GLOBAL CITIES

Large, technologically advanced urban areas

defined the modern world.
 GLOBALIZATION IS A SPATIAL
PHENOMENON

• 1. It takes place in actual places

• 2. Based in places which propels globalization forward
 THREE CITIES THAT PROPELLED THE
WORLD ECONOMY

• 1. Tokyo
• 2. London
• 3. New York

-Saskia Sassen (1991)

 ATTRIBUTES OF A GLOBAL CITY

1. Economic Power
• Economic Opportunities
• Economic Competitiveness
• A. Market Size
• B. Purchasing Power of the Citizen
• C. Size of the Middle Class
• D. Potential For Growth
 ATTRIBUTES OF A GLOBAL CITY

II. Centers of Authority

III. Centers of Higher Learning and Culture
 GLOBAL ECONOMIC INEQUALITY

1. Wealth Inequality-distribution of assets.

*wealth: refers to the net worth of a country.

2. Income Inequality-it values the flow of goods and services, not a

stock of assets.
*income: is the new earnings that are constantly being added to the
pile of country’s wealth.
 THEORIES OF GLOBAL STRATIFICATION

• 1. Modernization Theory
- frames global stratification as a function of technological and cultural differences between
nations.
-rests on the idea that affluence could be attained by anyone.
-two historical events that contributed to Western Europe developing at a faster rate than
much of the rest of the world.

1) Columbian Exchange- this refers to the spread of goods, technology, education, and
diseases between the Americas and Europe after Christopher Columbus’ so-called
discovery of the Americas.
2) Industrial Revolution-this is when new technologies, like steam power and
mechanization allowed countries to replace human labor with machines and increase
productivity.
 WALT ROSTOW’S FOUR STAGES OF
MODERNIZATION

1.Traditional- refers to societies that are structured around small, local

communities with production typically being done in family settings.

2.Take-off- people begin to use their individual talents to produce things beyond
necessities.

3.Technological Maturity- technological growth of the earlier periods begins to

bear fruit in the form of population growth, reductions in absolute poverty levels, and
more diverse job opportunities.

4. High Mass Consumption- when the country is big enough that production
becomes more about wants than needs.
 DEPENDENCY THEORY

• Dependency theory focuses on how poor countries have been wronged

by richer countries.
• Global stratification starts with colonialism
 CYBER GHETTO

• Ransomware: is a type of malicious software, or malware, that prevents one from accessing one’s computer
files, systems, or networks and demands one to pay a ransom for their return.
• Medusa Ransomware (Medusalocker)
-2019
- healthcare and educational sectors
-other enterprises that process high-volumes of personal identifiable information

• Medusa Ransomware and PhilHealth

-Cyberhackers demanded P16 million
 GLOBALIZATION AND RELIGION

• Turner:
Globalization transforms the generic “religion” into a world-
system of competing and conflicting religions. This process of
institutional specialization has transformed local, diverse and
fragmented cultural practices into recognizable systems of religion.
Globalization has, therefore, had the paradoxical effect of making
religions more self-conscious of themselves as being “world
religions”.
 GLOBALIZATION AND RELIGION

• Scholte:
- rationalism = globalization
- religion is anti-rationalist.
-It is difficult for religion to cope with values that accompany globalization like
liberalism, consumerism, and rationalism. Such phenomena advocate scientism
and secularism.
 GLOBALIZATION AND RELIGION

• Religion is not absolutely anti-rationalist

• Globalizations is also associated with
Westernization/ Americanization
• Religion-related cultures and identities take
defensive measures to protect themselves.