1

Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

Introduction

Life is an essential part of the planet, and it is the reason for being, purpose,

and existence of people. However, some people may not be aware that certain habits,

especially smoking cigarettes, are toxic to the body and can lower the chance of a

disease-free life. Moreover, not only smokers but also the people around them can

experience health problems caused by cigarette smoking. It is disturbing to note that

many people die due to unintentional smoking. Tobacco smoke contains about 10%

solid particles, including "tar" and nicotine. Nicotine enters the brain in seconds and

temporarily boosts the energy levels. However, as the effect wears off, smokers

become tired and crave more (Marcin MD, 2021).

According to Rosen (2020), when people breathe secondhand smoke, they

take in nicotine and toxic chemicals in the same way that smokers do. The higher the

levels of these harmful chemicals in their body, the more secondhand smoke they

breathe. There is no safe level of secondhand smoke exposure; even brief exposure

can result in serious health problems. Furthermore, being around tobacco smoke is

bad for people, even if it is someone else’s smoke. When someone else smokes a

cigarette, the majority of the smoke does not enter the lungs. It floats through the air,

where anyone can breathe it (Watson, 2022). Current evidence is inclusive on the

amount of exposure necessary to induce health problems (Wong & Owen, 2011).

More than a third of the global population are passive smokers and regularly

exposed to the dangerous harmful effects of tobacco smoke (Bandiera et al., 2011).

Moreover, secondhand smoke exposure results from passively inhaling smoke

expelled by a smoker and side stream smoke from a burning cigarette, which entails
 2

coming in contact with residue deposited on surfaces during smoking. Similarly,

Glantz (2015) proclaimed that secondhand smoke exposure can make non-smokers

unwell because it leaves a residue in a room after someone smokes that frequently

attaches to furniture and clothing. Secondhand smoke exposure is harmful even at low

levels. Additionally, secondhand smoke exposure from cigarette smoking increases

the risk of health problems such as anxiety. Other health problems caused by

secondhand smoke exposure from cigarette smoking are olfactory (sense of smell)

and circadian clock (sleep) (Tan et al., 2015; Ueha, 2018).

Globally, 8 million people die each year from secondhand smoke exposure,

with nonsmokers accounting for around 1.2 million deaths. This is known as

secondhand smoke, and it refers to the involuntary inhalation of tobacco smoke that is

released into the surrounding air by the smoker's exhalation and by the smoldering

end of the tobacco product. With an average of 11 sticks smoked each day, 18.7%

(13.1 million) of adults currently consume tobacco every day. An estimated 3.6

million adults (21.5% of the total) were exposed to cigarette smoke in confined spaces

at the workplace (Schaller et al., 2020). Alternatively, about 2.5 million non-smokers

worldwide have died from health problems brought by secondhand smoke exposure.

This is because exposure to secondhand smoke from cigarette smoking is very

dangerous, and even the lightest exposure puts a person at increased risk for these

health issues (Levine, 2015).

The researchers conducted this study for it is relevant to today's problems

experienced by society. It is undeniable that secondhand smoke exposure from

cigarette smoking is still rampant nowadays, especially at home, public places,

transportation, workplaces, and other places where people can get diseases. Therefore,

the researchers wanted to subcategorize or contemplate this topic and, most

 3

importantly, scrutinize or understand the perception of health problems experienced

by selected secondhand smokers from cigarette smoking. This study intends to give

knowledge to secondhand smokers on how to protect themselves from secondhand

smoke exposure from cigarette smoking that may cause health problems. Although

this issue does not have an immediate solution, the researchers believe that this study

may be the start of a safe and healthy environment.

Theoretical Framework

This study was anchored to Health Belief Model (HBM). This posits that an

individual’s health behavior is influenced by their beliefs about the severity of a

health problem, their susceptibility to the problem, the benefits of taking action to

prevent or treat the problem, and the barriers to taking action (Rosenstock, 1974).

In this study, the HBM was used to understand the perception of health

problems experienced by selected secondhand smokers from cigarette smoking. The

severity of the health problem was assessed by asking the participants about their

knowledge of the health risks associated with secondhand smoke exposure. The

susceptibility to the problem was assessed by asking the participants about their

exposure to secondhand smoke and their perceived risk of developing health

problems. The benefits of taking action to prevent or treat the problem was assessed

by asking the participants about their willingness to take measures to protect

themselves from secondhand smoke exposure. The barriers to taking action was

assessed by asking the participants about the challenges they face in protecting

themselves from secondhand smoke exposure.

Conceptual Framework
 4

The conceptual framework presents the independent and dependent variables

that describe what the study is about regarding the perception of health problems

experienced by 150 selected secondhand smokers in Barangay Salam Lomidong,

Marawi City, on cigarette smoking.

The independent variable is the demographic profile of the respondents, while

the dependent variable is the perception of health problems experienced by the

selected secondhand smokers from cigarette smoking. In this study, the researchers

aimed to determine the perception of health problems experienced by the selected

secondhand smokers in Barangay Salam Lomidong, Marawi City, from cigarette

smoking. This summarizes the purpose of the researchers in the study.

Independent Dependent

Fig. 1. Schematic Diagram of the Study

Statement of the Problem

This study sought to answer the following questions:

1. What are the demographic profile of the respondents as secondhand

smokers on cigarette smoking in terms of:

1.1. name (optional);

1.2. age; and

1.3. sex?
 5

2. Where are the places that the secondhand smokers are potentially exposed

to?

