPLING

BRIEF DESCRIPTION
Samples who exhibit a wide spectrum of the identified
SYSTEMATIC RANDOM SAMPLING
characteristic are sampled
BRIEF DESCRIPTION
Example:
When simple random sampling or stratified random Samples include participants with low , moderate , and
sampling is too tedious or complicated due to the high intelligence quotient (IQ)
large population, this can be employed
PROCEDURE SNOWBALL SAMPLING
BRIEF DESCRIPTION
1.Number the units in the population from 1 to N.
Participants identify other potential participants to be
2. Decide on the sample size (n) you need.
included as samples
3. Compute for the interval size, k= N/n Examples:
4. Randomly select an integer between 1 to k Students belonging to a study group can recommend
5. Take every kth unit of the population as a member members of the group to be participants on a research about
of the sample intrinsic motivation to study

CLUSTER OR AREA RANDOM SAMPLING

BRIEF DESCRIPTION
When the members (units) of the population are
dispersed across a wide geographic region, then
cluster (or area) sampling is the preferred method
PROCEDURE
1. Divide the population into clusters using
geographic boundaries
2. Randomly sample clusters
3. Randomly select units from each sampled
clusters.

MODAL OR INSTANCE SAMPLING

BRIEF DESCRIPTION
Participants who exhibit the “most common “ occurrence
are sampled accordingly
Example:
A researcher is interested in the buying preferences of a
“typical teenager.” Thus, only those who constitutes a
“typical teenager” are sampled

EXPERT SAMPLING
BRIEF DESCRIPTION
Participants who are identified as “experts” or those
participants that can give high quality information are
sampled
Example:
Teachers who are assessed as excellent teachers by
their students are sampled to come up with a model of
good teaching