Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect
ScienceDirect
Procediaonline
Available Computer
at Science 00 (2019) 000–000
www.sciencedirect.com
Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000 www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
ScienceDirect
Procedia Computer Science 167 (2020) 2140–2152

International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Data Science (ICCIDS 2019)

International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Data Science (ICCIDS 2019)
A day-ahead Optimal Scheduling Operation of Battery Energy
A day-ahead Optimal Scheduling Operation of Battery Energy
Storage with Constraints in Hybrid Power System
Storage with Constraints in Hybrid Power System
Navin K Paliwal*
Navin K Paliwal*
MNNIT Allahabad, Prayagraj-211004, India
MNNIT Allahabad, Prayagraj-211004, India

Abstract
Abstract
In present situation, the renewable energy sources (RES) are turned into significant part of power system. Such power system is
In presentacknowledged
generally situation, the renewable energy
as the hybrid power sources
system (RES)
(HPS),arewhich
turnedisinto significant
accountable forpart of power
meeting system. Such
its connected load.power system
Battery is
energy
storage (BES)
generally is essentially
acknowledged needed
as the hybridalong
power with RES (HPS),
system to dealwhich
their intermittency
is accountableand for to commititsthem
meeting as dispatchable
connected sources
load. Battery at
energy
storage (BES)An
some extent. is effective
essentiallyoptimal
neededscheduling
along withoperation
RES to deal
of BEStheirinintermittency
such systemsand is atotedious
commitassignment,
them as dispatchable sources at
due to unpredictable
some
natureextent.
of RES,An effective
load, optimal scheduling
and electricity tariff. In thisoperation of BES
paper, a HPS in suchwith
integrated systems
utilityis grid
a tedious assignment,wind
(UG) containing due farm
to unpredictable
(WF), solar
photovoltaic
nature of RES,(SPV),
load, BES, and connected
and electricity tariff.load is taken
In this paper,for problem
a HPS simulation.
integrated The main
with utility grid aim
(UG)ofcontaining
this paper is a day-ahead
wind farm (WF), optimal
solar
photovoltaic
scheduling of(SPV), BES,its
BES with andoperational
connected limitations
load is taken in for problem
a HPS. To simulation.
improve theThe BES main aim of this BES
performance, paperscheduling
is a day-ahead optimal
operation is
scheduling of BES by
mainly constrained with its operational
quick limitations
switching cost, energy in a HPS. Toloss
conversions improve the BES
cost along withperformance, BES condition
its state of health schedulingand operation is
charging/
discharging
mainly rate (fastbyorquick
constrained slow)switching
restrictions. Optimization
cost, is executed
energy conversions lossthrough artificial
cost along withbee its colony
state ofalgorithm (ABC) and
health condition andthe results
charging/
discharging
are comparedrate or (fast or slow)
validated usingrestrictions.
the classical Optimization is executed
technique, i.e., interior through artificial
point method (IPM)beeofcolony
MATLAB algorithm
® (ABC)
fmincon and the results
function.
are compared or validated using the classical technique, i.e., interior point method (IPM) of MATLAB ® fmincon function.
© 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
© 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
© 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Peer-review underresponsibility
Peer-review under responsibilityofofthethe scientific
scientific committee
committee of the
of the International
International Conference
Conference on Computational
on Computational Intelligence
Intelligence and
and Data
Data Science
Peer-review
Science (ICCIDS(ICCIDS
under 2019)
responsibility
2019). of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Computational Intelligence and
Data Science (ICCIDS 2019)
Keywords: artificial bee colony; battery energy storage; hybrid power system; optimal scheduling; renewable energy sources;
Keywords: artificial bee colony; battery energy storage; hybrid power system; optimal scheduling; renewable energy sources;

1. Introduction
1. Introduction
In microgrid (MG) or hybrid power system (HPS), battery energy storage (BES) acts a vital task in alleviating the
In microgrid
uncertainty (MG) or hybrid
of renewable energypower system
sources (HPS),
(RES), such battery
as windenergy storagesolar
farm (WF), (BES) acts a vital (SPV)
photovoltaic task in atalleviating the
some extent
uncertainty of renewable energy sources (RES), such as wind farm (WF), solar photovoltaic (SPV) at some extent

* Corresponding author. E-mail address: npaliwal@mnnit.ac.in, nvn.paliwal@gmail.com

* Corresponding author. E-mail address: npaliwal@mnnit.ac.in, nvn.paliwal@gmail.com
1877-0509© 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
1877-0509© 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Data Science
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
(ICCIDS 2019)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Data Science
(ICCIDS 2019)

1877-0509 © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Data
Science (ICCIDS 2019).
10.1016/j.procs.2020.03.263
 Navin K Paliwal / Procedia Computer Science 167 (2020) 2140–2152 2141
2 N K Paliwal / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000

