EXPERIMENT – 1 (VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS)

AIM- To determine the strength of KMnO4 solution by titrating it against a standard solution (M/20) of Ferrous
ammonium sulphate (Mohr’s salt)
APPARATUS- Conical flask, standard flask, watch glass, beaker, funnel, electronic weighing machine, burette,
clamp stand, white sheet of paper, pipette, test tube, spatula.
THEORY – The reaction taking place during titration of Mohr’s salt and KMnO4 is redox reaction.
KMnO4 is oxidising agent while Mohr’s salt is reducing agent.
Ionic equation

INDICATOR – KMnO4 is a self-indicator

END POINT – Colour changes from colourless to light pink permanent colour.
To prepare 100mL of M/20 standard solution of Mohr's salt
• The molecular mass of Mohr's salt (FeSO4. (NH4)2SO4.6H2O) = 392g
• Molarity = moles of solute/volume of solution (L)
• M = n/V (L), M = w x 1000
M. Mass x V (mL)
w = molarity x M. Mass x V (mL)
1000
w = 0.05 x 392 x 100 = 1.96g of Mohr’s salt is to be weighed.
1000
OBSERVATION-
• Molarity of Mohr’ salt (M2) = 1/20 M or 0.05 M
• Volume of Mohr’s salt taken for each titration (V2) = 10mL
• Weight of watch glass = ------g
• Weight of watch glass + weight of Mohr’s salt = -------g
• Weight of Mohr’s salt = 1.96g
Observation Table-
S.No. Initial Reading of KMnO4 Final Reading of KMnO4 on Volume of KMnO4 used (mL)
on burette (mL) burette (mL) (final – initial)

1.
2.
3.
Concordant reading (CR)- -----------------mL
CALCULATIONS-
1 MnO4─ + 8H+ + 5Fe2+ → 5Fe3+ + 1 Mn2+ + 4H2O
1 mol of MnO4─ ions are reacting with 5 mol of Fe2+ ions. Using molarity equation
(KMnO4) M1V1 = M2V2 (Mohr’s Salt)
n1 n2 n1 = 1, n2 = 5
M1 = M2 x V2 x n1
V1 x n2
M1 = -------------------M
Strength of KMnO4 = molarity x molar mass of KMnO4 (158g/mol)
= -----------------g/L
RESULT = The molarity of KMnO4 is -----------------M
The strength of KMnO4 is ------------------g/L
PRECAUTIONS-
1. Rinse the pipette and burette with distilled water and only then with corresponding solution.
2. While taking the burette reading, note the reading of the upper meniscus of the solution.
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(M1 = Molarity of KMnO4 (to be calculated), M2 = Molarity of Mohr’s salt = M/20 or 0.05M
V1 = Volume of KMnO4 used for Titration (Concordant Reading),V2 = Volume of Mohr’s salt used for each
titration = 10 mL
n1 = Moles of KMnO4 = 1 mol, n2 = Moles of Mohr’s Salt = 5 mol)
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AIM- To determine the strength of KMnO4 solution by titrating it against a standard solution (M/40) of oxalic
acid (COOH)2.2H2O solution.
APPARATUS- Conical flask, standard flask, watch glass, beaker, funnel, electronic weighing machine, burette,
clamp stand, white sheet of paper, pipette, test tube, spatula.
THEORY – The reaction between KMnO4 and Oxalic acid is a redox reaction. Oxalic acid is the reducing agent
and KMnO4 is the oxidising agent.
Reduction half reaction- [MnO4─ + 8H+ + 5e─ → Mn2+ + 4H2O] x 2
Oxidation half reaction- [C2O42- → 2CO2 + 2e-] x 5
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(Redox reaction) 5C2O42- + 2MnO4─ + 16H+ → 2Mn2+ + 10 CO2 + H2O
INDICATOR – KMnO4 is a self-indicator
END POINT – Colour changes from colourless to light pink permanent colour.
To prepare 100mL of M/40 (0.025M) standard solution of oxalic acid
• The molecular mass of oxalic acid = 126g
• Molarity = moles of solute/volume of solution (L)
• M = n/V (L), M = w x 1000
M. Mass x V (mL)
w = molarity x M. Mass x V (mL)
1000
w = 0.025 x 126 x 100 = 0.315g of Mohr’s salt is to be weighed.
1000
OBSERVATION- Molarity of Oxalic acid (M2) = 1/40 M or 0.025 M
Volume of Mohr’s salt taken for each titration (V2) = 10mL
Weight of watch glass = ------g
Weight of watch glass + weight of oxalic acid = -------g
Weight of oxalic acid = 0.315g
Observation Table-
S.No. Initial Reading of KMnO4 on Final Reading of KMnO4 Volume of KMnO4 used (mL)
burette (mL) on burette (mL) (Final – initial)
1.
2.
3.
Concordant reading - -----------------mL
CALCULATIONS-
2MnO4─ + 16H+ + 5C2O42- → 10CO2 + 2Mn2+ + H2O
2 mol of MnO4─ ions are reacting with 5 mol of C2O42- ions. Using molarity equation
(KMnO4) M1V1 = M2V2 (oxalic acid)
n1 n2 n1 = 2, n2 = 5
M1 = M2(molarity of oxalic acid = 0.025M) x V2 (10 mL) x n1(moles of KMnO4=2)
n2 (moles of oxalic acid= 5) x V1 (C. Reading)
M1 (Molarity of KMnO4) = --------------M
Strength of KMnO4 = molarity x molar mass of KMnO4 (158g/mol)
= -----------------g/L
RESULT = The molarity of KMnO4 is -----------------M
The strength of KMnO4 is ------------------g/L
PRECAUTIONS-
1. Rinse the pipette and burette with distilled water and only then with corresponding solution.
2. While taking the burette reading, note the reading of the upper meniscus of the solution.
Experiment – 2 – Salt analysis
Aim – To determine one cation and one anion in the given salt number ----- and record your titrations in
tabular form.
Experiment Observation Inference
Test for anion

