11 Chem Imp Topics

SYLLABUS
COURSE STRUCTURE CLASS XI
Time : 3 Hours Marks : 70
S. No. Unit No. of Periods Marks

1 Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 12 7
2 Structure of Atom 14 9
3 8 6
4 14 7
5 16 9
6 14 7
7 6 4
8 14 11
9 Hydrocarbons 12 10
Total 70
Unit I : Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 12 Periods
Unit II : Structure of Atom 14 Periods
Unit III : Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties 08 Periods
Unit IV : Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure 14 Periods
Unit VI : Chemical Thermodynamics 16 Periods
https://oswalpublishers.com/books/chemistry-most-likely-cbse-question-bank-class-11/
Unit VII : Equilibrium 14 Periods
Unit VIII : Redox Reactions 06 Periods
Unit XII : Organic Chemistry -Some Basic Principles and Techniques 14 Periods
Unit XIII : Hydrocarbons 12 Periods
QUESTION PAPER DESIGN
CLASS XI
(Code No. 043)
Maximum Marks : 70 Duration : 3 Hours
S. No. Domains Total Marks %
1 28 40%
2 21 30%
3 21 30%
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CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION
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‘Shiksha Sadan’, 17, Rouse Avenue, Institutional Area, New Delhi - 110002
Telephone: 011-23212603,23233227 Website :h p://www.cbseacademic.nic.in e-mail: mailto:directoracad.cbse@nic.in.
Some Basic Concepts of
Chemistry CHAPT ER : 1
Anything that occupies space and has mass is

called Matter.
• Particles of matter have space between them.
• Particles of matter are continuously moving.
• Matter is made up of particles. • Particles of matter attract each other.
• The particles of matter are very small they are
small beyond our imagination.
• There are three states of matter namely solid, liquid and gas.
• The main difference between these states of matter are given below:
heat heat
Solid cool
Liquid cool
Gas
Particle Particle Particle
Solid Liquid Gas
Solid Liquid Gas

• Definite shape • No definite shape • No definite shape
• Distinct boundaries and • Fixed volume • No fixed volume
fixed volume
• Not compressible • Can be compressible • Highly compressible
• Cannot flow • Can flow • Can flow
• Very less inter-particle • Inter-particle spaces are • Large inter-particle space
space more than in solids is available
• Maximum density • Density is between that of • Minimum density
the solids and gases
• Negligible rate of diffusion • Rate of diffusion depends • Maximum rate of diffusion
on inter-particle attraction
• Inter-particle attraction is • Inter-particle attraction is • Inter-particle attraction is
maximum medium minimum
Mixtures Pure Substances
It contains particles of two or more pure They have characteristics different from mixtures,
substances which may be present in it in any ratio. i.e., constituent particles of pure substances have
fixed composition.
Homogeneous Heterogeneous Elements Compounds
Mixtures Mixtures Particles of an element When two or more
The components The composition is not consist of only one atoms of different
completely mix with uniform throughout type of atoms. These elements combine
each other and sometimes particles may exist as together in a definite
different components atoms or molecules. ratio, the molecule of a
are visible. compound is obtained.
• Physical Properties can be measured or observed without changing the identity or the composition of the
substance. Some examples of physical properties are colour, odour, melting point, boiling point etc.
• Chemical Properties require a chemical change to occur. The examples of chemical properties are
characteristic reactions of different substances. These include acidity, basicity, combustibility etc.
The SI system has seven base units listed below. These units pertain to the seven fundamental scientific
quantities. The other physical quantities, such as speed, volume, density, etc., can be derived from these
quantities.
Base Physical Quantity Symbol for Quantity Name of SI Unit Symbol for SI Unit
Length l metre m
Mass m kilogram kg
Time t second s
Electric current I ampere A
Thermodynamic temperature T kelvin K
Amount of substance n mole mol
Luminous intensity lv candela cd
Mass of a substance is the amount of matter present in it, while weight is the force exerted by gravity on an
object. The mass of a substance is constant. The mass of a substance can be determined accurately in the
laboratory by using an analytical balance. SI unit of mass is kilogram.
It is the force exerted by gravity on an object. Weight of substance may vary from one place to another
due to change in gravity.
Volume means the space occupied by matter. It has the units of (length)3. In SI units, volume is expressed in
metre3 (m3). However, a popular unit of measuring volume, particularly in liquids is litre (L) but it is not an
S.I. unit. Mathematically, 1L = 1000 mL = 1000 cm3 = 1dm3. Volume of liquids can be measured by different
devices like burette, pipette, cylinder, measuring flask etc.
Density of a substance is its amount of mass per unit volume. Its SI unit is g cm–3.
There are three scales in which temperature can be measured. These are known as Celsius scale (°C),
Fahrenheit scale (°F) and Kelvin scale (K). Thermometres with Celsius scale are calibrated from 0°C to 100°C.
Thermometres with Fahrenheit scale are calibrated from 32°F to 212°F Kelvin’ scale of temperature is S.I.
scale and temperature on this scale is shown by the sign K. The temperature on two scales are related to
each other by the relationship: °F = — 9 (°C) + 32
5
The Kelvin scale is related to Celsius scale as follows: K = °C + 273.15
Significant figures are meaningful digits which are known with certainty. There are certain rules for
determining the number of significant figures. These are stated below:
• All non-zero digits are significant. For example, in 285 cm, there are three significant figures and in 0.25 mL,
there are two significant figures.
• Zeros preceding to first non-zero digit are not significant. Such zeros indicate the position of decimal point.
For example, 0.03 has one significant figure and 0.0052 has two significant figures.
• Zeros between two non-zero digits are significant. Thus, 2.005 has four significant figures.
• Zeros at the end or right of a number are significant provided they are on the right side of the decimal point.
For example, 0.200 g has three significant figures.
• Counting numbers of objects. For example, 2 balls or 20 eggs have infinite significant figures as these are
exact numbers and can be represented by writing infinite number of zeros after placing a decimal.
i.e., 2 = 2.000000 or 20 = 20.000000
Law of Conservation Law of Definite Law of Multiple Gay Lussac’s Law Avogadro’s Law
of Mass Proportions Proportions of Gaseous Volumes This law was
The law was established This law was given This law was proposed This law was given by Gay proposed by
by a French chemist, A. by, a French by Dalton in 1803. Lussac in 1808. The law Avogadro in 1811.
Lavoisier. The law states: chemist, Joseph According to this law, if states that, under similar According to this,
In all physical and Proust. The law two elements can conditions of temperature equal volumes of all
chemical changes, the states that, a combine to form more and pressure, whenever gases at the same
total mass of the given compound than one compound, the gases combine, they do so temperature and
reactants is equal to that always contains masses of one element in volumes which bear pressure should
of the products, i.e., exactly the same that combine with a simple whole number ratio contain equal
matter can neither be proportion of fixed mass of the other with each other and also number of
created nor destroyed. elements by element, are in the ratio with the gaseous molecules.
weight. of small whole numbers. products.
Chemical Thermodynamics CHAPT ER : 5
System Boundary
A system in thermodynamics refers to that part of universe
which is under observation. Everything else in the universe
Surroundings Surroundings
except system is called surroundings.
System
The universe = The system + The surroundings System
The state of a thermodynamic system is described by its measurable or macroscopic (bulk) properties.
Variables like pressure (p), volume (V), temperature (T ), amount (n) are called state variables or state
functions because their values depend only on the state of the system and not on how it is reached.
• Open System: There is exchange of energy and matter between system and surroundings. For example,
presence of reactants in an open beaker.
• Closed System: There is no exchange of matter, but exchange of energy is possible between system and the
surroundings. For example, presence of reactants in a closed vessel made of conducting material such as
copper or steel.
• Isolated System: There is no exchange of energy or matter between the system and the surroundings. For
example, presence of reactants in a thermos flask or any other closed insulated vessel.
MASS MASS
HEAT
HEAT HEAT HEAT HEAT
OPEN CLOSED ISOLATED