3. What is the perception that secondhand smokers have on health problems in

terms of:

3.1. anxiety;

3.2. circadian clock (sleep); and

3.3. olfactory (sense smell)?

Significance of the Study

This study is beneficial to the following:

Secondhand Smokers. The study can provide secondhand smokers with

knowledge about the health risks associated with secondhand smoke exposure and

how to protect themselves from these risks.

Health Professionals. The study can provide health professionals with

insights into the perception of health problems experienced by secondhand smokers

from cigarette smoking, which can help them develop effective interventions and

treatment plans.

Policy Makers. The study can provide policy makers with evidence-based

information on the prevalence of secondhand smoke exposure and the perception of

health problems experienced by secondhand smokers, which can inform the

development of policies and regulations to protect public health.

Advocacy Groups. The study can provide advocacy groups with data to

support their efforts to raise awareness about the dangers of secondhand smoke

exposure and to advocate for policies and regulations to protect public health.

Researchers. The study can provide researchers with a foundation for further

research on the perception of health problems experienced by secondhand smokers

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from cigarette smoking, which can lead to the development of new interventions and

treatments to improve public health.

Scope and Limitations

This study focused on the perception of health problems experienced by 150

selected secondhand smokers from cigarette smoking. The results obtained from this

study only reflected the responses given by secondhand smokers aged 12-61 years old

who participated in the study from Barangay Salam Lomidong, Marawi City, Lanao

del Sur.

However, not all participants that the researchers planned to include in this

study were able to participate due to circumstances experienced by the researchers

during the time of the survey. As a result, the researchers were unable to include all

the subjects they wished to include in this study.

Definition of Terms

In order to have a better understanding of this study, the following

terminologies were defined conceptually and operationally:

Anxiety – this term refers to a feeling nervousness, unease or worry that

typically occurs in the absence of an imminent threat (Lindsey, 2023). In this study,

this word refers to severity of anxiety symptoms experienced by the participants.

Cigarette – this word means a small cylinder of finely cut tobacco leaves

wrapped in paper, which is smoked for its stimulant effects (Charles, 2021). In this

study, this term means a tobacco product that is smoked by the participants and

produces secondhand smoke (SHS) that can be inhaled by others.

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Environment – this term refers to the physical, social, and cultural

surroundings in which an individual lives and interacts (Jagran, 2016). In this study,

this word refers to the places where secondhand smokers are exposed to cigarette

smoke, such as home, public places, transportation, and workplace.

Secondhand Smoke – this word means to the smoke that is exhaled by a

smoker or that comes from the burning end of a cigarette, cigar, or pipe, which can be

inhaled by others (Cattamanchi, 2020). In this study, secondhand smoke refers to the

smoke that is inhaled by the selected secondhand smokers from cigarette smoking.

Smoking – refers to the act of inhaling and exhaling the smoke produced by

burning tobacco products, such as cigarettes, cigars, or pipes (Aldo et al., 2010). In

this study, smoking refers to the act of inhaling and exhaling the smoke produced by

burning cigarettes.
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Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

The following review of related literature and review of related studies were

gathered to gain further knowledge and information regarding the central idea of the

study.

Related Literature

Anxiety

Tobacco smoke exposure can cause anxiety disorders, which are characterized

by excessive fear or anxiety, panic, worry, and restlessness beyond what would be

considered a typical state of anxiety (Tull et al., 2017). Moreover, exposure to

secondhand smoke may worsen the sense of anxiety or panic in individuals who

experience symptoms caused by secondhand smoke exposure from cigarette smoking.

This is because the harmful chemicals inhaled by non-smokers place an extra burden

on the body and mind, which may, in turn, lead to anxiety (Meurel et al., 2018).

Olfactory Function

According to Ciraco (2021), smoking is one of the most harmful epidemics the

world has ever seen, with over 6 million people dying due to tobacco consumption-

related diseases. In addition, smoking is a cause of medical conditions that affect the

nose. Passive smoking has nearly the same adverse effect on olfactory function as

active smoking. Cigarette smoke can cause inflammation in the nasal and olfactory
 9

areas and disrupt the sense of smell because it may cause microvascular damage to the

olfactory nerve, leading to occasional anosmia (loss of the sense of smell), hyposmia

(decreased sense of smell), and dysosmia (distorted sense of smell) (Lewine, MD,

2020).

The Risks of Secondhand Smoke Exposure

In the Philippines, tobacco smokers are said to total 17.3 million, comprising

28.3% of the population. That translates to a lot of smoke, enough to poison the

nation. And yet, people do not seem to be alarmed. Among the ten member countries

of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), it is very hard for anyone to

escape the health risks of smoking. Besides, even non-smokers are at risk because the

smoke comes from someone else puffing out smoke while smoking. Just being around

tobacco smoke can pose more or less the same health risks for smokers and non-

smokers alike (Modequillo, 2019). Moreover, secondhand smoke exposure from

cigarette smoking also causes health problems, including sleep problems (Schwarts et

al., 2014).

Addressing the Tobacco Epidemic in the Philippines

The Philippines is the second-largest tobacco market for cigarettes in Asia.

Being a tobacco-growing country, the Philippines has a high frequency of tobacco

usage in the Western Pacific Region. In line with this, secondhand smoke exposure is

also prevalent in the Philippines (Bellow & Alday, 2013). On the other hand, in 2015,

a study showed that secondhand smoke exposure from cigarette smoking is highly
 10

prevalent at home because of the amount of time individuals spend in these

environments (Doyle, 2020).