[1] and [2]. BES assists to execute ancillary services, like as power quality improvement of utility grid (UG), peak-
shaving, system stability and outage protection. A typical HPS integrated to UG is made up of RES with or without
BES, and a connected lumped load of selected site. MG is also a part of HPS; MG was first defined as CERTS MG
by Lasseter [3] and [4]. MG can be operated as with or without the interconnection to UG. In an UG integrated HPS
or MG system, the requirements of small dispatchable sources, i.e., micro-turbine (MT), fuel cell (FC) and diesel
generator (DG) is trimmed down, as the energy can be imported/ exported from/ to the UG in case of shortage/
surplus energy situation.
The BES are offering with its several chemistries relied on lithium-ion, lead acid, sodium sulphur, and zinc
bromine etc., these BESs at utility level can overtake the advantages of the other previously used storage systems,
such as pumped-hydro storage, flywheel, and compressed air energy storages from both energy and power stand
points. In US, more than 150 BES projects are on going to cope up the several operational aspects, like as spinning
reserve, frequency regulation, peak load shifting, power quality issues, black-start, low-inertia issue of RES,
arbitrage, among others [5]. The inclusion of BES in HPS creates the opportunity to make a decision on optimal
interval to import or export energy to the UG. Since, the BES is neither treated as generations nor as loads, energy
availability from BES depends on its previous operation such as charging or discharging or idle. The BES can be
scheduled for the future dispatch intervals as per the dynamic behavior of electricity tariff, load, and RES energy
availability. In this respect, many researchers have focused on optimal scheduling of BES for enhancing its
performance, efficiency, and life-time characteristics.
The BES is scheduled in MG for extending its life-time and enhancing efficiency through a local forecasting and
dispatch technique. For this, a Peukert life-time energy throughput model is utilized to predict the life-time of BES
[6]. In [7], ageing factor of BES is taken to improve BES life-time in optimal scheduling model of cost minimization
in UG tied MG. Similarly, paper [8] attempts BES management system relied on optimizing its life-time and energy
cost. Paper [9] firstly evaluates the BES capacity for the WF, and then an optimal dispatch strategy is executed to
minimize the prediction error of WF power with extending the BES life-time. A BES is optimized for most
economic size to incorporate in a WF. A novel scheduling technique is applied that works on complete charge/
discharge cycle with maximizing the life-time value of designed BES in [10]. In [11], hybrid energy storage is taken
for optimizing the profit of MG system using model predictive control. The optimization model is designed by
incorporating the degradation, life-time, operational, and start on/off costs of BES.
Paper [12] presents a convex objective problem to optimize the BES operation for power stability and enhancing
MG system arbitrage under time-of-use tariff concept through a dynamic programming (DP). In [13], a
continuously adapting dynamic electricity tariff concept along with conventional dispatch algorithm for BES
operation is applied to grab more economical benefit in MG. A knowledge-relied management system manages the
charging/ discharging operations of BES and DGs operations to reduce the dump load and make the WF-DG-BES
islanded system more profitable and eco-friendly [14]. In [15], a control approach is simulated for UG integrated
MG having of WF-SPV-BES load using GAMS optimization tool with considering the electricity tariff and BES
degradation cost, which is evaluated with the help of its depth-of-discharge and discharging rate. The BES is
optimally scheduled for the minimization of distribution network losses with the application of DP [16]. An
Optimized power flow in UG tied HPS having SPV, BES and connected load, is performed considering the BES
ageing constraint using DP [17].
In above literatures [6]-[17], BES is optimally managed by either cost minimization or maximization of economic
benefit with improving efficiency and life-time characteristics of BES. But, these are lacking in combining the BES
effective operational constraints, such as its state of health, charging-discharging rates, restriction in quick switching
actions, etc. This paper is further attempting the same work, but with an accounting the more number of realistic
constraints of BES. It is observed from the literatures that the behavior of such objective problems is complex and
non-linear. The numerical techniques are not much effective for the solution of these problems. Here, the newly
developed heuristic approach, i.e., artificial bee colony (ABC) is exploited due to its fewer control parameters, easy
to implement, and consistent to solution. The contributions of this work are as:
a) The BES is optimally scheduled to optimize the HPS profit, with its lower degradation in the capacity and
enhance performance of life-cycles for the future requirements in HPS.
b) For this, the BES is mainly scheduled for quick switching actions, loss in energy conversion, charging-
discharging rate, and state of health limitation.
2142 Navin K Paliwal / Procedia Computer Science 167 (2020) 2140–2152
N K Paliwal / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000 3

c) The system profit is precisely evaluated with introducing per day net present worth of HPS fixed cost.
d) A classical technique, i.e., interior point method (IPM) is utilized to validate and compare the results obtained
from ABC technique.
The following subsequent sections are organizing the remainder of paper. A brief about HPS configuration,
mathematical modelling of HPS elements and problem formulation are given in Section 2, Section 3, and Section 4,
respectively. Section 5 provides the values of HPS parameters. The optimization techniques and, results and
discussions are presented in Section 6 and Section 7, respectively. The conclusive remarks of the work are written in
Section 8.