Energy and Mass Only Energy can be Exchanged Nothing is Exchanged
• Adiabatic Process: It is a process in which there is no transfer of heat between the system and
surroundings.
• Reversible Process: It is a process which proceeds infinitely slowly by a series of equilibrium states such
that system and the surroundings are always in near equilibrium with each other.
• Irreversible Process: Processes other than reversible processes are known as irreversible processes.
Expansion of a gas in vacuum (Pex = 0) is called free expansion. No work is done during free expansion of an
ideal gas whether the process is reversible or irreversible.
U = q - pex V
If a process is carried out at constant volume ( V = 0), then
U = qv
the subscript v in qv denotes that heat is supplied at constant volume.
For isothermal (T = constant) expansion of an ideal gas into vacuum; w = 0 since pex = 0. Also, q = 0;
• For isothermal irreversible change: q = w = pex (Vf - Vi )

V
• For isothermal reversible change: q = -w = nRT ln —f
Vi
V
= 2.303 nRT log —f
Vi
• For adiabatic change, q = 0.
ad
It is defined as total heat content of the system. It is equal to the sum of internal energy and
pressure-volume work. Mathematically,
H = U + PV
Change in enthalpy is the heat absorbed or evolved by the system at constant pressure.
p
For exothermic reaction (System loses energy to Surroundings),
p
both are negative.
For endothermic reaction (System absorbs energy from the Surroundings).
p
both are positive.
Let us consider a general reaction A ——› B

Let HA be the enthalpy of reactant A and HB be that of the products
HA = UA + PVA
HB = UB + PVB
H = HB - HA
= (UB + PVB) - (UA + PVA)
H = U + P V (HB - HA)
H= U+P V
At constant pressure and temperature using ideal gas law,
PVA = nART (For reactant A)
PVB = nBRT (For reactant B)
Thus, PVB - PVA = nBRT - nART
= (nB - nA)RT
ng RT
H = U + ng RT
• Extensive property: It is a property whose value depends on the quantity or size of matter present in the
system. Mass, volume, enthalpy etc. are known as extensive property.
• Intensive property: The properties which do not depend upon the size of the matter or quantity of the
matter present in the system. Temperature, density, pressure etc. are called intensive properties.
The increase of temperature is proportional to the heat transferred.

