Ain Shams Engineering Journal 11 (2020) 11–23

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Ain Shams Engineering Journal

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Electrical Engineering

Optimum design of hybrid wind/PV energy system for remote area

A.M. Hemeida a,⇑, M.H. El-Ahmar b, A.M. El-Sayed c, Hany M. Hasanien d, Salem Alkhalaf e,
M.F.C. Esmail a, T. Senjyu f
a
Faculty of Energy Engineering, Aswan University, Egypt
b
Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy, Red-Sea, Egypt
c
Electrical Engineering Dept., Faculty of Engineering, Minia University, Egypt
d
Electrical Power and Machines Department, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11517, Egypt
e
Computer Science Department, Arrass College of Science and Arts, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
f
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of the Ryukyus, Japan

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The current paper introduces a realistic solution for energy demand in Makadi Bay, Red-Sea, Hurgada,
Received 10 July 2019 Egypt using energy system crossbred of Renewable Wind Energy System (WES) and Photovoltaic
Revised 2 August 2019 System (PVS) in the presence of Battery Energy Storage (BES). A real measurement for wind speed was
Accepted 5 August 2019
recorded through a year of 2017. Also, the sun irradiance and temperature were recorded through the
Available online 21 August 2019
same period, to be considered for the output power calculations from the proposed crossbred renewable
energy system. The demand load data for the city was recoded as well as through the same period for
Keywords:
evaluating the feasibility of the system if it can cover the city loads. Linear TORSCHE optimization tech-
Hybrid energy system
Wind energy system
nique has utilized to reach an optimum solution of the proposed crossbred renewable energy system.
PV energy system Individual configuration of PVS & WES in presence of BES have been studied and compared with the
TORSCHE optimization hybrid PV/WT. Furthermore, economic analysis has presented to prove the best economical system.
Net present value The obtained results show that installing such hybrid system consists of WES, PVS and BES is cheaper
Cost of energy than installing each one individually.
Ó 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-
nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction especially due to the insufficiency and lack of access to power of

Both wind and solar energy are excellent sources from which
energy can be procured. They aren’t just renewable and efficient;
they also help with the environment due to their non-polluting
nature. These energy sources help bring down the level of carbon
dioxide emissions in the world. They also help introduce flexibility
to the mix of energy resources by helping reduce dependence on
fossil fuels, which are limited themselves. Furthermore, the contin-
uously decreasing prices nowadays of renewable energy equip-
ments are giving more advancing of renewable energy use,
⇑ Corresponding author at: Faculty of Energy Engineering, Aswan University,
81825 Aswan, Egypt.
E-mail address: ashraf@aswu.edu.eg (A.M. Hemeida).
Peer review under responsibility of Ain Shams University.
Production and hosting by Elsevier
conventional generation systems in remote areas [1,2].
Solar photovoltaic system (PVS) has many advantages over
wind energy system (WES) such as little maintenance, no moving
parts and its installation is very easy. On the other hand, WES is
less expensive than PVS especially on large scale. But, WES needs
qualified staff dedicated for operation and maintenance.
Backup energy system is usually used along with both PVS and
WES to keep continuous power supply when renewable energy
resources inherent discontinuity. Diesel generator (DG) and/or bat-
tery energy storage (BES) are the main energy backup systems
used to cover the intermittency of power supply from wind and
solar due to weather changes and seasons. DG requires fuel and
maintenance and its exhaust causing pollution while battery is
expensive with a shorter lifetime [3].
Crossbred renewable energy systems, which utilize two
resources of said energy, including wind and/or a photovoltaic
setup, which show superiority over implementation of single
renewable energy source when it comes to the consistency, accu-
racy, efficacy and general cost of the system.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2019.08.005
2090-4479/Ó 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
12 A.M. Hemeida et al. / Ain Shams Engineering Journal 11 (2020) 11–23

Nomenclature

I output current of single diode model BS number of batteries connected in series

Iph photo-current CB battery rating, Ah
IO reverse saturation current of diode VN DC system voltage
Rs series resistance NB total number of batteries
q electron charges = 1.602
1019 C NContr number of MPPT controllers
T temperature of p-n junction PPVmax max. PV output voltage
n diode ideality factor NPV number of PV modules
K Boltzmann constant = 1.3806
1023 V BB battery bank voltage
V cell terminal voltage IContr controller maximum short circuit current
Isc short circuit current at nominal condition Ninv number of required inverters
K1 temperature coefficient of cell’s short circuit current PL maximum load power
G solar cell insolation Pinv inverter power
Tr cell base temperature PWT total wind turbine output power
Eg band gap energy of semiconductor Pconv converter power
P power extracted from the wind turbine C Total total system cost
q air density, kg/m3 CC total initial capital cost
A rotor swept area, m2 C WT initial capital cost of wind turbines
v wind speed, m/s C PV initial capital cost of photovoltaic modules
CP power coefficient of wind turbine CB initial capital cost of battery bank
v ci wind turbine cut-in speed, m/s C Conv initial capital cost of converters
v co wind turbine cut-out speed, m/s C Contr initial capital cost of controllers
vr wind turbine rated speed, m/s C Inst total system installation cost
Pr wind turbine rated power C OM operation and maintenance cost
Pv non-linear relationship between power and wind speed CR replacement cost
DOD battery allowable depth of discharge C insur system insurance cost
Df derate factor NPV net present value
C BR battery bank capacity, Ah Cashin cash inflow
L consumed load through the day, Ah/day IRR internal rate of return
Datn number of independent days COE cost of energy
DODmax maximum depth of discharge
BP number of batteries connected in parallel