Test for cation

Result – The given salt number ------ has anion --------------- and cation -------------------.
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Experiment – 3 – Content Based experiment
Aim – To prepare ferric hydroxide sol.
Theory – Ferric hydroxide sol is hydrophobic in nature. It is prepared by hydrolysis of ferric chloride.
Apparatus – Boiling tube, test-tube, test-tube holder, gas burner.
Procedure – a. Clean the apparatus properly.
b. Boil distilled water in a boiling tube.
c. Add ferric chloride solution drop by drop in boiling water.
d. Reaction takes place between FeCl3 and H2O.
FeCl3 + 3H2O → Fe(OH)3 + 3HCl
(Fe2O3.xH2O)
Observation - Ferric Hydroxide makes hydrophobic sol with water.
Result - Ferric Hydroxide sol is stable sol.
Precaution – a. Apparatus should be properly cleaned.
b. FeCl3 should be added drop by drop.
c. Always use distilled water.
OR
Aim - To identify the functional groups present in an organic compound
Experiment Observation Inference
Test for phenolic group
Litmus Test – Blue litmus turns to red. Presence of Phenolic group
Place a drop of the given liquid on confirmed.
a moist blue litmus paper. Violet or purple colour formed
Ferric chloride Test – Presence of Phenolic group
Take small amount of neutral ferric confirmed.
chloride solution in a clean test
tube and add 2-3 drops of the given
organic liquid.
Chemical Reaction –
6C6H5OH + FeCl3 → [Fe(C6H5O)6]3– (violet colour complex)+ 3HCl + 3H+
Result – The given organic compound contains phenolic functional group.
Precaution – a. Take the chemical in small amount.
b. Record the observation carefully.
OR
Aim - To identify the functional groups present in an organic compound
Experiment Observation Inference
Test for aldehydic group
Schiff’s Test –
Dissolve a small quantity of the Pink colour is seen. Presence of aldehydic group
given compound in a clean test confirmed.
tube and add about 1 ml of Schiff’s
reagent and shake it well.
Tollen’s Test –
Take small amount of Tollen’s Shining silver mirror formed Presence of aldehydic group
reagent in clean test tube. To this confirmed.
add 3-4 drops of the given organic
 liquid and warm the test tube on a
water bath for about 5 minutes.
Fehling’s Test – Reddish brown ppt. obtained.
Take a small amount of organic Presence of aldehydic group
compound in clean test tube and confirmed.
add small amount of Fehling’s
solution.
Warm the test tube on a water bath
for about 5 minutes.
Chemical Reaction –

Result – The given organic compound contains aldehydic functional group.

Precaution – a. Take the chemical in small amount.
b. Record the observation carefully.
OR
Aim - To identify the functional groups present in an organic compound
Experiment Observation Inference
Test for Carboxylic
functional group
Litmus Test –
Place a drop of the given liquid Blue litmus turns to red. Presence of carboxylic group confirmed.
on a moist blue litmus paper.
Bicarbonate Test –
Take small amount of the given Brisk effervescence is
organic compound in a test observed. Presence of carboxylic group confirmed.
tube and add a pinch of sodium
bicarbonate to it.
Ester Test –
Take a small quantity of the Pleasant fruity smell observed Presence of carboxylic group confirmed.
given organic compound in a
clean test tube, add small
amount of ethyl alcohol and 1-
2 drops of conc. sulphuric acid
into it. Heat the reaction
mixture on a water bath for
about 5 minutes. Pour the
mixture into a beaker
containing water.
Chemical Reaction –

Result – The given organic compound contains phenolic functional group.

Precaution – a. Take the chemical in small amount.
b. Record the observation carefully.
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