2. System Architecture

A HPS is a mixture of traditional sources and non-conventional sources, such as WF and SPV to supply a
connected load of limited geographical location. Here, UG integrated HPS is a cluster of WF, SPV, BES and a
connected lumped load as depicted in Fig. 1. The WF and SPV, both are non-dispatchable source. The BES is
deployed to commit them as dispatchable source at some degree. BES can tackle or manage the low inertia issue of
WF and SPV in HPS due to its better ramping capability. The other advantages of BES in HPS stand as: frequency
regulation, peak load shifting, power quality improvement etc. Effective scheduling of BES can enhance arbitrage of
HPS by helping in taking decision on import and export power from UG.
Pugt >0
Pwft

Pugt <0

t
Pspv

t
Pbes >0
Pl t

t
Pbes <0

Fig. 1. Architecture of Hybrid Power System.

3. Element modelling

The elements WF, SPV and BES in this paper are modelled as follows [18]:

3.1. Wind Farm modelling

The WF is made up of four 335 kW wind turbines. The generated power of WF is non-linear function of wind
speed. The characteristic of power output is relied on the wind turbine specification, i.e., start, nominal and off
speed, and nominal power. These specifications vary according to wind turbines capacities and their manufacturer.
There is no generation at the speed above off-speed and below the start speed. WF provides nominal power for
speed range nominal speed to off speed. For remaining speeds, power generated is non-linear in nature and
approximately changes with cube of wind speed. Therefore, power generated from WF at each dispatch hour (t) is
described as follows:
4 N KNavin K Paliwal
Paliwal / Procedia
/ Procedia ComputerComputer
Science Science 167
00 (2019) (2020) 2140–2152
000–000 2143

0, 0  u  u or u  u and Pwf , u  u  u

t s o t n n t o

Pwft   (1)
t
 
 f u , otherwise

   
 ut 3  us 3 
where, f u P   
t n  , and Pn is nominal power rating of WF. The u s , u n , and u o , and u t are
   
 u n 3  ut 3 
wf wf

 
start, nominal, and off speed, and actual speed at hour t, respectively.

3.2. Solar Photovoltaic modelling

The SPV power mainly varies with intensity of solar irradiance. Also, power output is the function of efficiency
and area of SPV panel. Hence, power from each SPV panel at hour t is written as:

t
Pspv  α  r t  ηspv (2)

where, r t is solar irradiance (W/m2) and, α and η spv are the area and efficiency of each SPV panel, respectively.

3.3. Battery Energy Storage modelling

The model of BES system is a set of small battery blocks. The voltage and current of BES are maintained at their
nominal values by the combination of series and parallel connections of small battery blocks. These days, lithium-
ion (Li-ion) BES is gaining popularity over others, such as Ni-Cd, lead acid, and sodium sulphur BES. Li-ion BES
posses several advantages stand as: lesser self-discharging rate, high power and specific energy, longer life-time,
and better efficiency. The C-rate characteristic of BES describes the charging/ discharging power rate in each hour.
The BES can completely charge or discharge its energy in one hour, if the C-rate value is 1C. The state of charge is
another parameter of BES, which tells about different operational modes, i.e., charging or discharging or idle of BES
at each dispatch period t. The trajectory of state of charge at any of interval relied on the previous interval value of
state of charge. The state of charge ( Sct ) for charging and discharging at hour t can be formulated by (3) and (4),
respectively.

t
ηch  t  Pbes
Sct  Sct 1  1  λ   (3)
Cbes

t
t  Pbes
Sct  Sct 1  1  λ   (4)
ηdch  Cbes

where, Cbes is BES nominal capacity, ηch / ηdch is denoting BES charging/ discharging efficiencies, Pbes
t
is BES
power at hour t (its value is positive for discharging operation and vice-versa), and λ is showing the self-discharging
rate of BES energy.

State of Health: The degradation in BES capacity is defined by a state of health parameter of BES with respect to
health of new or ideal BES. The BES degradation is related to discharging operation and state of health ( S ht ) is
given as:

t
Cbes
S ht  (5)
Cbes
2144 Navin K Paliwal / Procedia Computer Science 167 (2020) 2140–2152
N K Paliwal / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000 5

where, Cbes
t
is representing the degradation capacity of BES at hour t.

A value 3x10-4 [17] as degradation ageing factor ( κ ) is utilized for this purpose. So, Cbes
t
at hour t is evaluated
as:

t
Cbes t 1
 Cbes  
 Sct 1  Sct  κ  Cbes (6)

Now, due to degradation in BES capacity as obtained from (6), the BES discharging power must be re-calculated
as per Cbes
t
.

4. Problem Description

The profit of HPS system is taken as objective function with various system constraints. The optimization module
must schedule the BES operation and import/ export power of UG to maximize the HPS profit, hour by hour. The
problem is solved for a day with dispatch period of one hour. The load, wind speed, and solar irradiance profiles are
not reliant on each other and considered as uncontrollable data in problem simulation. The BES is scheduled in such
way to enhance the HPS profit with optimizing BES life-time by putting its operational restrictions. The various
system constraints and optimization problem are mathematically formulated and expressed in the sub-section 4.1
and 4.2, respectively.