q = coeff X T
The coefficient, C is called the heat capacity and it is directly proportional to amount of substance.
c
The molar heat capacity of a substance, Cm = (—)
n is the heat capacity for one mole of the substance and is
the quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of one mole by one degree celsius (or one kelvin).
It is the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of one unit mass of a substance by one degree
celsius (or one kelvin).
Where, m = mass of the substance
At constant volume heat capacity = Cv

At constant pressure heat capacity = Cp
At constant volume qv = Cv T = U
At constant pressure qp = Cp T = H
For one mole of an ideal gas
H = U + (PV) = U + (RT)
H= U+R T
On subsitituting the values of H and U, the equation is modified as
Cp T = Cv T + R T or Cp-Cv = R
At constant volume, qv At constant pressure, qp
In an exothermic reaction, heat is evolved, and system loses heat to the surroundings. Therefore, qp will be
r
H will also be negative. Similarly in an endothermic reaction, heat is absorbed, qp is positive
r
H will be positive.
1. Colour, odour, melting point, boiling point, (c) Multiple proportions
density etc. are .................... of matter. (d) Reciprocal proportions
(a) chemical properties Ans. (a) Constant proportions
(b) chemical changes
Explanation:
(c) physical properties
(d) chemical composition The percentage of copper and oxygen in
Ans. (c) physical properties samples of CuO obtained by different methods
were found to be the same. This illustrates the
Explanation:
law of Constant proportions. Because the law of
Physical properties of matter are those Constant proportions states that, “In a chemical
properties that can be observed or measured compound, the elements are always present in
without changing the identity of the substance. same proportions by mass”.
Colour, odour, melting point, boiling point, 4. Chemical equation is balanced according to the
density, etc are the properties that can be law of :
observed or measured physically. (a) Multiple proportion
2. Which of the following statements is NOT
(b) Reciprocal proportion
correct about mass ?
(c) Conservation of mass
(a) It is the measure of the quantity of matter a
body contains.
Ans. (c) Conservation of mass
(b) The basic unit of mass in the SI system is
kilogram. Explanation:
(c) It is the amount of space occupied by an A chemical equation is balanced according to the
object. law of conservation of mass. According to this
(d) The mass of a body does not vary as its law, “Mass in an isolated system is neither be
position changes. created nor be destroyed by chemical reactions
Ans. (c) It is the amount of space occupied by an or physical transformations i.e. the mass of the
object. products in a chemical reaction must equal to
Explanation: the mass of the reactants. If a chemical reaction
does not follow the law of conservation of
Mass is a quantity representing the amount
mass then the chemical reaction is said to be an
of matter in a particle or object. It can be
unbalanced chemical equation.
determined accurately in the laboratory by
using analytical balance. The standard unit of 5. Carbon and oxygen combine to form two oxides,
mass in the International System of Units (SI) carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide in which
the ratio of the weights of carbon and oxygen
is Kilogram. The space occupied by an object is
called its volume.
illustrate the :
3. The percentage of copper and oxygen in
(a) Law of multiple proportions
samples of CuO obtained by different methods
were found to be the same. This illustrates the (b) Law of reciprocal proportions
law of : (c) Law of conservation of mass
(a) Constant proportions (d) Law of constant proportions
(b) Conservation of mass Ans. (a) Law of multiple proportions
Explanation: Percentage of Carbon in Carbon dioxide
When two elements combine to generate two =