Tobacco Control

Young people now have the highest levels of exposure to secondhand smoke

from cigarette smoking as smoking continues to be concentrated in the home. Despite

this, smoking at the home exposes non-smokers to secondhand smoke from cigarette

smoking (Naiman, et al., 2011). Meanwhile, in (2015), showed that there were 23.8%

(16.6 million) people tobacco users in any form. Overall, 18.7 % (13.1 million) of

people currently smoke tobacco daily with an average of 11 sticks of tobacco used per

day. An estimated 21.5 percent of people (3.6 million) were exposed to cigarette

smoke. (Hawkins et al., 2012).

Related Studies

A study conducted by Safa and Chaiton (2020) entitled, Association Between

Secondhand Smoke and Sleep Disturbances, revealed that exposure to secondhand

smoke causes a variety of sleep-related difficulties, including short sleep duration,

poor sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, and total sleep disturbance. Furthermore,

tobacco smoke exposure can lead to sleep disturbance and difficulties sleeping. On

the other hand, secondhand smoke exposure from cigarette smoking is associated with

poor sleep quality outcomes such as sleep disturbance, short sleep duration, and

daytime sleepiness.

In the study conducted by Poulton et al. (2022) entitled, Association between

the Place of Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Anxiety Disorder, concluded that

the systematic review measured secondhand smoke exposure in participants' own

homes. Moreover, the majority of the studies showed a positive association between
 11

anxiety and secondhand smoke exposure in both private and public settings among

non-smokers. The study also concluded a dose-response relationship between

secondhand smoke exposure and anxiety. Health practitioners would be encouraged to

work with stakeholders to create smoke-free policies in both private and public places

to avoid secondhand smoke exposure.

A study conducted by Morioka (2018) entitled, Association between

Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Sleep Disturbance, found that adolescents who

never smoked accounted for 88.0% of respondents, among which 39.1% had been

exposed to secondhand smoke from cigarette smoking. The results of multiple logistic

regression analyses indicated that adjusted odds ratios for sleep problem symptoms

such as difficulty initiating sleep (DIS), difficulty maintaining sleep (DMS), and early

morning awakening (EMA) were higher among those with secondhand smoke

exposure. Moreover, the study revealed that secondhand smoke exposure is associated

with sleep disturbance, and symptoms such as subjectively insufficient sleep and short

sleep duration tended to be higher among never-smoking adolescents with high

secondhand smoke exposure from cigarette smoking and among smoking adolescents

with secondhand smoke exposure, as compared with never-smoking adolescents

without secondhand smoke exposure from cigarette smoking.

A study conducted by Baquilod et al. (2016) entitled, Exposure to

Secondhand Smoke among Adults in the Philippines, assessed the differences in

exposure to secondhand smoke among adults at home, workplaces, and in public

places in the Philippines. The results of this study showed that among respondents

who reported working indoors, 36.8% were exposed to secondhand smoke from

cigarette smoking. Men (43.3%) were more likely than women (28.8%) to be exposed

to secondhand smoke at sites where smoking was not allowed. Additionally, 13.9%
 12

were exposed to secondhand smoke at home. Meanwhile, 66.5% were exposed to

secondhand smoke in enclosed areas at the workplace, and 90.7% were exposed to

secondhand smoke in open areas or everywhere. Moreover, more than 33.6% were

exposed to secondhand smoke from cigarette smoking in public places.

Chapter 3

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

This chapter discussed the research methodology used in the study, including

the research design, locale of the study, respondents of the study, instruments used,

data gathering procedure, data analysis, and statistical tools.

Research Design

The researchers used a quantitative research approach because it involves

collecting and analyzing numerical data. The design used under the quantitative

research approach was a descriptive research design.

Locale of the Study

This study was conducted at Barangay Salam Lomidong, Marawi City,

Philippines. The researchers selected this Barangay because the target participants

who could provide the best information and necessary data needed for this study live

here. Barangay Lomidong is officially known as the largest Barangay in Mindanao

State University, Marawi City. Its population, as determined by the 2020 Census, was
 13

5,149, representing 2.49% of the total population and having the biggest percentage of

the population among the Barangays in the Marawi City Province of Lanao del Sur.

In addition, Barangay Lomidong is situated at approximately 8.0016,

124.2591, on the island of Mindanao. The elevation at these coordinates is estimated

at 788.3 meters or 2,586.3 feet above mean sea level. Lomidong has a total land area

of 87.55 square kilometers (33.80 sq mi), making it one of the largest barangays in

Marawi City Province of Lanao del Sur.

Fig. 2. Map of the Barangay Salam Lomidong, Marawi City

Respondents of the Study

The respondents of this study were one hundred fifty (150) selected

secondhand smokers aged 12-61 years old. The researchers selected the respondents

based on their characteristics that were capable of providing the best information that

was significant to the aim of this study. Through this, the researchers were able to

thoroughly examine the data collected.

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In this study, the researchers used purposive sampling. The purpose of using

this sampling was to identify members of the population who were likely to possess

certain characteristics or experiences and were willing to share them with the

researchers. In this way, the researchers selected individuals who fitted the criteria for

this study.