4.1. Constraints:

The constraints of BES and UG are as follows [14], [17], and [18]:

a) Boundary limits of BES capacity at each hour t are provided as:

lb
Cbes t
 Cbes ub
 Cbes (7)

where, Cbes
lb
and Cbes
ub
are the lower and upper boundary values of BES.
b) Charging and discharging power is restricted in each hour t as:
lb
Pbes t
 Pbes ub
 Pbes (8)

where, Pbes
lb
and Pbes
ub
are representing lower and upper power limits of BES, which is decided through the C-rate
of BES.
c) The state of charge of BES is constrained in each hour t as:
Sclb  S ct  S cub (9)

where, Sclb and Scub are representing lower and upper state of charge limits of BES.
d) The degradation in health of BES in each discharging operation hour t is prohibited as:
S hlb  S ht (10)

where, S hlb is the minimum required value of state of health of BES.

e) Power exchange constraints of UG are imposed as:
Puglb  Pugt  Pugub (11)

where, Puglb and Pugub are denoting the export and import power limit in each hour t from the UG. Import power is
considered as positive value and its vice-versa.
f) The power balance limitation of HPS in each hour t is expressed as:
 Navin K Paliwal / Procedia Computer Science 167 (2020) 2140–2152 2145
6 N K Paliwal / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000

Pwft  Pspv
t t
 Pbes  Pugt 
Pl t (12)

where, Pl t is the load at hour t.

g) The charging power of BES and importing power to UG in each hour t is restricted as:
Pwft  Pspv
t t
 Pbes  Pugt  0 (13)

4.2. Objective function

It is the net profit ( Pf ) generation of HPS and formulated as follows:

 τ 
Pf max   Rsvt  Closs
t
 
 Cugt  C tfs  Riv  C fc  (14)
 t 1 

where, Rsvt , Riv , Closs

t
, Cugt , C tfs , and C fc are representing the revenue of selling value, revenue of incentive
value, energy conversion loss cost, power exchange cost, quick switching cost, and HPS fixed cost, respectively.
a) Revenue of selling value: Revenue in HPS is produced by vending the power output from WF and SPV, as the
input resources for these sources are available in nature at no cost. Hence, it can be illustrated as follows:


Rsvt  Pwft  Pspv
t t
 Pbes  πt  (15)

where, π t is the dynamic electricity tariff at hour t.

b) Energy conversion loss cost [6]: The energy loss in BES takes place as the sum of losses, because of round-trip
charging/ discharging efficiencies and due to the self-discharging rate. Hence, the cost of power loss in
conversion of power and in self-discharging power is summed up at each hour t as follows:

Ct
loss
t
Ploss  αloss (16)

where, Ploss
t
is loss in energy conversion and αloss loss cost coefficient.
c) Power exchange cost: It is the cost because of exchanging power from/ to UG to/ from HPS; either to match the
unmet load by WF, SPV and BES or to extract the surplus power of WF and SPV. It can be illustrated at each
hour t as follows:
t
C
ug Pugt  πug (17)

where, πug is cost of power exchange between UG and HPS.

d) Quick switching cost [19]: The quick switching operations, which are switching from charging to discharging
operation and its vice-versa, cause the degradation in BES performance. To prevent this in BES, a frequent
switching action cost of BES is induced in objective problem that is given as:

 τ 
t
C
fs 
  Pbes  Pbes   β
t 1 t
 (18)
 t 2 
where, β is the quick switching cost coefficient.
e) Revenue of incentive value [18]: It is showing that BES is readily available to dispatch its power for the next day
scheduling. It is promoting BES to keep energy at the end of dispatch hour. Hence, it is the revenue of reserve
energy for future scheduling and it can be expressed as:

 ub

Riv  Scτ  Sclb  Cbes πτ (19)
2146 Navin K Paliwal / Procedia Computer Science 167 (2020) 2140–2152
N K Paliwal / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000 7

f) HPS fixed cost [18]: It is the accumulation of investment expenses ( Cei ), substitution cost ( Ces ) and subsidy cost
( Cess ) of HPS elements. Here, the e demonstrates elements of HPS, i.e., WF, SPV and BES. The considered cost
terms are evaluated for a day with their net present value form, to include them in objective problem. The
substitution cost for WF and SPV is zero, as their life-times are equal to the assumed project length. The subsidy
provided by government for WF and SPV to encourage green energy sources, is taken here as 10% of their
investment expenses.
C fc  Cei  Ces  Cess (20)

 Br  1  Br ,
l
 Investment Expenses  Pwfn  ss i
where, Cwfi    Crf , C C  0.1 , C 
 365  l  wf wf rf
 Br  1  1
l
 
 Investment Expenses  Pspv
n
 ss i
i
Cspv    Crf , C Cspv  0.1 ,
 365  l  spv
 
j
 Expenses per block  N bes   Expenses per block  N bes   I 1 
i
Cbes     Crf , and Cbes
s
     r 
 365  l   365  l  j 5,10,15  Br  1 
where, Crf is known as capital recovery factor, exploited in evaluating net present value of investment expenses.
And, the l , Br , N bes and I r are the project length, borrow rate of money, number of battery blocks and inflation
rate of BES.