Establishing crossbred renewable energy systems, mostly utiliz-
ing Photovoltaic and wind energy sources, have been explained in
the literature [4–11]. The continuous development in optimization
techniques, make it able to solve the sophisticated problems in
designing crossbred renewable energy systems in different aspects.
Different techniques of optimizing algorithms have employed a
crossbred approach for the system [12–21]. In [22], a system that
is a wind/photovoltaic hybrid plant has obtained by implementing
multi-objective based sizing technique. Matching evaluation
method (MEM) has been modified for obtaining minimum cost
for renewable energy system demand. In [23], the loss of load
‘‘probability (LLP) optimization technique has been implemented
for optimizing a hybrid Photovoltaic/wind/battery energy system.”
Besides the inverter size, and the Photovoltaic tilt angle have been
optimized.
Crossbred microgrid system has investigated and designed in
islanded mode as discussed in [24]. Particle swarm optimization,
PSO has been utilized for a complete analysis, optimum cost, power
flow optimization, and device sizing of the crossbred energy sys-
tem was investigated in Sundarban region. In [25], many studies
have carried out for Distributed Generation approaches for deter-
mining the optimum design that could work out for a green build-
ing. HOMER software has utilized to determine and evaluate the
output of these approaches through the life time of the project.
This study proves that putting together diesel generators with PV
and/or Wind energy provide minimum cost with significant
reliability.
In [26], tidal energy’s influence on a hybrid system’s optimal
parameters was investigated. To evaluate such approach, a frame-
work has been modified to obtain minimum cost of hybrid energy
system, where the reliability has been specified. Crow search opti-
mization algorithm (CSA) was used to find said parameters.
Accordingly, it is observed that the union of PV/wind and tidal
energy resources could reach the best, most cost efficient system
when looked at in the context of other energy sources or a combi-
nation of the same. Furthermore, by using battery storage, an
excess cost reduction results as a by product, and furthermore aug-
ments the reliability of the system. In [27], an optimal sizing of
renewable power system components has been studied. A compar-
ison study between several renewable systems configurations
(individual PV with battery, individual WT with battery, and com-
bined PV-WT with battery) to supply an agricultural irrigation
pumps and housing for farmers with the electricity in two different
locations have been studied. HOGA program is the core part of this
study, and its results show effective solutions for all proposed con-
figurations. NPC (net present cost) and COE (cost of energy) for all
proposed configurations are compared and the best configurations
is selected for each location based on the minimum NPC & COE that
gives indication to the optimum solution for such places. The study
results proved that for El-Arish location, standalone PV with bat-
tery configuration is the optimal solution for such place with the
minimum system cost. Meanwhile, the hybrid PV-WT-Battery
approach is found as the optimal solution for the other location
in Abu-Rudies region, which has the minimum NPC & COE values
as compared with other configuration. In [28], it is shown that
the power supply of such systems, especially in combination with
wind or solar battery storage, can possibly replace the diesel gen-
erator for remote areas. Result shows that the proposed renewable
hybrid system is a reasonably cost efficient and dependable option
for far flung areas. Moreover, such a system’s cost is anticipated to
 A.M. Hemeida et al. / Ain Shams Engineering Journal 11 (2020) 11–23 13