Instruments of the Study

The researchers utilized a self-made questionnaire as the research instrument

for this study. The instrument was presented to the thesis adviser for further comment

and improvement. Hence, all necessary adjustments were made, and items found

unsuitable were removed. Moreover, the questionnaire is composed of three parts:

Part I is the demographic profile of the respondents, Part II is the places that exposed

the respondents to secondhand smoke, and Part III is the perception of the secondhand

smokers on health problems in terms of anxiety, circadian clock (sleep), and olfactory

(sense of smell).

Additionally, the purpose of the questionnaire was to identify how the one

hundred fifty (150) selected secondhand smokers in Barangay Salam Lomidong,

Marawi City, perceived themselves on tobacco smoke exposure. Furthermore, the

questionnaire was validated by experts with 81% agreement, and the researchers

received the SPSS software or certificates of reliability of the instruments as proof

that the instrument used was validated.

Data Gathering Procedure

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The researchers used different procedures in gathering the necessary data for

the study. To facilitate the data, the following procedures were undertaken: First, the

researchers created a researcher-made questionnaire. Next, letters of request were

given to the chairwoman of Barangay Salam Lomidong, Marawi City, to allow the

researchers to conduct surveys. The researchers informed their thesis adviser, school

principal, and school administrators of the above request. The researchers prepared

several copies for the number of respondents involved and ensured that each

respondent received a complete set with the intent of the letter.

The researchers distributed the questionnaires to the participants, and queries

from the participants were entertained by the researchers. The questionnaires were

personally administered by the researchers and were retrieved after the participants

were done answering the questionnaire. The respondents were given an appreciation

for participating in the study and were promised to keep the gathered information

confidential. Lastly, the participants were informed about the benefits of conducting

this study.

Data Analysis

The frequency and percentage distribution and the weighted arithmetic mean

were used. The responses from the respondents were displayed in several tables.

Furthermore, this was all done with the help of a statistician who assisted in

identifying missing and incorrect values.

Statistical Tools

The researchers utilized frequency, percentage distribution and weighted

arithmetic mean used to extract information and get valid analysis and interpretation
 16

of the data. The demographic profile of the respondents determined by using the

frequency and percentage distribution.

Moreover, weighted mean used to determine the levels of the perception of

one-hundred fifty (150) selected secondhand smokers in Barangay Salam Lomidong,

Marawi City on Cigarette Smoking. The response from the respondents displayed in a

several tables.

1. Frequency and Percentage Distribution – this was used to determine the

demographic profile of the respondents.

Formula:

P=f/N x 100

Where:

P – is the percentage

f – is the frequency

N – is the total number of respondents

100% - constant number

2. Weighted Arithmetic Mean – this was used to determine the levels of the

perception on health problems experienced by one-hundred fifty (150)

selected secondhand smokers in Barangay Salam Lomidong, Marawi City on

cigarette smoking.

Formula:

x – (∑fx)/N

Where:

x – Weighted mean

fx – Weighted frequency

N – Number of respondents
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Chapter 4

PRESENTATION OF DATA, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

This chapter provides the interpretation of statistical data relative to the

problems posted in the statement of the problem and the corresponding analysis and

interpretation of data are incorporated in this portion of the study.

Part I. Demographic Profile of the Respondent in terms of:

Table 1.1. Age

Age Frequency Percentage
12-21 years old 38 25%
22-31 years old 28 19%
32-41 years old 25 17%
42-51 years old 22 14%
52-61 years old 37 25%
Total 150 100.00%

Table 1.1. shows the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents

according to their age. 38 out of 150 respondents are aged 12-21 with 25%. 28 out of

150 respondents are aged 22-31 with 19%. 25 out of 150 respondents are aged 32-41

with 17%. 22 out of 150 respondents are aged 42-51 with 14%. 37 out of 150
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respondents are aged 52-61 with 25%. This implies that majority of the respondents

are aged 12-21 years old.

Table 1.2. Sex

Sex Frequency Percentage
Male 61 41%
Female 89 59%
Total 150 100.00%

Table 1.2. shows the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents

according to their gender. 61 out of 150 respondents are Male with 41%. 89 out of

150 respondents are Female with 59%. This implies that majority of the respondents

are female.

Part II. Places that Exposed to Secondhand Smokers

Table 2. Location where the Secondhand Smokers are

Exposed to Tobacco Smoke
Location Frequency Percentage
Home 68 45%
Public Places 51 34%
Transportation 13 9%
Workplace 18 12%
Others 0 0%
Total 150 100.00%

Table 2 shows the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents

according to places that exposed to secondhand smokers. 68 out of 150 respondents

are located at home with 45%. 51 out of 150 respondents are located at public places

with 34%. 13 out of 150 respondents are located in the transportation with 9%. 18 out

of 150 respondents are located at their workplace with 12%. This implies that

majority of the respondents are exposed to tobacco smoke at home.

The Philippines is the second largest tobacco market for cigarettes in Asia.

Being a tobacco-growing country, the Philippines is one of the countries has a high
 19

frequency of tobacco usage in the Western Pacific Region. In line with this,

secondhand smoke exposure is also prevalent in the Philippines (Bellow & Alday,

2013). On the other hand, in 2015 the Philippines showed that secondhand smoke

exposure from cigarette smoking is highly prevalent at home because of the amount

of time they spend in these environments (Dolye, 2020).