5. System Parameters

The various parameters of HPS elements exploited in problem simulation are provided in Table 1. An
intermediately categorized hourly data of wind speed and solar irradiance of one typical day is obtained from [23]
for the date 03, April-2010. An hour to hour, dynamic electricity tariff and lumped load for one day are taken from
[20].
Table 1. Listed the utilized system parameters in HPS simulation [18], [19] and [20].
Element Parameters Values
s n o
P , u , u and u
n
wf 1340 kW (each wind turbine of 335 kW), 3.5, 11 and 25 m/s
WF
Investment Expenses, Life-time 1000 $/kW, 20 years
n
Pspv , α , ηspv 600 kW (each panel of 235 watt ), 1.63 m2 , 0.14
SPV
Investment Expenses, Life-time 519.7 $/m2, 20 years
lb
Cbes , Cbes
ub
80 kWh, 800 kWh (each block of 150V, 24A)
Expenses per block, Life-time 200 $, 5 years
BES
S , S
lb
c
ub
c , C-rate, S , λ lb
h 10%, 90%, 0.8C, 0.5, 0.0002
ηch , ηdch , αloss , β , I r 0.9, 1, 0.4, 0.75, 0.075

UG π ug , P , P
lb
ug
ub
ug 0.06 $/kW, 0 kW, 1000 kW

HPS Br , l , τ 0.1, 20 years, 24 hours

6. Optimization Algorithm

6.1. ABC algorithm

The ABC is relied on the foraging nature of bees. The bees in ABC are categorized as working, waiting and scout
bees. The working and waiting bees are same in numbers and is equal to the halved of colony size. Further, the size
 Navin K Paliwal / Procedia Computer Science 167 (2020) 2140–2152 2147
8 N K Paliwal / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000

of working bee is representing the population of food sources. The discarded food sources after certain limit, i.e.,
working bees, behave like as scout bees. The working of these three types of bees can be summed up as [21]:
 The working bees find the location of food sources in the search zone and memorize these food sources.
 Thereafter, working bees pass the memorize locations of food sources to waiting bees in the hives.
 The waiting bee decides to find the food sources as per the information of working bees.
The working bees behave like a scout bees for only the discarded food sources. And, start exploring the area
arbitrary to obtain a new source.

6.2. Implementation of ABC algorithm

a) Require: Wind speed, solar irradiance, load and electricity tariff profile, and other system parameters as
described in Table 1.
Initialize: ABC parameters, that is maximum iteration and colony size
b) The population of food sources ( Psz ) is taken halved of colony size. Here, the colony size is assumed 240. The
size of population ( X ) to be optimized is 48 (Power of BES and power exchange of UG).
c) Create an arbitrary population ( X ) within the specified boundaries as defined in (9) and (11) using the equation
given below:

X i , j X lbj  u  X ub lb
j  Xj  (21)
where, i  1, 2.....Psz  , j  1, 2.....τ and u denotes an arbitrary number between [0, 1].
d) As per the created initial populations, evaluate the followings:
 Determine the Pbes t
using (7) to (10) and (12) to (13).
 Determine the Pugt using (11) to (13).
 Determine the Pf using (14).
e) Iteration=1.
f) Repeat.
g) Locate new altered food position of working bees through equation given below:

X i', j X i , j  u '  X i , j  X k , j  (22)
where, k  1, 2.....Psz  , k  i and, k and j are not same.
h) If the X violates the specified limits, then acceptable limit is applied on it.
i) Determine the objective value ( Pf ) as formulated in (14) through the X i', j by repeating the procedure of step (d).
j) Implement greedy assortment procedure for the working bees.
k) Obtain the value of probability ( Probability i ) using the value of fitness ( Fitness i ) as given in below equation:
Fitness i
Probability i  (23)

Psz
0
Fitness i
1
where, Fitness i 
1  P  f
i

l) Generate the new X i', j through (22) for waiting bees from chosen X i , j relied on Probability i value.
m) Determine the Pf as formulated in (14) through the X i', j by repeating the procedure of step (d).
n) Implement greedy assortment procedure for the waiting bees.
o) Identify the discarded X i , j for scout bees, if exist, then initialize them as new arbitrary X i , j using (21).
p) Memorize the best solution X i , j attained as of now.
q) Iteration = Iteration + 1.
r) Until (Iteration = Maximum Iteration).
2148 Navin K Paliwal / Procedia Computer Science 167 (2020) 2140–2152
N K Paliwal / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000 9