be decreased shortly due to an extensive improvement in renew-

able system components manufacturing. This can result in sub-
stantial fall in the renewable systems’ costs and accordingly
renewable systems will be more committed in remote areas.
Accordingly, DG will be rarely used in remote areas in future.
The optimal design for the aforementioned setup has been dis-
cussed in [29]. The study results verify that for different factors, the
system composing of PV, WT, battery and converter provides best
frugal and reliable settlement based case study of the selected
location. The sensitivity analysis could help to predict in advance
for the proper future planning of hybrid renewable energy system.
Optimization of hybrid renewable system for rural areas, should
consider the economic feasibility as an essential objective in the
planning of such system. Thus, economic feasibility is the most pri-
ority factor to be considered in design of the hybrid renewable sys- Fig. 1. Block diagram of hybrid PV/wind system with battery storage.
tem for rural regions in a developing country, the reason is that the
consumers in such places normally not able to pay for expensive
rates of power due to the modest economic conditions. system is given in Fig. 2. When the variance in terms of the output
Many other researchers studied and investigated the phe- of the system in question and the load is enough to take care of
nomenon of hybrid energy to find the optimal design, and some- supply for the load, while the excess can be put to use to charge
times with diesel generators. They introduced various forms of the battery. When the power output is not available or not suffi-
optimization to find the right size and bring down the costs of cient then the net load will be positive and the battery bank will
the system in question [30–36]. release the charged energy to satisfy the load.
This paper proposes implementing the TORSCHE optimization
technique to help figure out optimal parameters for the system
in question, for the remote area of Makadi Bay tourism area in 3. Modeling of hybrid renewable energy components
the Red-Sea, Egypt. All the meteorological data are real data that
have been collected for this location at 27°North latitude and 3.1. Photovoltaic model
33.8°East latitude for complete year of 2017 in hourly basis. As
well as the hourly loads of this tourism area has been collected It is well known that the PV energy system produce DC electric
as actual registered loads over the same period of year 2017. Since power from the solar + radiation by implementation of PV mod-
this study is based on real data, it could be used in actual feasibility ules. They can be connected in series or parallel to form strings
study for implementation of the proposed system. The optimiza- or PV array. To supply the electric loads from the PV system it is
tion can help to find the optimum size for all components in the necessary to implement ‘‘inverter to convert the output DC power
hybrid system, so that sufficient power can be produced for such into AC power to provide loads with the required energy.” The gen-
load as off-grid. Cost efficiency analysis has been studied to prove erated output power produced by PV system affected by solar irra-
the efficiency and reliability of such system by calculated the NPV diation, temperature and cell type. The output power of PVS
(net present value), COE and payback period. The following section inversely varies with the temperature changes, although they have
will present the designing of the suggested proposed hybrid sys-
tem components. Next section will present the used optimization
technique. Then, results of the proposed MATLAB program for the
optimal sizing of all components will be presented and discussed.
After that economic analysis for such system will be presented and
discussed.

2. System arrangement

The system in question, and battery units, is an economical

choice for remote areas. Many researches have conducted on this
area such as [28,37–41].
The arrangement of the suggested hybrid PV/wind and battery
unit is as shown in Fig. 1. ‘‘The system include PV array, wind tur-
bine (WT), battery bank, inverter/converter and maximum power
point tracker (MPPT) controller. The PV array and batteries supply
the DC bus, and WT is joined to the AC bus which carries the power
to the load. The DC power output from the PV array is converted
into AC by the inverter to supply the load in combination with
the AC power output from WT, where the output energy is fed into
the battery bank” (directly from DC bus if the excess energy from
PV or through converter if the excess energy from WT). MPPT con-
troller will prevent the batteries system to be damaged and keep
the PV energy system the maximum power point output.
Since the load is only supplied by two renewable sources (PV
and WT) and has only one backup power source (battery), so the
system can be easily controlled. The organization process of such Fig. 2. Operating scheme of the proposed hybrid PV/WT/Battery system.
14 A.M. Hemeida et al. / Ain Shams Engineering Journal 11 (2020) 11–23

a directly proportional relationship to changes in solar radiation Generated power by PV equal:

[3,42].
Ppv ¼ I  V ð8Þ
The PV cell model using single diode is presented [42]. The
model is as shown in Fig. 3. The PV module (model: VBHN330SJ47) manufactured by Pana-
The model’s generated current can be elaborated on through sonic is employed in this study. The details are as shown in Table 1
this equation: [43].

qðV þIRs Þ  V þ IR
s
I ¼ Iph  IO e nkT  1  ð1Þ 3.2. Wind turbine model
Rsh
In case of assuming Rsh = 1, Eq. (1) is written as: ‘‘The output power of a wind turbine at a specific location