Part III. Perception on Health Problems Experienced by the Selected

Secondhand Smokers in Barangay Salam Lomidong, Marawi City on Cigarette

Smoking in terms of;

Table 3.1. Anxiety Experienced by the Secondhand Smokers

Statements Weighted Standard Descriptive
Mean Deviation Rating
1. As a secondhand smoker, I
encounter an anxiety attack 3.63 1.56 Often
(excessive fear, and panic).
2. As a secondhand smoker, I
undergo uneasiness that make 3.68 1.36 Often
me feel restlessness.
3. As a secondhand smoker, I 3.53 1.49 Often
experience uncontrollable fear.
4. As a secondhand smoker, I 3.80 1.46 Often
easily worry.
Average 3.66 1.47 Often
Scale:
1.00-1.80- Never 1.80-2.60- Rarely 2.60-3.40- Sometimes
3.40-4.20- Often 4.20-5.00- Always

Table 3.1. presents the weighted mean (wm) result of the perception on health

problems experienced by the selected secondhand smokers. It statistically shows that

based on the average of 3.66, majority of the respondents answered “often” to the

statements given.
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To further elaborate these findings, they are presented as follows: As a

secondhand smoker, I encounter an anxiety attack (excessive fear, and panic) has wm

of 3.63 or “often”. As a secondhand smoker, I undergo uneasiness that make me feel

restlessness has wm of 3.68 or “often”. As a secondhand smoker, I experience

uncontrollable fear has wm of 3.53 or “often”. As a secondhand smoker, I easily

worry has wm of 3.80 or “often”. With general average of 3.66 or “often”.

These findings imply that majority of the respondents often experience worry,

feel restlessness, encounter an anxiety attack (excessive fear and panic) and

experience uncontrollable fear. Therefore, tobacco smoke exposure leads to anxiety.

This is supported by Tull et al., (2017) explaining that tobacco smoke exposure causes

anxiety disorders which are characterized by excessive fear or anxiety, panic, worry,

and restlessness beyond what would be considered a typically state of anxiety.

Moreover, exposure to secondhand smoke may worsen the sense of anxiety or panic

in persons who suffer symptoms caused by secondhand smoke exposure on cigarette

smoking because the harmful chemicals inhaled by nonsmokers place an extra burden

on the body and mind, which may in turn lead to anxiety (Meurel, et al., 2018).

Table 3.2. Circadian Clock Sleep Experienced by the Secondhand

Smokers
Statement Weighted Standard Descriptive
Mean Deviation Rating
1. As a secondhand smoker, I 3.24 1.31 Sometimes
have difficulty sleeping.
2. As a secondhand smoker, I
encounter daytime sleepiness and 3.41 1.42 Often
early morning awakening.
3. As a secondhand smoker, I
confront waking up at midnight 3.23 1.40 Sometimes
for no reason.
4. As a secondhand smoker, I
experience sleep disturbance 3.33 1.43 Sometimes
(insufficient sleep and short sleep
duration).
Average 3.30 1.39 Sometimes
 21

Scale:
1.00-1.80- Never 1.80-2.60- Rarely 2.60-3.40- Sometimes
3.40-4.20- Often 4.20-5.00- Always

Table 3.2. presents the weighted mean (wm) result of the perception on health

problems experienced by the selected secondhand smokers. It statistically shows that

based on the average of 3.30, majority of the respondents answered “sometimes” to

the statements given.

To further elaborate these findings, they are presented as follows: As a

secondhand smoker, I have difficulty sleeping has wm of 3.24 or “sometimes”. As a

secondhand smoker, I encounter daytime sleepiness and early morning awakening has

wm of 3.41 or “often”. As a secondhand smoker, I confront waking up at midnight for

no reason has wm of 3.23 or “sometimes”. As a secondhand smoker, I experience

sleep disturbance (insufficient sleep and short sleep duration) has wm of 3.33 or

“sometimes”. With general average of 3.30 or “sometimes”.

These findings imply that majority of the respondents sometimes encounter

day time sleepiness, early morning awakening, sleep disturbance, difficulty sleeping,

and waking up at midnight with no reason. Therefore, tobacco smoke exposure can

occasionally cause sleep difficulties with accordance to their circadian rhythm. This is

supported by Safa and Chaiton (2020) explaining that exposure to secondhand smoke

causes a variety of sleep related difficulties, including short sleep duration, poor sleep

quality, day time sleepiness, and total sleep disturbance. Furthermore, tobacco smoke

exposure occasionally suffers sleep disturbance and difficulties sleeping. On the other

hand, secondhand smoke on cigarette smoking associated with poor sleep quality

outcomes such as sleep disturbance, short sleep duration, and daytime sleepiness.

Table 3.3. Olfactory (Sense of Smell) Experienced by the Secondhand

Smokers
Statement Weighted Standard Descriptive
 22

Mean Deviation Rating

1. As a secondhand smoker, I
experience difficulty smelling 3.32 1.36 Sometimes
things (soap and other hygiene
products).
2. As a secondhand smoker, I
suffer from hyposmia (a 3.11 1.44 Sometimes
decreased sense of smell).
3. As a secondhand smoker, I
suffer from dyssomnia (a 3.13 1.42 Sometimes
distorted sense of smell).
4. As a secondhand smoker, I
suffer from anosmia (loss of the 3.02 1.49 Sometimes
sense of smell).
Average 3.15 1.43 Sometimes
Scale:
1.00-1.80- Never 1.80-2.60- Rarely 2.60-3.40- Sometimes
3.40-4.20- Often 4.20-5.00- Always

Table 3.3. presents the weighted mean (wm) result of the perception on health

problems experienced by the selected secondhand smokers. It statistically shows that

based on the average of 3.15, majority of the respondents answered “sometimes” to

the statements given.