6.3. Interior Point Method (IPM)

The objective problem formulated as in (14) is a non-linear function with constraints from (7) to (13). The
classical technique, i.e., IPM of MATLAB® fmincon function is suitable for solving non-linear constrained
optimization problem [22]. The problem is simulated in MATLAB® as follows:

non  linear inequality constraints,C  X   0


max Pf  X  subject to : non  linear equality constraints,Ceq  X   0 (24)
X
 lb t ub
 X  X  X

7. Results and Discussions

The optimal control of BES is carried out for profit maximization problem as given in (14) with meeting the BES
limitations and other constraints of HPS. The system is simulated using MATLAB® for dynamic nature of electricity
price, load, WF power, and SPV power profile as described in Section 5. The simulation is executed to the lead of
24 hour window for each hour. The BES charging is restricted by WF and SPV power. To avoid the fast charging/
discharging of BES, the C-rate limitation of BES is considered as 0.8C in the simulation study. A flat rate tariff
(0.06$/ kW) of UG, which is not dependent on electricity tariff of HPS is exploited here. It is approximately equal to
mean value of electricity tariff of HPS. The import/ export power of UG depends on its self power exchange cost
and power balance constraint. Only in the idle operation of BES, the cost of energy conversion loss is zero, which is
not good practically. So, power balance constraint is included in simulating the problem. This loss cost can be
minimized by preventing redundant charge and discharge cycles. For this, quick switching cost function is induced
in the problem. This work is discussed for four different cases, those are as follows:

7.1. Case-I: without quick switching and energy conversion loss cost

It considers objective function as given in (14) with the exclusion of quick switching and energy conversion loss
costs. In this case, the scheduling of BES reacts with dynamic electricity tariff of HPS to achieve more profit. The
Fig. 2 presents the trajectory of state of charge of BES over the entire simulation period. It shows that BES is
operated to adapt the electricity tariff for achieving more HPS profit. The BES is charged at hours: 2, 3, and 19 due
to low electricity tariff and higher RES power, which can be released in near future hours. The BES is discharged at
hours: 6, 8, 12, 15 and 21 hours due to high electricity tariff and lesser RES power. The charging/ discharging
periods of BES can be observed from the Fig. 2. Here, the number of charge and discharge cycles is 7. These
numbers may vary with the level of dynamics of electricity price to ensure profit for HPS. The RES energy is
surplus and HPS tariff is higher at hours 10, 11, 13 and 14. So, RES energy is exported as sell energy to UG at these
hours for economic benefit. In case of energy deficit, BES will try to supply the load. The optimal power
distribution of sources and BES to load is depicted in Fig. 3. By examining the Fig. 3, it depicts how BES is capable
to help in balancing the load. Table 2 listed the system profit, revenue of incentive value and system fixed cost for
ABC and IPM technique. No revenue is generated through incentive value, as BES is completely discharged at hour
21. The obtained fixed cost of HPS is 66.02 $. The ABC provides better profit (329.14 $) compared to IPM
technique (325.59 $). Hence, the optimal solution of IPM is somewhat trapped in local optimal value.

7.2. Case-II: with quick switching cost

The quick switching cost is purposely included in the Case-I objective problem, which prevents the excessive and
instant switching actions of BES, to avoid the degradation and to enhance the working performance. The trajectory
of state of charge with reference to Case-I is depicted in Fig. 4. It almost follows the Case-I, but with less number of
frequent switching actions or somewhat smooth operation of BES. The number of charge and discharge cycles is
reduced to 6 compared with Case-I. Optimal operation scheduling of BES and generations are shown in Fig. 5. In
 Navin K Paliwal / Procedia Computer Science 167 (2020) 2140–2152 2149
10 N K Paliwal / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000

this case also, BES operated in accordance to electricity tariff. The UG absorb or release power with reference to
availability of WF and SPV power. If we change the input data of WF and SPV, the operational strategy will change
accordingly. The profit, incentive revenue, and quick switching cost obtained in this case from ABC and IPM
technique are given in Table 2. The revenue due to incentive worth of BES is not here also, same as Case-I. The
ABC results prove that it provides optimal HPS profit near to global optimum value as compared to profit optimized
through IPM technique. The profit (325.32 $) in this case is slightly lowered than to Case-I (329.14 $), but the BES
life-time will be enhanced for future scheduling.
1 0.1 1400

0.9 Electricity Tariff 1200

State of Charge
0.8 1000

Electricity Tariff ($/kW)

800
0.7
600
State of Charge

0.6

Power (kW)
400
0.5 0.05
200
0.4
0
0.3
-200 WF
0.2 SPV
-400 UG
0.1 -600 BES
Load
0 0 -800
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Hour Hour
Fig. 2. Trajectory of state of charge as per electricity tariff in Case-I. Fig. 3. Optimal scheduling of BES and generations in Case-I.

1 1400

0.9 1200
Case-I
Case-II 1000
0.8
800
0.7
State of Charge

600
0.6
Power (kW)

400
0.5
200
0.4
0
0.3 WF
-200
SPV
0.2 -400 UG
0.1 -600 BES
Load
0 -800
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Hour Hour
Fig. 4. Trajectory of state of charge as per electricity tariff in Case-II. Fig. 5. Optimal scheduling of BES and generations in Case-II.