qðV þIRs Þ  depends on many factors, such as, when the wind speed increases,
I ¼ Iph  IO e nkT  1 ð2Þ the amount of available energy increases, following a cubic rela-
tionship.” In addition, at greater heights, the wind generally blows
where
at higher speeds and more consistently. There is also an impact
from the air temperature, given that cold air will result in higher
Iph : photocurrent
levels of energy. The most energy that can be squeezed out of a
IO : diode saturation reverse current
wind turbine is more or less proportional to the rotor’s swept area.
Rs : the resistance of the cell in series
The power from this can be gauged through this equations [44–
q: electron charges (1.602
1019 C)
45]:
n: the ideality factor of the diode
T: the temperature of p-n junction P ¼ 1=2C P qAv 3 ð9Þ
k: Boltzmann constant (1.3806
1023)
I: The current of the cell at the terminal ‘‘Where, q is the air density (kg/m3), A is the rotor swept area (m2),
V: the cell voltage at the terminal v is the wind speed (m/s) and C P is the power coefficient of the wind
turbine.”
The cell output current can be expressed by: ‘‘The power output of wind turbine is a function of the three
wind speeds includes the cut-in speed, the cut-out speed, and
G the rated speed of the wind turbine. When the wind velocity is
Iph ¼ fIsc þ K 1 ðT  T r Þg ð3Þ
1000 lower than the cut-in speed, output power of WT will be negligible;
where consequently, in this case WT is in standing” mode. Furthermore,
to be safely during emergency conditions or when wind velocity
Isc : the nominal condition short circuit current is above the cut-out speed, WT should be stopped omitted. Since,
K 1 : the short circuit current cell’s coefficient. the wind velocity vary through acceptable values, output energy
G: the solar cell insolation will have a cubic relationship against wind velocity as shown in
T r : the cell base temperature the P-curve. At the point where wind velocity lies between the
cut out values and the rated values, the output is adjusted for max-
The saturation current of the diode is written as: imum rated value through control over aerodynamic power as
 3   shown in Fig. 4 [44].
T
e nk ðT T r Þ
qEg 1 1
Io ¼ IoðT r Þ ð4Þ This link shared by wind speed and the power can be expressed
Tr with this equation [34]:
8
where Eg is the band gap energy of semiconductor. >
< 0 v < v ci or v > v co
Isc P ¼ Pv
>
v ci  v < v r ð10Þ
I oðT r Þ ¼"
 # ð5Þ :
qV oc Pr v r  v  v co
e nkT r
1
where P is the output power ‘‘in watt, v ci is the cut-in speed in m/s,
v co is the cut-out speed in m/s, v r is the rated speed in m/s, Pr is the
dV 1 rated power in watt and Pv is the non-linear relationship between
Rs ¼   ð6Þ
dIV oc X V power and wind speed.”
A 3.2 MW rated power, turbine driven by wind model (SWT-


qV ocðT Þ 3.2-113) manufactured by SIEMENS has been employed in this
q r
X V ¼ IoðT r Þ e nkT r
ð7Þ
nkT r
Table 1
PV module specifications.

Parameters Specifications
Module manufacturer Panasonic
Module model VBHN330SJ47
Rated power (Pmax) 330 W
Maximum power voltage (Vpm) 58.0 V
Maximum power current (lpm) 5.70 A
Open circuit voltage (Voc) 69.7 V
Short circuit current (lsc) 6.07 A
Temperature coefficient (Voc) 0.174 V/°C
Temperature coefficient (lsc) 1.82 mA/°C
Maximum system voltage 1000 V
Module efficiency 19.7%
Capital cost 288$
Lifetime 25 years
Fig. 3. Simplest solar cell equivalent circuit.
 A.M. Hemeida et al. / Ain Shams Engineering Journal 11 (2020) 11–23 15

Fig. 4. Wind Turbine characteristics curves against wind speed.

study. The information about WT model parameters is available in VN

Table 2 [46].
3.3. Battery energy storage modeling
The most used devices for storing energy are batteries in off-
grid renewable energy systems. The randomly produced energy
from wind/photovoltaic systems, make it important to pick the
right dimensions for the bank that aids the energy system, and
helps it provide loads continuously with the demand energy [22].
The overall battery dimensions are mainly belongs to the
required period for supplying the load without recharging. Also,
the battery allowable depth of discharge (DOD) is an important
factor that considered in battery sizing. That is why Deep Cycle
Energy storage units in the form of batteries has been imple-
mented in off-grid for any renewable energy systems.
For the purpose of increasing the life of the batteries, it is
important to keep batteries at 25 °C. As well as the derate factor
(Df ) will be equal one at this temperature. To determine the
needed number of batteries for the hybrid system the Sizing
approach can be explored through this equation [22,47].
L  Datn
C BR ¼ ð11Þ
DODmax  Df
where C BR ‘‘is the needed battery bank capacity (Ah), L is the con-
sumed load through the day (Ah/day), Datn is the number of auton-
omous days, DODmax is the maximum depth of discharge, and Df is
the derate factor.”
Above Eq. (11) calculate the required capacity of battery bank to
be enough to supply the load during the expected autonomy days.
Following Eqs. (22) and (23) will show how to calculate the
required number of parallel and series batteries.
C BR
BP ¼ ð12Þ
CB
BS ¼ ð13Þ
VB
where BP is the number of batteries should be joined in parallel, C B
is the rating of the chosen battery (Ah), BS is the number of batteries
which must be in series, V N is the direct current (DC) voltage of the
system (Volts), and V B is the potential of the battery in (Volts).
So that, the required number of energy storage units can be cal-
culated as below equation.
N B ¼ BS  BP ð14Þ
The parameters of the selected battery type for this study is as
shown in Table 3 [48].
3.4. MPPT controller algorithm
The MPPT controller is vital in increasing the efficiency of the
system. In this study, we propose using simulation of the
Estimate-Perturb-Perturb (EPP) MPPT algorithm, which has a good
performance. ‘‘The EPP algorithm uses one estimate for every two
perturbs that result in a fast response to irradiance changes, lead-
ing to significantly higher PV system power output. The EPP algo-
rithm that uses one estimate mode for every two perturb modes
increases significantly the tracking speed of the MPPT control,
without reduction of the tracking accuracy as compared with the
Perturb and Observe method (P&O) and Modified Perturb and
Observe (MP&O) algorithms. Therefore the EPP algorithm has obvi-
ous advantages over the P&O and the MP&O algorithms. Fig. 5
shows the flow chart for the proposed EPP –MPPT algorithm
[49,50].”
For simulation, the controller type (PT-100) has been selected in
our study. ‘‘The PT-100 is a Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT)
charge controller designed to gain the maximum available energy
from the PV array and deliver it to the batteries. The PT-100’s MPPT
algorithm finds the maximum power point of the array and oper-

