Question 1st:

The of the compound of the compound present in the of the solution.

Calculate the mass percentage of the compound by using its relationship between the Molarity and
Density?

Solution

Topic: - Physical chemistry

Sub topic: - concentration

Step 1
As we know,
no of moles of solute
molarity =
volume of solution∈liter

mass
density =
volume

molarity × molar mass

mass % = ×100
density ×1000
Explanation:
We have been given the mass and volume thus density can be calculated and Molarity
Can also be calculated knowing the molecular mass of the complex given. When substituting the
values, we should keep the units of Molarity as mol/L and density as g/ml.

Step 2:
Molar mass of = 290.93 g/mol
25
Given weight is 25g, thus number of moles = = 0.085 mole
290.93
Volume = 5.3L
no of moles of solute 0.085
Molarity = = = 0.016M
volume of solution∈liter 5.3
mass of solution
Density =
volume of solution

Step 3:
Substituting the values we get:
molarity × molar mass
Mass % = ×100
density ×1000
0.016 M × 290.93 g /mol
 × 100
density (g /ml)× 1000
Final answer:

Knowing the density of the solution we can calculate the Mass %

Question 2nd:
The value of the rate of the reaction is the times of the rate of the reaction when the
temperature is changes from the to . Find the Activation energy by assuming that it does not
change with the temperature.

Solution:
Topic: Physical Chemistry
Sub-topic: Chemical Kinetics

Step 1:

We know that according to Arrhenius equation:

k = Ae− E / RT
a

Explanation:
A is Arrhenius constant and Ea is activation energy R is gas constant and T is temperature and k is rate
constant.

Step 2:

For two different temperatures we can easily calculate:

Ea 1 1
ln(k2/k1) = ( − )
R T 1 T2

Step 3:

After substituting the values:

We get:
Ea 1 1
ln(k2/k1) = ( − )
R T 1 T2
4.90 k 1 Ea 1 1
 ln = ( − )
k1 R 330 470
Ea
 1.589= ( 0.00303−0.00213 )
R
 1.589 × R=Ea×(0.0009)
 Putting R=8.314
  1.589 ×8.314 /0.0009=14678.828 J

Final answer:
Thus the calculated Ea = 14.68kj/mol

Question 3rd:
Out of the Ether and Alcohol, which is more volatile substance? Discuss and give appropriate reasons on
the basis of the provided cases:
Case 1st:
Neither Ether nor Alcohol is volatile in Nature. This is due to the presence of the Resonating structures in
the Alcohol and dipole character of the Ethers.
Case 2nd:
The Alcohol is more volatile in nature and this is due to the presence of the Intermolecular Hydrogen
bonding present in between the Alcohols.
Case 3rd:
The Ether is more volatile in nature due to the absence of the intermolecular hydrogen bonding in Ethers.
The alcohols are less volatile is due to the presence of the Hydrogen bonding in the Alcohols.

Solution:

Topic: Organic Chemistry

Sub-topic: Alcohols and ether

Step 1:

We know that hydrogen bonding is a dipole-dipole interaction, hydrogen generally interacts with
high electronegative atoms like F, O and N.

Explanation:

Intramolecular hydrogen bonding in a molecule increases the boiling point of a molecule.

Step 2:

For case 1: case 1 is wrong as Ether is volatile in nature as its boiling point is approximately 35
degree Celsius. Also boiling point depends on intermolecular interactions not on resonance
structures.
For case 2: Case 2 is wrong as ether is more volatile than alcohol because of hydrogen bonding
present in alcohol not in ether. Hydrogen bonding in alcohol increases the boiling point of
alcohol thus less volatile.

Step 3:

For case 3: Case 3 is correct as ether is more volatile than alcohol because of hydrogen bonding
present in alcohol increases its boiling point.
Final answer:

Case 3 is the correct answer.

Question 4th:
For a cell reaction involving the Two-Electron change, the standard E.M.F. of the cell is found to be a
at the . Calculate the Equilibrium Constant of the reaction at the provided temperature?

Solution:

Topic: Physical chemistry

Sub-topic: Electrochemistry

Step 1:
We have been given change in electron(n) = 2
Eo = 0.497V
T = 45oC = 45 + 273 = 318K

We know that:
Go = – nFEºcell

From thermodynamics:
G = Go + RTnQ

Explanation:

We know that at chemical equilibrium G = 0, thus Go = – RTn Keq

Step 2:

Combining the above equations we get:

 nF
log Keq = ×Eocell
2.303 RT
After substituting the given values we get:
2 ×96500
log Keq = ×0.497V
2.303× 8.314 × 318

logKeq= 15.75
=> Keq=1015.75

Keq = 5.62 ×10 15

Final answer:
Thus the calculated Keq is 5.62 ×10 15

Question 5th:
Find the most stable carbocation on the basis of the structures and the provided cases:

Case 1st:
The stability of the compounds is dependent on the resonating structures and the delocalization of the positive
charge.
In these structures, the compound C is most stable compound because of the resonance and all other compounds are
non-stable.
Case 2nd:
The stability is inversely proportional to the Electron deficiency and this term is affected by the delocalization of the
positive charge.
Due to all these factors, the compound D is most stable and the compound A is the second stable compound.
Case 3rd:
The delocalization of the positive charge is directly effect the stability of the carbocation. Because due to the
delocalization, the electron deficiency is reduced and this affects the number of Resonating structures. More the
resonating structure and greater the stability.
Due to this, the compound B is most stable carbocation.

Solution:
Topic: Organic Chemistry
Sub-topic: General Organic Chemistry

Step 1:
Carbocations are stabilised by

(i) +M effect
(ii) Delocalisation of charge
(iii) Hyperconjugation
(iv) +I effect

Explanation:
In the above question delocalization of charge will make the carbocation stable.

Step 2:

For case 1: in case 1, reason given is correct but the compound C is not the most stable
compound because conjugation breaks in compound C.

For case 2: Reason is correct as more electron deficient are less stable, but the compounds
selected is wrong as compound B is most stable.

For case 3: Reason and the compound selected both are correct as stability directly depends upon
delocalization of charge and number of resonance structures.

Final answer:
Case 3 is the correct answer.