7.3. Case-III: with energy conversion loss cost

In this, the energy loss in BES is constrained by adding an energy conversion loss cost term in problem
simulation of Case-I. This term is utilized here to reduce the excessive charging cycles in BES operation. The Fig. 6
depicts the locus of state of charge of the complete study period. The conclusion is drawn with reference to Case-I,
is that, there is four number of charge and discharge cycles, which comprises of one charge cycle with lower
magnitude of charging power. Due to this, the energy conversion loss is reduced. It makes BES operation more
efficient. The discharge cycles are lesser than to Case-I and Case-II, the BES scheduled in more restricted way. It
will improve the BES life-time for future operations. The economic load sharing by BES, RES, and UG is presented
in Fig. 7. The UG mostly absorbs power from HPS, when WF and SPV power are more values, and released its
power to match the load at the presence lesser natural resources. Table 2 provides the energy loss cost, profit, and
incentive worth optimized through ABC and IPM techniques. Further, the optimal profit evaluated using heuristic
based ABC technique is compared and validated by numerical based IPM technique. The profit obtained by ABC is
(305.6 $) less than the Case-I (329.14 4), but the BES is operated in more efficient manner than to Case-I.
2150 Navin K Paliwal / Procedia Computer Science 167 (2020) 2140–2152
N K Paliwal / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000 11

7.4. Case-IV: with both quick switching and energy conversion loss cost

In this case, both quick switching and energy conversion loss costs are introduced along with Case-I, to avoid the
redundant charge-discharge cycles and enhance the efficiency of BES, respectively. Fig. 8 defines the characteristics
of state of charge of BES in the study period with reference to Case-I. Here, the number of charge and discharge
cycles is five, which is lesser than Case-II and greater than Case-III. The BES operation is approaching to a smooth
charge-discharge strategy for the better BES performance, as there is no sudden high amplitude jump in charging
and discharging power at any of hour of study period. The BES is charging only at 3 and 19 hours and discharging
at 7, 12 and 21 hours to follow the low and high electricity tariff profile, respectively. The optimal dispatching of
BES and UG is depicted in Fig. 9. The UG serve as load and source as per the value of WF and SPV power at the
particular hour to satisfy the power balance constraint. Further, the various costs, system profit, and incentive value
are listed in Table 2. The ABC provides the better profit (294.86 $) than to IPM technique (285.04 $). This case also
further reduces the profit value compared to preceding cases, as it contains all the restrictions of BES; those are
considered in the problem definition. But, operation of BES is improved in terms of its lower degradation and
increasing life cycles for future operations.
1 1400

0.9 1200
Case-I
Case-III 1000
0.8
800
0.7
600
0.6
State of Charge

Power (kW)

400
0.5
200
0.4
0
0.3 WF
-200
SPV
0.2 -400 UG
0.1 -600 BES
Load
0 -800
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Hour Hour
Fig. 6. Trajectory of state of charge as per electricity tariff in Case-III. Fig. 7. Optimal scheduling of BES and generations in Case-III.

1 1400

0.9 Case-I 1200

Case-IV
0.8 1000

800
0.7
600
State of Charge

0.6
Power (kW)

400
0.5
200
0.4
0
0.3 WF
-200
SPV
0.2 -400 UG
0.1 BES
-600
Load
0 -800
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Hour Hour
Fig. 8. Trajectory of state of charge as per electricity tariff in Case-IV. Fig. 9. Optimal scheduling of BES and generations in Case-IV.

8. Conclusion

This paper is simulated a day-ahead optimal scheduling of BES with its operational limitations in a HPS. A UG
tied HPS is having WF, SPV, BES and a connected lumped load. A flat rate of tariff nearly mean value of HPS
electricity tariff is exploited for UG import/ export power. The system is simulated in MATLAB®, hour by hour,
over an entire day. The paper describes the outcomes of quick switching cost, energy loss cost, and charging/
 Navin K Paliwal / Procedia Computer Science 167 (2020) 2140–2152 2151
12 N K Paliwal / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000

discharging rate constraint of BES on the scheduling of HPS. The BES is adapting the electricity tariff profile for its
charging-discharging cycles to generate economical benefit in HPS. UG import power, when RES generation is in
surplus and export power, when shortage in RES generation. Operation of BES is improved in terms of its lower
degradation and increasing life cycles for future operations, by avoiding the redundant charge-discharge cycles and
enhancing the efficiency of BES. Further, the IPM, which is a numerical technique, is employed to compare and
validate the results of heuristic based ABC technique.

Table 2. Presented the various costs, revenue and system profit in $ for ABC and IPM technique.