or more compounds, the masses of one of the
Percentage of Oxygen in Carbon dioxide
the other bear a simple whole number ratio, =
according to the law of multiple proportions.
Consider the following scenario, CO is made This shows, the composition of elements is
up of 12 parts carbon by mass and 16 parts
oxygen by mass. CO2 is made up of 12 parts 8. After a chemical reaction, the total mass of
carbon by mass and 32 parts oxygen by mass. In reactants and products :
these compounds, the ratio of masses of oxygen (a) Is always increased
(b) Is always decreased
(c) Is not changed
6. Which of the following is the best example of (d) Is always less or more
law of conservation of mass ? Ans. (c) Is not changed
(a) 12 g of carbon combines with 32 g of oxygen Explanation:
to form 44 g of CO2. Law of conservation of mass states that mass is
(b) When 12 g of carbon is heated in a vacuum neither created nor destroyed i.e., in a chemical
there is no change in mass. reaction, the total mass of the reactants equal
(c) A sample of air increases in volume when to the total mass of the products”. Thus, after
heated at constant pressure but its mass a chemical reaction, the total mass of reactants
remains unaltered. and products do not change.
(d) The weight of a piece of platinum is the 9. Which property of an element is always a whole
same before and after heating in air. number ?
Ans. (a) 12 g of carbon combines with 32 g of oxygen (a) Atomic weight
to form 44 g of CO2. (b) Equivalent weight
(c) Atomic number
Explanation: (d) Atomic volume
Law of conservation of mass states that ‘‘matter Ans. (c) Atomic number
can neither be created nor be destroyed.’’ Explanation:
C + O2 CO2
Atomic number is the number of protons
Mass of reactants = 12 g of Carbon + 32 g of
present in one atom of an element. Hence, it is
Oxygen = 44 g
always a whole number.
Mass of products = 12 + 2(16) = 44 g
10. The modern atomic weight scale is based on :
As total mass of reactants is equal to the
(a) 12C (c) 1H
total mass of product, it follows the law of
conservation of mass. (b) 16O (d) 13C
12
7. A sample of pure carbon dioxide, irrespective Ans. (a) C
of its source, contains 27.27% carbon and 72.73% Explanation:
oxygen. The data support
The present system of atomic masses is based
(a) Law of constant proportion on carbon-12 as the standard and has been
(b) Law of conservation of mass agreed upon in 1961. Here, Carbon-12 is one of
(c) Law of reciprocal proportions the isotopes of carbon and can be represented
(d) Law of multiple proportions as 12C.
Ans. (a) Law of constant proportion 11. 1 amu is equal to :
Explanation: (a) 1/12 of C-12 (c) 1g of H2
(b) 1/14 of O-16 (d) 1.66 × 10–23 kg
According to law of constant proportions. A Ans. (a) 1/12 of C-12
given compound always contains exactly the
same proportion of elements by weight. Explanation:
Molar mass of Carbon dioxide One atomic mas
= 12 + 2(16) = 44 g exactly equal to one-twelfth of the mass of one
carbon-12 atom. 12C is assigned a mass of exactly Number of atoms in 1.505 × 1023 molecules of
12 atomic mass unit (amu) and masses of all NH3
other atoms are given relative to this standard. = 4 × 1.505 × 1023 atoms
12. Avogadro number is : = 6.023 × 1023 atoms
(a) Number of atoms in one gram of element 15. If NA is Avogadro’s number then the number
(b) Number of milliliters which one mole of a of valence electrons in 4.2 g of nitride ions
gaseous substances occupies at NTP (N3–
(c) Number of molecules present in one gram (a) 2.4 NA (c) 1.6 NA
molecular mass of a substance (b) 4.2 NA (d) 3.2 NA
(d) All of these Ans. (a) 2.4 NA
Ans. (c) Number of molecules present in one gram Explanation:
molecular mass of a substance
The chemical formula of nitride ion is N3–
Explanation: Number of electrons in one nitride ion will be
The number of entities present in 1 mol (gram 7+3 = 10 electrons
molecular mass) of any substance is represented
Number of valence electrons = 8
as Avogadro’s constant or Avogadro’s number
14 g of N3– ions have 8NA valence electrons
denoted by NA. One mole contains exactly
Then, 4.2 g of N3– ions will have
6.02214076 × 1023 elementary entities.
13. Total number of atoms represented by the =
compound CuSO4.5H2O is :
(a) 27 (c) 5 16. The weight of 1 × 1022 molecules of CuSO4.5H2O
(b) 21 (d) 8 is :
Ans. (b) 21 (a) 41.59 g (c) 4.159 g
(b) 415.9 g (d) None of these
Explanation: Ans. (c) 4.159 g
The total number of atoms of each element that Explanation:
combines to form a compound is known as its
Molar mass of CuSO4.5H2O
atomicity.
= 63.5 + 32 + 4(16) + 5(2 + 16)
In the given compound, number of atoms of Cu = 249.5 g/mol
is 1, S is 1, O is (4 + 5) = 9, H is 5(2) = 10. 1 mole that is 6.023 × 1023 molecules of
Hence, total number of atoms = 1 + 1 + 9 + 10 = 21 CuSO4.5H2O has 249.5 g of mass.
14. The number of atoms in 4.25 g of NH 3 is Then, 1 × 1022 molecules of CuSO4.5H2O will
approximately : have
(a) 1 × 1023 (c) 4 × 1023
=
(b) 2 × 1023 (d) 6 × 1023
23
Ans. (d) 6 × 10
= 4.158 g
Explanation: 17. The weight of a molecule of the compound
C60H122 is :
Molar mass of NH3 = 14 + 3(1) = 17 g/mol
(a) 1.4 × 10–21 g (c) 5.025 × 1023
Number of moles of ammonia (nNH3) –21
(b) 1.09 × 10 g (d) 16.023 × 1023 g
= = 0.25 moles Ans. (a) 1.4 × 10–21 g
Explanation:
Number of molcules in 1 mole of NH3
= 1 NA = 6.023 × 1023 molecules Atomic mass of Carbon is 12
Atomic mass of Hydrogen is 1
Therefore, the number of molecules in 0.25
Molecular weight of C60H122 is 60 (12) + 122(1)
moles of NH3 = 0.25 × 6.023 × 1023 molecules.
= 720 + 122 = 842 g/mol
= 1.505 × 1023 molecules
1 mole that is 6.023 × 1023 molecules of C60H122
Therefore total number of atoms in 1 molecule
has 842 g of mass.
of NH3 = 4
Since, 1 molecule of NH3 contains 1 atom of 1 molecule of C60H122 will weight =
nitrogen and 3 atoms of Hydrogen. Therefore,
it is 4. = 1.4 × 10–21 g
18. Which of the following has least mass ? 21. 2 g of oxygen contains number of atoms equal
(a) 28 g atom of nitrogen to that in :
(b) 3 × 1023 atoms of C (a) 0.5 g of hydrogen
(c) 1 mole of S (b) 4 g of sulphur
(d) 7.0 g of Ag (c) 7g of nitrogen
Ans. (b) 3 × 1023 atoms of C (d) 2.3g of sodium
Explanation: Ans. (b) 4 g of sulphur
(a) 2g atom of nitrogen = 28 g atom of Nitrogen Explanation:

(b) 6 × 1023 atoms of C has mass = 12 g Number of atoms of Oxygen in 2 g = Number of
Thus, 3 × 1023 atoms of C will have moles × Avogadro’s number
=
=6g
(c) 1 mole of Sulphur = Molar mass of Sulphur =

= 32 g
(d) 7.0 g of Ag
(a) 0.5 g of hydrogen =
Hence, 3 × 1023 atoms of C has the least mass
that is 6 g.
Hence, Option (b) is correct. (b) 4 g of sulphur =
19. 4.4 g of an unknown gas occupies 2.24 L of
volume at standard temperature and pressure. (c) 7 g of Nitrogen =
The gas may be :
(a) Carbon dioxide
(d) 2.3 g of Sodium =
(b) Carbon monoxide
(c) Oxygen 22. The percentage composition of carbon in urea,
(d) Sulphur dioxide [CO(NH2)2] is :
Ans. (a) Carbon dioxide (a) 40% (c) 20%
Explanation: (b) 50% (d) 80%
Ans. (c) 20%
According to mole concept,
1 mole of any substance = molar mass Explanation:
= 6.02 × 1023 particles Molar mass of [CO(NH2)2] is 12 + 16 + 2(14 + 2)
= 22.4 L volume = 60 g/mol
If, 2.24 L of a gas weight 4.4 g Mass % of an element
Then 22.4 L of a gas will weigh 44 g
It is the molar mass of carbon dioxide. =
20. The number of moles of sodium oxide in 620 g
Percentage composition of Carbon
of it is :
(a) 1 mole (c) 18 moles =
(b) 10 moles (d) 100 moles
Ans. (b) 8 × 1000 23. The percentage of oxygen in NaOH is :
Explanation: (a) 40 (c) 8
(b) 60 (d) 10
Molar mass of sodium oxide (Na2O)
Ans. (a) 40
= 2(23) + 16 = 62 g/mol
Explanation:
Number of moles
Molar mass of NaOH is 23 + 16 + 1 = 40 g/mol
=
Mass % of an element
Number of moles of Na2O = =
1. Which of the following are not state functions ?
(i) q + w (iii) w
(ii) q (iv) H – TS
(a) (i) and (iv) 4. The state of a gas can be described by quoting
the relationship between :
(b) (ii), (iii) and (iv)
(c) (i), (ii) and (iii)
(d) (ii) and (iii)
Ans. (d) (ii) and (iii)
Explanation: Ans.
The thermodynamics parameters that depend Explanation:
state variables. In order to describe the state

etc. The parameter which depends on the path
2. Adiabatic process involves :

pV = nRT
(a) q = 0 (c) E = 0 p, V, T and n
(b) W = 0 (d) V = 0 system.
Ans. (a) q = 0
Explanation: ice cubes. This is an example of :
(a) Closed system
A process in which the sys
i.e., no heat leaves (b) Open system
q = 0. (c) Isolated system
3. Which of he following statements is correct? (d) Non-thermodynamic system
Ans. (c) Isolated system
Explanation:
as matter between the system and the
(c)
system.
system.
6. Which of the following is an intensive
property?
Ans. (c) Entropy
system. Ans.
Explanation: Explanation:
A closed system is that in which only the
are called intensive properies. For example,
76. Entropy(s) : Entropy is the prop 78. Third law of thermodynamics : It states that, the
randomness in the system.

77. Second law of thermodynamics : It states that,
79. Gibb’s free energy :
eases in any
conditions o
Ans.
involved in an expansion of gas in vacuum.
Ans.
i.e., another.’’
Pext 86. What is standard state of a substance ?
V
ext Ans.
=–0× V
= 0.
81. What is a thermodynamic state function ? as fH°.

Ans. The thermodynamic parameters which depends 87. What are enthalpy (H) of all elements in their
standard state.
Ans.
process.
88. Give relationship between H, U for a reaction
Ans. W= n in gaseous state.
Ans.
Where, relationship between enthalpy and internal
R = Gas constant H= ngRT

V1 and V2 where, ng
done is more if the gas is allowed to expand

89. What is enthalpy of vaporisation ? Give an
reversibly at higher temperature ?
example.
Ans.
process is, Ans.
W = – Pint × V
84. From thermodynamic point to which system 373 K, the enthalpy

the animals and plants belong ?
Ans. H2O(l) H2 vap
Water steam
90. How will you calculate reaction enthalpy from
data on bond enthalpies ?
Ans.
94. What is entropy ? Give its units.
type are identical. Ans.
H° =
f
H° (reactant bonds) – H°
–1
bonds) mol–1.
91. What is the standard enthalpy of combustion? 95. Predict the sign of S for the following reaction :
Give an example.
CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)
Ans.
Ans.
96. For the reaction, Cl2(g) 2Cl(g). What will be

the sign of H and S?
C(s) + O2 CO2 H= c Ans.
92. What is the enthalpy of atomisation ? Give an
example.
Ans.
positive. Moreover, the chemical bond between
For example : will also be positive.