To further elaborate these findings, they are presented as follows: As a

secondhand smoker, I experience difficulty smelling things (soap and other hygiene

products) has wm of 3.32 or “sometimes”. As a secondhand smoker, I suffer from

hyposmia (a decreased sense of smell) has wm of 3.11 or “sometimes”. As a

secondhand smoker, I suffer from dysosmia (a distorted sense of smell) has wm of

3.13 or “sometimes”. As a secondhand smoker, I suffer from anosmia (loss of the

sense of smell) has wm of 3.02 or “sometimes”. With general average of 3.15 or

“sometimes”.

These findings imply that majority of the respondents sometimes experience

difficulty smelling things, suffer from dysosmnia (a distorted sense of smell), suffer

hyposmia (a decrease sense of smell), and suffer from anosmia (loss of the sense of

smell). Therefore, tobacco smoke exposure can cause olfactory (sense of smell)
 23

difficulties experience. This is supported by Ciraco (2021) stating that smoking is one

of the most harmful epidemics the world has seen. Over 6 million people die due to

tobacco consumption-related diseases. In addition, smoking is a cause of medical

condition which affects the nose. In this regard, passive smoking has nearly the same

adverse effect on olfactory function as active smoking. Cigarette smoke can cause

inflammation in the nasal and olfactory and disrupt the smell because it may cause

micro-vascular damage to the olfactory nerve that affect the sense of smell that leads

to occasionally suffer anosmia (loss of the sense of smell), hyposmia (decreases sense

of smell), and dysosmia (distorted sense of smell) (Lewine, MD, 2020).

Chapter 5

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter wraps up the overall findings of the analyzed quantitative data,

which underwent a series of interpretation, thus resulting in conclusions on the

answers in response to the general and specific problems and offering

recommendations based on the research findings presented and discussed in previous

chapters.

Summary of Findings

This study aimed to determine the perception of health problems experienced

by selected secondhand smokers in Barangay Salam Lomidong, Marawi City, on

cigarette smoking. To gather the data, a questionnaire method was distributed and
 24

answered by the respondents. This study sought to answer the following questions: 1)

What is the demographic profile of the respondents? 2) Where are the places that

exposed the respondents to secondhand smoke? 3) What is the perception of

secondhand smokers on health problems in terms of anxiety, circadian clock sleep,

and olfactory (sense of smell)? All the statements were rated through a level of

always, which includes often, sometimes, rarely, and never. Furthermore, the findings

of this study were summarized according to the statement of the problems stated in

Chapter 1:

1. The majority of the respondents were 12-21 years old, with 25% out of 150

respondents.

2. The majority of the respondents were female, with 59% out of 150

respondents.

3. In problem number 1, which talks about the places that are exposed to

secondhand smoke in terms of home, public places, transportation, and workplace,

based on the results, it shows that the majority of the respondents were exposed at

home, with 45% out of 150 respondents.

4. In problem number 2, which talks about the perception that secondhand

smokers have on health problems in terms of anxiety, based on the results, it shows

that the majority of respondents "often" experienced anxiety (M=6.66, SD=1.47). This

implies that secondhand smoke exposure from cigarette smoking can lead to anxiety.

5. In terms of circadian clock sleep, based on the results, it shows that the

majority of the respondents "sometimes" experienced sleep disturbances (WM=3.30,

SD=1.39). This implies that some respondents occasionally had disrupted sleep

patterns due to secondhand smoke exposure from cigarette smoking.

 25

6. In terms of olfactory (sense of smell), based on the results, it shows that the

majority of the respondents "sometimes" experienced olfactory disturbances

(WM=3.15, SD=1.43). This implies that secondhand smoke exposure from cigarette

smoking can cause olfactory (sense of smell) disturbances.

Conclusions

Based on the indicated findings, the following conclusions were drawn: This

study found out that most respondents were aged 12-21 years old, and most of the

respondents were female. In addition to that, this study concluded that home is the

place where secondhand smokers are exposed to tobacco smoke. This was proven by

Doyle (2013), who stated that home is a particularly important source of secondhand

smoke from cigarette smoking because of the amount of time spent in this

environment. Moreover, this study also concluded that secondhand smoke exposure

from cigarette smoking causes health problems, including anxiety, circadian clock

(sleep), and olfactory (sense of smell) disturbances.

Recommendations

After thorough assessment and considering the foregoing findings of the

study, the following recommendations are presented:

1. Based on the findings and the conclusion of the study, the researchers

recommend implementing an environmental program to give people a chance to

develop the information and values necessary to save non-smokers for future

generations. This program should focus on educating the public about the dangers of

secondhand smoke exposure and the importance of creating a smoke-free

environment.

2. The local government should implement anti-smoking signage in Barangay

Salam Lomidong to ensure a smoke-free environment aimed at protecting non-

 26

cigarette users from being exposed to cigarette smoking. The signage should be

placed in strategic locations, such as public areas, transportation, and workplaces, to

remind people of the dangers of smoking and the importance of creating a smoke-free

environment.

3. Future researchers should look into different areas to give additional

information and to improve the quality of the data that the researchers of this topic

have now. They should also consider using a mixed-methods approach to gather both

quantitative and qualitative data to provide a more comprehensive understanding of

the issue.