Table 2
WT model parameters. Table 3
Battery model parameters.
Parameters Specifications
Parameters Specifications
Manufacturer SIEMENS
Model SWT-3.2–113 Manufacturer Rolls Surrette
Rated power 3.2 MW Model 8-CS-25PS
Rated speed 13 m/s Design Deep cycle
Cut-in speed 4 m/s Battery voltage 8 Volts
Cut-out speed 32 m/s Number of Cells 4
Tower height 115 m Number of plates/cell 25
Rotor diameter 113 m Capacity 820 AH
Swept area 10,000 m2 Hour rate 20
Maximum System Voltage 690 V Current 41 Amp
Generator type Synchronous, PMG Capital cost 1336$
Capital cost 3,300,000$ Replacement cost 1336$
Lifetime 25 years Lifetime 10 years
16 A.M. Hemeida et al. / Ain Shams Engineering Journal 11 (2020) 11–23

Fig. 5. Flow chart of the estimate-Perturb-Perturb (EPP) MPPT.

ates at this point while regulating the output current to 100 amps of the inverter/converter varies depending on the application.
and battery voltage to fully charge the battery.” Table 4 presents Therefore, the number of inverters and converters required for
the PT-100 controller specifications [51]. The number of MPPT con- off-grid hybrid system can be calculated by the following
troller required for the PV array system can be calculated by: equations:

PPVmax  NPV PL
NContr ¼ ð15Þ Ninv ¼ ð16Þ
V BB  IContr Pinv

where N Contr is the number of required MPPT controllers, P PVmax is PWT

the output power, NPV is the number of PV modules, V BB is the bat- Nconv ¼ ð17Þ
Pconv
tery bank voltage, and IContr is the controller maximum short circuit
current. where Ninv , N conv are the number of required inverters and convert-
ers consequently. PL is the maximum load power, Pinv is the inverter
3.5. Inverter/converter power, PWT is the total wind turbine output and P conv is the con-
verter power. The parameters of the inverter and converter selected
Inverters as well as converters devices are required to balance types for this are listed in Tables 5 and 6 [52,53].
the energy flow between the AC and DC elements. Inverters trans-
fer electric power from DC to AC and Converters transfer from AC 4. Study area meteorological data and load profile
to DC power. The stand alone inverters/converters are designed
for independent utility-free power system. Therefore, it is suitable 4.1. Location
for remote hybrid systems. The efficiency of converting the DC to
AC of most inverters today is about 90 percent or more.” The size In this study, we select the location of Makadi Bay resort which
is located on the western coast of the Red Sea in Egypt between
Hurghada and Safaga. The area sits between the mountains of
Table 4
MPPT Controller model parameters.
Table 5
Parameters Specifications Inverter model parameters.
Manufacturer Magnum Dimensions
Parameters Specifications
Model PT-100
Regulation method MPPT Manufacturer AIMS
Max. PV input voltage 200 VDC Model PICOGLF60W48V120V
Max. short circuit current 100 Amp DC Nominal DC input voltage 48 VDC
Nominal Voltage 48 VDC Nominal AC output voltage 120 VAC
Peak efficiency 99% Power output 4400 W
Max. output power 6600 W Inverter efficiency 88%
Capital cost 790 $ Capital cost 1392$
 A.M. Hemeida et al. / Ain Shams Engineering Journal 11 (2020) 11–23 17

Table 6 North and longitude of 33.8° East and with height of 151 m above
Converter model parameters. sea level as shown in Fig. 7.
Parameters Specifications
Manufacturer Sprint Electric 4.2. Solar potential
Model PL980BEHV
Nominal AC input voltage 690 VAC A real solar radiation and air temperature data for location was
Nominal DC output voltage 460 VDC
found through the meteoblue website for the complete year of
Power output 980 KW
Converter efficiency 95% 2017 [56]. All data has collected in hourly basis. Solar insolation
Capital cost 11,937$ has changed between 600 W/m2 and 1000 W/m2. Minimum tem-
perature was 5 °C and maximum was 44 °C. Solar radiation and
weather temperature profiles over the year 2017 is as shown in
Figs. 8 and 9.