Case Method Pf Riv C fs C loss C fc

ABC 329.14 0 -- --
Case-I
IPM 325.59 0.046 -- --
ABC 325.32 0 0.009 --
Case-II
IPM 318.57 0.064 0.102 --
66.02
ABC 305.60 0 -- 14.67
Case-III
IPM 296.53 2.031 -- 31.62
ABC 294.86 0 0.105 25.63
Case-IV
IPM 285.04 0.109 0.106 33.40

References

[1] S. B. groupe Energie (2010) “Energy Storage Technologies for Wind Power Integration”, Tech. Rep., Université Librede Bruxelles,
Facultédes Sciences Appliquées.
[2] D. Manz, O. Schelenz, R. Chandra, M. d. R. S. Bose, and J. Bebic (2008) “Enhanced Reliability of Photovoltaic Systems With Energy
Storage and Controls”, Tech. Rep., National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Washington, D.C.
[3] R. Lasseter (2002) “Microgrids”, in Proc. IEEE Power Eng. Soc. Winter Meeting, 305–308.
[4] R. Lasseter (2003) “Certs Microgrid Concept”, Tech. Rep., Univ. Wisconsin/PSERC, [Online] Available: http://certs.lbl.gov/certs-der-
micro.html
[5] Sandia National Laboratories, DOE International Energy Storage Database, 2012[Online] Available: http://www.energystorageex-change.org/
[6] D. Tran, and A. M. Khambadkone (2013) "Energy management for lifetime extension of energy storage system in micro-grid applications."
IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid4 (3):1289–1296.
[7] M. S. Javadi, A. Anvari-Moghaddam and J. M. Guerrero (2017) "Optimal scheduling of a multi-carrier energy hub supplemented by battery
energy storage systems." 2017 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2017 IEEE Industrial and
Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC / I&CPS Europe), Milan, 1–6.
[8] S. A. Pourmousavi, R. K. Sharma, and B. Asghari (2012) "A framework for real-time power management of a grid-tied microgrid to extend
battery lifetime and reduce cost of energy." in Innovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT), 2012 IEEE PES, 1–8.
[9] F. Luo, K. Meng, Z. Y. Dong, Y. Zheng, Y. Chen, and K. P. Wong (2015) "Coordinated operational planning for wind farm with battery
energy storage system." IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy6 (1):253–262.
[10] Q. Li, S. S. Choi, Y. Yuan, and D. L. Yao (2011) "On the determination of battery energy storage capacity and short-term power dispatch of
a wind farm." IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy2 (2):148–158.
[11] F. García, and C. Bordons (2013) "Optimal economic dispatch for renewable energy microgrids with hybrid storage using Model Predictive
Control." IECON 2013 - 39th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, Vienna, 7932–7937.
[12] R. Zhang, Y. Li, and Y. Lou (2013) "Convex optimization of battery energy storage station in a micro-grid." 2013 IEEE International
Conference on Information and Automation (ICIA), Yinchuan, 1346–1351.
[13] M. Ross, C. Abbey, F. Bouffard, and G. Joós (2018) "Microgrid economic dispatch with energy storage systems." IEEE Transactions on
Smart Grid9 (4):3039–3047.
[14] M. Ross, R. Hidalgo, C. Abbey, and G. Joos (2011) "Energy storage system scheduling for an isolated microgrid." in IET Renewable Power
Generation5(2):117–123.
[15] A. Anvari-Moghaddam, T. Dragicevic, J. C. Vasquez, and J. M. Guerrero (2015) "Optimal utilization of microgrids supplemented with
battery energy storage systems in grid support applications." 2015 IEEE First International Conference on DC Microgrids (ICDCM), Atlanta,
GA, 57–61.
[16] M. Farrokhifar (2016) “Optimal operation of energy storage devices with RESs to improve efficiency of distribution grids; technical and
economical assessment.” International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems74:153–161.
[17] Y. Riffonneau, S. Bacha, F. Barruel, and S. Ploix (2011) "Optimal power flow management for grid connected PV systems with batteries."
IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy2 (3):309–320.
2152 Navin K Paliwal / Procedia Computer Science 167 (2020) 2140–2152
N K Paliwal / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000 13

[18] N. K. Paliwal, N. K. Singh, and A. K. Singh (2016) "Optimal power flow in grid connected microgrid using Artificial Bee Colony
Algorithm." 2016 IEEE Region 10 Conference (TENCON), Singapore, 671–675.
[19] W. Shi, X. Xie, C. Chu, and R. Gadh (2015) "Distributed optimal energy management in microgrids." IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid6
(3):1137–1146.
[20] R. A. Gupta, and N. K. Gupta (2015) “A robust optimization based approach for microgrid operation in deregulated environment.” Energy
Conversion and Management93:121–131.
[21] D. Karaboga, and B. Basturk (2008) “On the performance of artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm.” Appl. Soft Comput.8(1):687–697.
[22] A. S. Kumar, and J. L. Munda (2014) “Optimisation of voltage and frequency regulation in an isolated wind driven six-phase self-excited
induction generator.” J. Energy Inst.87:235–245.
[23] National Wind Technology Center, Washington, D.C. [Online] Available: http://www.nrel.gov/midc/nwtc_m2/