4. Non-cigarette users should be vigilant and apprehensive with their

environment in order to be knowledgeable. In this way, thoughts of being involved in

tobacco smoke may not be considered. They should also be encouraged to speak up

and report any instances of secondhand smoke exposure to the authorities.

5. Strict policies should be enacted to handle tobacco smoke exposure issues

in the country. The Department of Health should intensify its anti-smoking campaigns

to create a smoke-free society with a special focus on the people who are exposed to

tobacco smoke. The government should also consider increasing taxes on tobacco

products to discourage smoking and fund anti-smoking campaigns.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Journal Article

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children and adolescents. Archives of pediatric & adolescent medicine,
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2. Baquilod, M. (2016). Exposure to secondhand smoke among adults –

philippines, 2009. National Library of Medicine. 12(3), 9-13.
 27

3. Bellow, M., & Alday, J. (2013). Addressing the tobacco epidemic in the
philippines: progress since ratification of the WHO FTCF. Public Health
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4. Dolye, K. (2016) Secondhand smoke common for U.S teens. United

States:Reuters. 63, 8-9.

5. Hawkins et al., (2012). The impact of tobacco control policies of disparities in

secondhand smoke exposure. Mattern Child Health. 16(1), 70-77.

6. Meuret et al., (2020). Anxiety disorders and medical comorbidity. Springer.

36, 237-261.

7. Poulton, et al., (2022) Association between Place of secondhand smoke

exposure and anxiety disorder: Asia. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health.
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8. Tull M. et, al (2017). Anxiety disorder, tobacco use, and nicotine.

Psychological Bulletin. 133(2), 245-272.

9. Naiman et al., (2011). Is there an impact of public smoking ban on self-

reported smoking status and exposure to secondand smoke? BMC Public
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10. Safa, F., & Chaiton, M. (2020). The association between secondhand smoke
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Web address
1. Aldoe, et al. (2010). Definition of smoking. Retrieved from
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2. Cattamansi A., MD. (2019) Is secondhand smoke as dangerous as smoking

cigarettes. Retrieved from https://www.healthline.com/health/secondhand-
smoke-facts.

3. Cattamanci A., MD. (2020). Definition of secondhand smoke. Retrieved from

http://www.healthline.com/health/seconhand-smoke-facts.
 28

4. Charles, (2021). Definition of cigarette. Retrieved from

http://www.rxlist.com/cigarette/definition.

5. Ciraco, C. (2021, June 17). Secondhand smoke is dangerous to your health.

Retrived from: http//businessmirror.com.ph/2021/06/17/secondhand-smoke-is-
dangerous-to-your-health.

6. Judith Marcin MD (2015). Harmful chemicals in tobacco products: Retrieved

from https://www.cancer.org.healthy.

7. Knight, K., & Depue, B. (2019 July 17). Definition of anxiety. Retrieved from
http://www.frontiersin.org/articles /10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00510/full/.

8. Modequillo, M. (2019, November 18). The health risks of secondhand smoke.

Retrieved from: http:/www. Google.com/amp/s/www.philstar.com/the-
freeman/cebu-lifestyle/2019/11/18/1969753/health-risks-secondhand-smoke/
amp/.

9. Lewine, H. (2020). Why do I smell certain odors that aren’t real? Retrieved
from: https/www.health.harvard.edu/disease-and-c-onditions/why-do-i-smell-
certain-odors-that-aren’t-real.

10. Lindsey K, (2023). Definition of Anxiety: Retrieved from

Konkelhttps://www.everydayhealth.com/axiety/guide/.

11. Rosen, G. (2020). Health risk of secondhand smoke. Retrived from

http://amp.cancer.org/healthy/stay-away-from-tobacco/health-risk-of-
tobacco/secondhand-smoke.html/

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from: https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/secondhand-smoke/health.html.
 29

APPENDICES
 30

Appendix A
Letter to the Respondents
 31

Appendix B
Letter to the Barangay Chairwoman
 32

Appendix C
Survey Questionnaire
33
 34

Appendix D
Cerificate of Reliablity
35
 36

Appendix E
Frequency and Percentage Distribution
37
38
39
 40

Appendix F
Documentation
41
 42

Appendix G
Proofreading Certificate
 43

Appendix H

Curriculum Vitae

CURRICULUM VITAE

MAGUID JR. M.
MANGUDADATU
DIMALNA MSU, MARAWI CITY LANAO
DEL SUR
Maguidmangudadatu18@gmail.com

PERSONAL BACKGROUND

AGE 18
BIRTHDATE 26 JULY 2004
RELIGION ISLAM
CIVIL STATUS SINGLE
GENDER MALE
CITIZENSHIP FILIPINO

EDUCATIONAL BACKROUND

ELEMENTARY POBLACION PRESIDENT QUIRINO

WESLEYEN SCHOOL, INC.

SECONDARY NOTRE DAME OF TACURONG COLLEGE

SENIOR HIGH PHILIPPINE ENGINEERING AND AGRO-

INDUSTRIAL COLLEGE, INC.
 44

CURRICULUM VITAE

RENEBERT T. BANAC
LOW. HOUSING MSU, MARAWI CITY LANAO
DEL SUR
Renebertbanacm313@gmail.com

PERSONAL BACKGROUND

AGE 19
BIRTHDATE 26 JANUARY 2004
RELIGION CHRISTIAN
CIVIL STATUS SINGLE
GENDER MALE
CITIZENSHIP FILIPINO

EDUCATIONAL BACKROUND

ELEMENTARY ALDREDO J. APAO ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

SECONDARY LOW TIP. TAMBULIG NATIONAL HIGH

SCHOOL

SENIOR HIGH PHILIPPINE ENGINEERING AND AGRO-

IINDUSTRIAL COLLEGE, INC.