4.3. Wind potential

Wind speed in the study location has changed between 2 and

12 m/s. Relevant speed data was acquired from meteoblue website
for the entire length of 2017 [54]. All data has collected in hourly
basis. Wind speed profile over the year 2017 is as shown in
Fig. 10 (see Fig. 11) [54].

4.4. Load profile

The actual registered hourly loads over the year 2017 for
Makadi Bay resorts have collected from the Egyptian Electricity
Company. Since this study is relied on actual load data and actual
meteorological data, it could be help in real feasibility study for
Fig. 6. Makadi Bay location view.
implementation of hybrid renewable energy system for the area
in question. The load profile can be examined

5. Economical cost analysis

The best size for such a system can be found by reducing the
cost of the whole system and providing adequate energy supply
to the load. COE, NPV and payback period are useful economical
indicators that help to measure and evaluate the best hybrid
renewable system cost. In order to calculate these indicators, it
requires calculating the total system cost (C Total ) as the following.
Total initial capital cost
CC ¼ ðC WT þ C PV þ C B þ C Conv þ C Contr Þ  C Inst ð18Þ

where CC is the total initial capital cost, and C WT , C PV , C B , C Conv , C Contr

Fig. 7. Study area geographical location.
the Read sea and a serene desert. This quiet place is preferable for
lovers of snorkelling and diving; it has so many tourism hotels and
resorts. Fig. 6 shows the location view of Makadi Bay. The location
of the area is found through its coordinates, i.e. latitude of 27°
are the initial capital costs of wind turbine, photovoltaic modules,
battery bank, inverters and controllers respectively based on the
total number used of each component depends on the optimization
program output. C Inst is the total system installation costs which is
estimated as 10% of total initial capital cost of equipments.
Total system cost
Total system cost C Total can be defined as per below Eq. (18):

Fig. 8. Hourly solar radiation profile for one year.

18 A.M. Hemeida et al. / Ain Shams Engineering Journal 11 (2020) 11–23

C Total ¼ CC þ C OM þ C R þ C insur ð19Þ Where IRR is the internal rate of return and is estimated in this
study as 12%, n is the expected number of years that this system
where C OM is the operation and maintenance cost, C R is the replace-
shall be operated and is estimated to be 25-years, and Cashin is
ment cost and C insur is the system insurance cost.”
the cash inflow which can be calculated as following:
Net present value (NPV)
This is a reliable method to measure budgeting since it looks at Cashin ¼ Kwhprice  Load ð21Þ
the time value of money through its use of discounted cash flows.
Payback period
This method has to do with approximating the net cash flows that
This is the time where the original investment’s cash outflow is
can occur in the future, discounting said flows with a discount rate
thought to finally be recovered through the inflows that the same
and using the risk level ‘‘of the project and then subtracting the net
investment was able to generate. It is a remarkably simple apprai-
initial investment from the present value of the net cash flows as
sal technique and can be obtained as the following [58]:
shown in Eq. (20) [55].”
  CCðinitial inv estmentÞ
1  ð1 þ IRRÞn Payback Period ¼ ð22Þ
NPV ¼ Cashin   CC ð20Þ Cashin
IRR

Fig. 9. Hourly weather temperature profile for one year.

Fig. 10. Hourly wind speed profile for one year.

Fig. 11. Hourly load power profile for one year.