CH4 H 97. Comment on the following statement :
atom
–1 Reaction with G° < 0 always have an
equilibrium constant greater than 1.
93. State whether S is positive, negative or zero
for the reaction 2H(g) H2(g). Ans.
Ans. represented as
– G° = RT ln K.
i.e.,
98. Why the absolute value of internal energy

cannot be determined ?
Ans.
100. Why thermodynamically, an exothermic

reaction is sometimes not spontaneous ?
Ans. G = H – T
exothermic reaction, S = –ve
and T S > G will be +ve
f i
99. For the same value of increase in volume, why 101. Why dissolution of ammonium chloride in
water is endothermic but still it dissolves in
expand reversibly at higher temperatures? water ?
Ans. For isothermal reversible expansion, Ans. S = +ve i.e., entropy increases.
As S>
w = – Pint G = H – T S and G = –ve
Where,
102. Why entropy of a pure crystalline substance is
zero at 0K?
–Pint Ans.
and hence diamond show less entropy than that
at 0 K.
103. Why a real crystal has more entropy than an 108. Explain why qp is not always greater than qv?
ideal crystal? Ans. qp qv always. At it
Ans. depends on whether ng is +ve or –ve i.e., np >
nr or np < nr (qp = qv + ngRT)
np > nR then qp > qv np < nR then qp < qv.
crystal has more entropy than an ideal crystal.
109. Why the non-spontaneous reaction turns
104. q + w is a state function whereas q and w
spontaneous, when it is mixed with spontaneous
individually do not act as state function why ?
reaction ?
Ans. q + w is
i.e., q + w = Ans.
q+w
q and w are path 110. Why internal energy is considered as state
function ?
105. Why entropy of a solid increases on fusion. Ans. Internal
Ans. i.e.,
111. Why endothermic reactions are favoured at

increases. high temperature.
106. Why free energy criteria is considered bettern Ans.
than the entropy criteria for prediction of
H so
spontaneity of a reaction ?
Ans.
112. Why standard heat of formation of diamond is
not zero although it is an element ?
Ans.
107. Why entropy of diamond is less than that of