 45

CURRICULUM VITAE

HANIAH S. ATHING
DIMALNA MSU, MARAWI CITY LANAO DEL SUR
Athinghaniahs24@gmail.com

PERSONAL BACKGROUND

AGE 20
BIRTHDATE 24 MARCH 2003
RELIGION ISLAM
CIVIL STATUS SINGLE
GENDER FEMALE
CITIZENSHIP FILIPINO

EDUCATIONAL BACKROUND

ELEMENTARY FOUNTAIN HARVEST ISLAMIC ACADEMY

SSECONDARY MARAWI ISLAMIC COLLEGE

SENIOR HIGH PHILIPPINE ENGINNERING AND AGRO-

INDUSTRIAL COLLEGE, INC.

CURRICULUM VITAE

MAHARABANSA M. TOMARA
SALAM LOMIDONG MSU, MARAWI CITY
LANAO DEL SUR
mahartomara@gmail.com
 46

PERSONAL BACKGROUND

AGE 21
BIRTHDATE 10 JUNE 2001
RELIGION ISLAM
CIVIL STATUS SINGLE
GENDER FEMALE
CITIZENSHIP FILIPINO

EDUCATIONAL BACKROUND

ELEMENTARY MSU-INTEGRATED LABORATORY SCHOOL

SECONDARY MSU-INTEGRATED LABORATORY SCHOOL

SENIOR HIGH PHILIPPINE ENGINEERING AND AGRO-

INDUSTRIAL COLLEGE, INC.

CURRICULUM VITAE

JALIL M. DOMAGAY
CAMBINGAN MSU, MARAWI CITY LANAO
DEL SUR
domagayjaek@gmail.com

PERSONAL BACKGROUND

AGE 20
BIRTHDATE 18 JUNE 2002
 47

RELIGION ISLAM
CIVIL STATUS SINGLE
GENDER MALE
CITIZENSHIP FILIPINO

EDUCATIONAL BACKROUND

ELEMENTARY PHILIPPINE ENGINEERING AND AGRO-

INDUSTRIAL COLLEGE, INC.

SECONDARY TOMAS CABILI NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

SENIOR HIGH PHILIPPINE ENGINEERING AND AGRO-

INDUSTRIAL COLLEGE, INC.

CURRICULUM VITAE

MOH’D HUSSAIFA F. BELION

3RD STREET MSU, MARAWI CITY LANAO
DEL SUR
mohdhussaifabelion@gmail.com

PERSONAL BACKGROUND

AGE 18
BIRTHDATE 1 MAY 2004
RELIGION ISLAM
CIVIL STATUS SINGLE
GENDER MALE
CITIZENSHIP FILIPINO
 48

EDUCATIONAL BACKROUND

ELEMENTARY SOUTH CITY CENTRAL SCHOOL CAGAYAN

DE ORO

SECONDARY MSU-INTEGRATED LABORATORY SCHOOL

SENIOR HIGH PHILIPPINE ENGINEERING AND AGRO-

INDUSTRIAL COLLEGE, INC.

CURRICULUM VITAE

ALMIYYAH, AMAN
KINGFAISAL VILLAGE MSU, MARAWI
CITY LANAO DEL SUR
almiyyahaman@gmail.com

PERSONAL BACKGROUND

AGE 21
BIRTHDATE 1 MARCH 2002
RELIGION ISLAM
CIVIL STATUS SINGLE
GENDER FEMALE
CITIZENSHIP FILIPINO

EDUCATIONAL BACKROUND

ELEMENTARY MSU-INTEGRATED LABORATORY SCHOOL

SECONDARY MSU-INTEGRATED LABORATORY SCHOOL

 49

SENIOR HIGH PHILIPPINE ENGINEERING AND AGRO-

INDUSTRIAL COLLEGE, INC.

CURRICULUM VITAE

NIHAYA P. SALISIP
1ST MSU MARAWI CITY LANAO DEL SUR

PERSONAL BACKGROUND

AGE 21
BIRTHDATE 25 APRIL 2002
RELIGION ISLAM
CIVIL STATUS SINGLE
GENDER FEMALE
CITIZENSHIP FILIPINO

EDUCATIONAL BACKROUND

ELEMENTARY MSU-INTEGRATED LABORATORY

SCHOOL
 50

SECONDARY MSU-INTEGRATED LABORATORY SCHOOL

SENIOR HIGH PHILIPPINE ENGINEERING AND AGRO-

INDUSTRIAL COLLEGE, INC.

CURRICULUM VITAE

MARJANIE A. GUILING
MASIU, LANAO DEL SUR
Marjanieguiling2@gmail.com

PERSONAL BACKGROUND

AGE 19
BIRTHDATE 18 JANUARY 2004
RELIGION ISLAM
CIVIL STATUS SINGLE
GENDER MALE
CITIZENSHIP FILIPINO

EDUCATIONAL BACKROUND

ELEMENTARY APA MIMBALAY ELEMENTARY

SCHOOL

SECONDARY PHILIPPINE ENGINEERING AND AGRO-

INDUSTRIAL COLLEGE, INC.

SENIOR HIGH PHILIPPINE ENGINEERING AND AGRO-

INDUSTRIAL COLLEGE, INC.
51