 A.M. Hemeida et al. / Ain Shams Engineering Journal 11 (2020) 11–23
Cost of energy (COE)
This can be measured through the given formula:
COE ¼ ðTotal cost of generated energy for one year Total
energy supplied in one year kwh
6. Optimization technique
TORSCHE (Time Optimization of Resources, SCHEduling)
Scheduling Toolbox for Matlab is a GUN general Public License
(GPL) available toolbox, mainly used for the representation and
development of scheduling algorithms. TORSCHE was created at
the Czech Technical University in Prague [57].
Recently, scheduling algorithms are frequently used in many
purposes. Therefore, this toolbox proposes an explicit imperson-
ation of several scheduling/diagram convoluted cases and algo-
rithms, a helpful graphs editor, interfaces for mathematical
solvers (Integer Linear Programming, satisfaction of the Boolean
expressions) and visualization tool. The optimization technique is
a tool exist in Matlab software, and there are various examples
of implementation for useful applications.
Fig. 12. The proposed methodology algorithm.
19
TORSCHE is supplied by ‘‘various algorithms and many inter-
faces to external tools to simplify the evolution of scheduling algo-
rithms, such as:
Þ
ð23Þ Scheduling Toolbox Options:
Many scheduling algorithms need extra parameters, e.g. param-
eters of external solvers. To generate Scheduling Toolbox structure
consisting of option parameters, the following expression can be
used:”
schoptions = schoptionsset (’keyword10 ,val.1,’keyword20 ,
val2,. . .)
In order to modify specific parameters can use:
schoptions = schoptionsset (schoptions,’keyword10 ,value1,. . .)
Parameters of Scheduling Toolbox options can be found in [59].
1. Universal interface for ILP:
This allows for call to several ILP solvers through Matlab being
used.
‘‘[xmin,fmin,status,extra] = ilinprog ([schoptions],sense,c,A,b,[ct
ype,[lb,[ub,[vartype]]]])”
Function ‘ilinprog’ has the following parameters. Parameter
‘schoptions’ is Scheduling Toolbox Options structure. If the func-
tion not operated by the parameter, use the default settings
(schoptions = schoptionsset). The second parameter ‘sense’ can be
equal ’10 that means the problem solved to the minimum solution,
or equal ’10 that means the problem solved to the maximum solu-
tion. ‘‘ILP model is described with column vector ‘c’ that presenting
the objective function coefficients, matrix ‘A’ containing the linear
constraints and column vector ‘b’ containing the inequality con-
straints. Column vector ‘ctype’ defines the inequalities constraints.
In addition, column vector ‘lb’ (ub) represents the lower (upper)
bounds of variables in specified ILP model. Last parameter, ‘var-
type’ is a column vector that representing the types of the variables
(vartype(i) = ’C’ indicates continuous variable and vartype(i) = ’I’
indicates integer variable). A nonempty output has returned if a
solution is found. Subsequently ‘xmin’ represents the optimal val-
ues of variables. Scalar ‘fmin’ is optimal value of the objective func-
tion. Value ’status’ indicates the status of the optimization and
structure ‘extra’ containing the following fields: field ‘time’ pre-
sents the time utilized for solving the problem (in seconds) and
field ‘lambda’ presents the solution of the dual variables.”
7. Results and discussions
The proposed work in this study is conducted using real data-
base that included air temperature, solar irradiations, wind speeds,
and load power as per the time for each hour during 2017 in
Makadi Bay in Egypt as shown in the previous sections. The pro-
posed methodology for the study is described in the followings
algorithm as shown in Fig. 12.
For the purpose of implementing the method proposed, the issue
of the hybrid system’s optimization is coded in MATLAB software.
One program is coded for calculating the power output from PV
with involving the estimate-Perturb-Perturb (EPP) MPPT algorithm
observable in Fig. 5. The output power from each PV with consider-
ing the PV module data in Table 1 and the real solar irradiation and
air temperature data for such location can be shown in Fig. 13 as an
output of MATLAB. It can be observed from the figure the generated
power from PV can reach it optimum values during the months
May-August, this is due to high solar irradiation during this period
that show the effectiveness of using solar energy in such place.
Other separate MATLAB program is implemented for calculating
the generated power from the proposed wind turbine with consid-
ering the real wind speed data and proposed WT data as listed in
Table 2. Fig. 14 shows the generated power from WT during the
20 A.M. Hemeida et al. / Ain Shams Engineering Journal 11 (2020) 11–23

priority in place of the wind with the optimization program due

to its huge cost of PV modules in compared with WT cost.
It can be observed that the hybrid system (PV-WT-Battery) is
the best solution its total cost is little bit lower than WT self-
optimized. The reason is that small additional load can be covered
by small amount of PV module instead of installing additional high
power wind turbine. As well as it is very useful to keep the balance
of charging the battery and supply the load during low speed wind
periods. Also, it can be noticed that battery bank and accordingly
inverter sizing and costs are high and similar in all configurations,
the reason is that battery system was configured to satisfy the
maximum daily load during the peak of the year and with consid-
ering of two days maximum storage to be sufficient for any unfore-
seen circumstances, weather conditions, overload, and system
blackout due to maintenance.
Fig. 13. Generated power from solar PV. It is summarized that the third configuration of hybrid (PV-WT-
Battery) is more reliable and more efficient than the other two con-
figurations, as well as it is the lowest system cost.
So, it can be considered as the best proposed configuration.
According to the selected configuration #3, the total PV output of
the complete PV-arrays can be shown in Fig. 15. As well as the total
generated power by WT system is shown in Fig. 16. Furthermore,
Figs. 17 and 18 show the comparison between the total generated

Fig. 14. Generated power from WT.

year. It can be noticed from the figure that due to the high wind
speed here, the power of the wind turbine hits max power fre-
quently. And because of this, the generation of power from wind Fig. 15. Total generated power from solar 8973-PV modules.
in this local becomes both efficient and reliable. The hybrid sys-
tem’s optimization issues are resolved through TORSCHE, which
takes into account three varying configurations for the system i.e.
only PV and battery, only WT and battery, and a hybrid system.
The aforementioned technique is a linear optimization program-
ming that carried out in MATLAB programming environment.
TORSCHE program provides the optimal sizing of each configura-
tion with considering the cost. So, it can be easily select the best
solution out of the three configurations. The optimization results
for the proposed systems are presented in Table 7.
It can be noticed from the results that wind energy comes in the
first priority as its cost is lower than the solar one with respect to
the self-optimized algorithm. The reason is that wind speeds are
high in the considered location therefore making the wind energy
production to be most efficient. The solar is rather put in second
Fig. 16. Total generated power from 23- wt’s.