graphite.
Ans.
W = – n2RT + n1RT
chemical reaction. = – (n2 – n1)RT
Ans. = – ngRT ...(4)
f = – Pext × A
W = Pext V ...(1) 114. What are intensive properties ? Explain why
ext = P, density is intensive property.
W= – P V Ans.
= – P(V2 – V1)
W = – PV2 + PV1 ...(2)
PV1 = n1RT
and PV2 = n2RT ...(3)
yields,
1. The general formula of alkanes are : Explanation:
(a) CnH2n+2 (c) CnH2n–2
In methane, carbon forms 4 single bonds with
(b) CnH2n (d) CnHn hydrogen atoms attaining tetrahedral geometry.
Ans. (a) CnH2n+2 4. Which of the following cannot exhibit
Explanation: isomerism ?
(a) C4H10 (c) C3H8
The alkanes are the hydrocarbons in which
carbon atom is bonded with four other (b) C5H12 (d) C6H14
hydrogen atoms through a single bond. The Ans. (c) C3H8
general formula of alkanes are CnH2n+2. Explanation:
For example : CH4, C2H6, C3H8, etc. Isomerism is the phenomenon in which more
In CH4, than one compounds have the same chemical
number of carbon atoms – 1, number of formula but different chemical structures. This
hydrogen atoms : 2(1) + 2 = 4 is because in organic compounds, the same
In C2H6, carbon atoms can be arranged in several ways
to give different structures and hence different
number of carbon atoms – 2, number of
compounds.
hydrogen atoms : 2(2) + 2 = 6
Isomerism is possible only with hydrocarbons
2. Which represents an alkane :
having 4 or more carbon atoms, because
(a) C5H8 (c) C9H10 only then we can have two or more different
(b) C8H6 (d) C7H16 arrangements of carbon atoms. No isomerism
Ans. (d) C7H16 is possible in hydrocarbons containing 1, 2 or
3 carbon atoms per molecule because then only
Explanation:
one arrangement of carbon atoms is possible.
The general formula of alkanes are CnH2n + 2 5. Out of the following pairs of compounds, the
For C5H8, putting n = 5, then number of unsaturated compounds are :
hydorgen atoms must be 2(5) + 2 = 12 which is (a) C2H6 and C4H6
not equal. Hence, C5H8 is not an alkane. (b) C6H12 and C5H12
For C8H6, putting n = 8, then number of (c) C4H6 and C6H12
hydorgen atoms must be 2(8) + 2 = 18 which is (d) C2H6 and C4H10
not equal. Hence, C8H6 is not an alkane. Ans. (c) C4H6 and C6H12
For C9H10, putting n = 9, then number of Explanation:
hydorgen atoms must be 2(9) + 2 = 20 which is
A hydrocarbon in which the carbon atoms
not equal. Hence, C9H10 is not an alkane.
are connected by only single bonds is called a
For C7H16, putting n = 7 then number of saturated hydrocarbon. For example : Alkanes
hydorgen atoms must be 2(7) + 2 = 16 which is having general formula CnH2n + 2.
equal. Hence, C7H16 is an alkane. Therefore, C2H6, C5H12, C4H10 are alkanes.
3. The shape of methane molecule is : While A hydrocarbon in which the two carbon
(a) Linear (c) Square planar atoms are connected by a ‘double bond’
(b) Trigonal planar (d) Tetrahedral or a ‘triple bond’ is called an unsaturated
Ans. (d) Tetrahedral hydrocarbon. For example : Alkene having
general formula CnH2n and an alkyne having 9. The reaction CH3-Br + 2Na + Br-CH3 the
general formula CnH2n – 2. product, called :
Therefore, C6H12 is an alkene and C4H6 is an (a) Wurtz reaction
alkyne. (b) Aldol condensation
6. The decreasing order of boiling points is : (c) Perkin’s reaction
(a) n-Pentane > iso-Pentane > neo-Pentane (d) Levit reaction
(b) iso-Pentane > n-Pentane > neo-Pentane Ans. (a) Wurtz reaction
(c) neo-Pentane > iso-Pentane > n-Pentane Explanation:
(d) n-Pentane > neo-Pentane > iso-Pentane The reaction in which alkyl halides on treatment
Ans. (a) n-Pentane > iso-Pentane > neo-Pentane with sodium metal in dry ethereal (free from
Explanation: moisture) solution give higher alkanes is
known as Wurtz reaction and is used for the
As the branching increases, the surface area of preparation of higher alkanes containing even
an alkane approaches a sphere. Since, a sphere number of carbon atoms.
has minimum surface area, therefore, van der In the given reaction, ethane (alkane) will be
waal’s force of attraction is minimum and hence formed as a product.
the boiling point of the alkane decreases with 10. Iodoethane reacts with sodium in the presence
branching. of dry ether. The product is :
Therefore, for the isomers of pentane, n-pentane (a) Pentane (c) Butene
must have highest boiling point while (b) Propane (d) Butane
Neopentane containing two branching will Ans. (d) Butane
have the least boiling point.
Explanation:
7. As the number of carbon atoms in a chain
increases, the boiling point of alkane :
(a) Increases
(b) Decreases
(c) Remains same
11. Which of the following is not formed by the
(d) May increase or decrease
reaction of Cl2 on CH4 in sunlight :
Ans. (a) Increases
(a) CHCl3 (c) CH3CH3
Explanation: (b) CH3Cl (d) CH3CH2CH3
Boiling point of an organic compound depends Ans. (d) CH3CH2CH3
upon the number of carbon atoms. As the Explanation:
number of carbon atoms increases, the mass the
Chlorination of methane is a free radical
compound increases. Hence, the boiling point halogenation reaction. During free radical
also increases. halogenation either all the hydrogen atoms of
8. Which statement is not true concerning carbon are replaced by chlorine or alkyl group
alkanes : formed get attached with other alkyl group,
(a) Large number alkanes are soluble in water forming alkane.
(b) All alkanes have a lower density than water Hence, the possible products are CH3Cl, CH2Cl2,
(c) At room temperature some alkanes are CHCl3, CCl4, CH3CH3.
liquids, some solids and some gases 12. Halogenation of alkanes is an example of :
(d) All alkanes burn (a) Electrophilic substitution
Ans. (a) Large number alkanes are soluble in water (b) Nucleophilic substitution
Explanation: (c) Free-radical substitution
(d) Oxidation
Alkanes being non-polar, are soluble in non-
Ans. (c) Free-radical substitution
polar solvents (like ether, CCl4, C6H6, etc.)
whereas insoluble in polar solvent (like water). Explanation:
Moreover, as the mass of the molecule increases, Alkanes can be halogenated when
the solubility decreases. photochemical conditions are present.
116. Draw conformations of ethane as per sawhorse projection method and Newman projection method.
Ans.
Conformations Eclipsed Staggered Skew
Conformation in Conformation in which Any other intermediate
which hydrogen atoms hydrogen atoms are as far conformation in between
attached to two carbons apart as possible. eclipsed and sawhorse
are as closed together as
possible.
Sawhorse
projection
Newman
projection
117. State physical properties of alkanes. Ans. It is the process of converting an alkane or
Ans. Physical Properties of alkanes are as follows : cycloalkane with six or more carbon atoms into
corresponding aromatic hydrocarbons under
(a) Physical State : C1 – C4 are colourless,
suitable conditions. The process which involve
odourless gases C5 – C17 colourless, cyclisation and dehydrogenation is called
odourless but liquids and C18 and above are aromatisation. Thus n-hexane changes into
solid. Petrol is a mixture of hydrocarbons benzene, n-heptane changes into toluene. This
and is used to dry clean clothes and to is also called platforming.
remove grease since grease is a mixture
of higher alkanes and is non-polar, hence
hydrophobic (water repelling).
(b) Density : Increase with molar mass, but
higher than water.
(c) Solubility : Polar dissolves polar and
non-polar solvents dissolves non-polar
substances. Being non-polar, they are
soluble in non-polar solvents (like ether,
CCl4, C6H6, etc.) whereas insoluble in polar
solvent (water). Solubility decreases, if
molar mass increases.
(d) Boiling Point : For straight chain, boiling
point increases, with increasing R.
As branching increases, boiling point
decreases, since straight chain alkanes
have large surface area, intermolecular
forces (IMF) are stronger, as compared to
branched isomers.
reforming).
(iv)
119. Write the name and structural formula of the (v)