Table 7
Optimal sizing of renewable energy system for different configurations.

System components Configuration # 1 Configuration # 2 Configuration # 3

PV, Battery WT, Battery Hybrid PV, WT, Battery
Sizing Cost ($) Sizing Cost ($) Sizing Cost ($)
Wind Turbine (WT) 0 0 24 79,200,000 23 75,900,000
Photovoltaic (PV) 377,532 108,729,216 0 0 8973 2,584,224
Battery 13,680 18,276,480 13,680 18,276,480 13,680 18,276,480
MPPT Controller 25,956 20,505,240 0 0 617 487,430
Inverter 8167 11,368,464 8167 11,368,464 8167 11,368,464
Converter 0 0 79 943,023 76 907,212
Total Cost 158,879,400 109,787,967 109,523,810
 A.M. Hemeida et al. / Ain Shams Engineering Journal 11 (2020) 11–23 21

Fig. 17. Comparison of generated power from PV and WT against Load during month of January.

Fig. 18. Comparison of generated power from PV and WT against Load during month of August.

power from PV, total generated power from WT and Load profile
during the months of January and August 2017. These figures
clearly illustrate the sharing of each PV and WT systems against
the Load.
In order to evaluate the economical beneficial of the proposed
renewable energy system which can be useful indicators for doing
proper feasibility study for implementing such project, all the
related costs have been calculated for each system configuration
individually with assuming that the project lifetime is 25-years.
These costs include the initial capital cost of all materials utilized
in the selected configurations as per the optimization program out-
put, installation cost of equipments which is estimated as 10% of
capital cost, operation and maintenance cost which is vary from
each component to the other depending on the required activities
of maintenance and operation and is estimated as per practice,
replacement cost for the expected incurred costs against replace-
ment of any equipment when its time life is less than the project
lifetime (25-yrs), and finally the insurance cost for the complete
system cost and is estimated as 1% of the capital cost for each year
on the project lifetime. Accordingly, the total system cost can be
calculated from these input values as per Eq. (19) and all the
results are presented in Table 8. It can be noticed from the results
that the 3rd configuration that using hybrid renewable energy sys-
tem of PV, WT and Battery is the lowest cost than the other 2-
configurations which used only one renewable source as solar only
or wind only. The same selection appeared in-line with the opti-
mization program results even after adding the other cost param-
eters. This proves the reliability of TORSCHE optimization
technique.
Furthermore, there are very useful economical KPI’s used in this
study for evaluating the system efficiency such as net present value
(NPV), payback period and cost of energy (COE). All these KPI’s are
evaluated for each configuration and the results are presented in
Table 9.
It can be clearly noticed from the above KPI’s results, that the
hybrid renewable energy of solar and wind is the best system con-
figuration shall be used since it have highest NPV, as well as the
minimum payback period to recover the initial capital incurred

Table 8
Cost analysis evaluation for project lifetime.

System configurations Capital cost ($) Installation cost ($) Operation & maintenance cost ($) Replacement cost ($) Insurance cost ($) Total system cost ($)
PV , Battery 158,879,400 15,887,940 5,717,702 36,552,960 1,588,794 393,982,698
WT, Battery 109,787,967 10,978,796 6,521,289 36,552,960 1,097,879 347,798,939
Hybrid PV, WT, Battery 109,523,810 10,952,381 6,402,690 36,552,960 1,095,238 344,477,360
22 A.M. Hemeida et al. / Ain Shams Engineering Journal 11 (2020) 11–23
Table 9
Cost KPI’s indicators evaluation.
System Net present value Payback Cost of energy
configurations (NPV) in $ period (Yrs) (COE) in $/kW
PV , Battery 8,655,370 7.47 0.0674
WT, Battery 62,655,946 5.17 0.0595
Hybrid PV, WT, 62,946,519 5.15 0.0589
Battery
costs. Furthermore, the cost of energy indicator results are very
low compared with the network kWh price which is around 0.10
$/kWh in all the three configurations and especially in the case
of hybrid (PV-WT-Battery) which is the best selection.
8. Conclusions
The optimal sizing of hybrid renewable energy system has been
studied in this paper as an application for specific location
(Makadi-Bay) in Egypt depending on the gathered real meteorolog-
ical and load data. Modeling of system components has been pre-
sented. The optimal sizing of the renewable energy system has
been obtained by using TORSCHE optimization technique which
results in the best system configuration of hybrid solar PV and
wind energy system. PV and WES Self-optimized have been imple-
mented and its results were compared with the hybrid PV-WT
results to ensure that the hybrid PV-WT is more reliable and effi-
cient. Economical KPI’s (NPV, Payback period and COE) have been
calculated and the results prove that the solution of using hybrid
PV-WT for such location is the best economical solution.
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