Alkenes compound formed when ethanol is
heated at 443K the temperature with excess
of conc. H2SO4. What is the the role of conc.
H2SO4in this reaction? Also give the chemical
equation for the reaction.
Ans. When ethanol is heated at 443K temperature
with excess of conc. H2SO4, the dehydration
reaction takes place and the corresponding
alkene (ethene) will be formed as a product.
Role of concentrated sulphuric acid : This
reaction is a dehydration reaction. Here,
concentrated sulphuric acid is acting as a 121. An alkane with molecular mass 72 formed only
dehydrating agent. It removes water molecule one substitution product. Suggest a structure
for the alkane.
from the alcohol and forms alkenes.
Ans. The alkanes are the hydrocarbons in which
Reaction : carbon atom is bonded with four other
Hydrogen atoms through a single bond.
For example : CH4, C2H6, C3H8, etc.
The general molecular formula of alkanes are
120. Convert the following:
CnH2n + 2.
(i) Ethyne to ethanal Now, molecular mass of alkane = 72 u
(ii) Propyne to acetone nC + (2n + 2)H = 72
n(12) + (2n + 2)(1) = 72
12n + 2n + 2 = 72
(iv) Pent-2-yne to pentan-2,3-dione
14n = 70
(v) Ethyne to 1,1-dibromoethane n=5
Putting the value of n = 5, number of carbon
Ans. (i) atoms = 5
Number of hydrogen atoms = 2(5) + 2 = 12
The molecular formula of alkane is C5H12. It is
pentane.
(ii)
(iii)
The isomers of pentane are :
Since, the alkane forms only one mono
substituted product, it must have only one type
of hydrogen atoms. Therefore, the alkane is
2, 2-dimethylpropane.
122. Compound (A) contains only carbon and
hydrogen. It decolourises bromine in CCl4 123. (i) Give the structures of the major products
solution and reacts slowly with concentrated from, 3-ethylpent-2-ene under each of the,
H 2 SO 4. Compound (A) reacts with HBr to following conditions.
form (B). (C) reacts with NaOH to form (C). (a) HBr in presence of Peroxide,
On oxidation, (C) gives hexan-3-one. Write the,
(b) Br2 in the presence of CCl4
structural formulae of (A), (B), (C) and explain
(ii) Write the structure and give the IUPAC
the reactions involved.
name of the alkene which gives only
Ans. Since, the compound (A) decolourises bromine
water, it must be an unsaturated hydrocarbon Give equations.
and reacts slowly with concentrated sulphuric
Ans. (i)
acid. That means the hydrocarbon must be an
alkene. (a)
Compound A + HBr Compound B
The compound B must be an alkyl bromide.
Compound B + NaOH Compound C
secondary alcohol, because it on oxidation

produces hexan-3-one.
(b)
Therefore, Compound C is hexan-3-ol.
And Compound B must be 3-bromohexane.
Thus, Compound A must be alkene containing
double bond at the third carbon.
CH3CH2CH = CHCH2CH3 (Hex-3-ene).
Reactions involved :
(ii) Since, the ketone is formed, it must be a
branched alkene. Moreover, two moles
CH3CH2CHBrCHBrCH2CH3 of same ketone is formed, that means the
branched alkene must be symmetrical.
Hence, the alkene is,

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SYLLABUS

COURSE STRUCTURE CLASS XI

Time : 3 Hours Marks : 70

S. No. Unit No. of Periods Marks

Unit I : Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 12 Periods

Unit II : Structure of Atom 14 Periods

Unit III : Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties 08 Periods

Unit IV : Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure 14 Periods

Unit VI : Chemical Thermodynamics 16 Periods

Unit VIII : Redox Reactions 06 Periods

Unit XIII : Hydrocarbons 12 Periods

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Telephone: 011-23212603,23233227 Website :h p://www.cbseacademic.nic.in e-mail: mailto:directoracad.cbse@nic.in.

Anything that occupies space and has mass is

Particle Particle Particle

Solid Liquid Gas

Solid Liquid Gas

HEAT HEAT HEAT HEAT

OPEN CLOSED ISOLATED

• For isothermal irreversible change: q = w = pex (Vf - Vi )

Let us consider a general reaction A ——› B

The increase of temperature is proportional to the heat transferred.

Where, m = mass of the substance

At constant volume heat capacity = Cv

At constant volume, qv At constant pressure, qp

When two elements combine to generate two =

(a) 2g atom of nitrogen = 28 g atom of Nitrogen Explanation:

(c) 1 mole of Sulphur = Molar mass of Sulphur =

Number of moles of Na2O = =

state variables. In order to describe the state

2. Adiabatic process involves :

are called intensive properies. For example,

randomness in the system.

81. What is a thermodynamic state function ? as fH°.

R = Gas constant H= ngRT

done is more if the gas is allowed to expand

84. From thermodynamic point to which system 373 K, the enthalpy

96. For the reaction, Cl2(g) 2Cl(g). What will be

For example : will also be positive.

98. Why the absolute value of internal energy

100. Why thermodynamically, an exothermic

111. Why endothermic reactions are favoured at

107. Why entropy of diamond is less than that of

119. Write the name and structural formula of the (v)

secondary alcohol, because it on oxidation

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