Psychometrician

Board Exam Practice Questions

AMRM 5.7 Version

Advance Modular Reading Materials

(Base on the Latest Table of Specification

Released by PRC 2023-2024)

Abnormal Psychology
Practice Questions

A. Manifestations of Behavior: 60 Items

Practice Questions

QUALITY
x x
Abnormal Psychology: A. Manifestations of Behavior: 60 Items Practice
Questions

1. Recognize normal and abnormal manifestations of behavior.

2. Assess abnormal manifestations of behaviors based on the social contexts.

A. Manifestations of Behavior: Normalcy and Abnormalcy

Practice Questions

Recognize normal and 1 What is the primary factor in determining whether a behavior
abnormal manifestations of is considered abnormal?
behavior.

a.) Culture

b.) Gender

c.) Age

d.) Socioeconomic status

Recognize normal and 2 Which of the following is an example of a normal

abnormal manifestations of developmental behavior in children?
behavior.

a.) Bedwetting at age 3

b.) Imaginary friends at age 7

c.) Aggressive behavior towards peers at age 15

d.) Extreme shyness at age 12

Recognize normal and 3 What is a potential indicator of abnormal behavior in adults?
abnormal manifestations of
behavior.

a.) Frequent mood swings

b.) A consistent sleep schedule

c.) High levels of self-esteem

d.) Regular exercise routine

Recognize normal and 4 Which of the following is a symptom of a common

abnormal manifestations of psychological disorder?
behavior.

a.) Occasional forgetfulness

b.) Mild anxiety before a test

c.) Persistent sadness and loss of interest in activities

d.) Feeling excited after a promotion

Recognize normal and 5 In the context of diagnosing mental disorders, what is the
abnormal manifestations of DSM-5?
behavior.

a.) A medical test for mental illness

b.) A self-help book for managing stress

c.) A diagnostic manual used by mental health

professionals

d.) A pharmaceutical treatment guideline

Recognize normal and 6 Which of the following statements is true regarding normal
abnormal manifestations of vs. abnormal behavior?
behavior.

a.) Normal behavior is always predictable, while abnormal

behavior is unpredictable.

b.) Abnormal behavior is always harmful, while normal

behavior is never harmful.

c.) Context and degree are important factors in

determining whether a behavior is abnormal.

d.) Normal behavior is solely determined by genetics,

while abnormal behavior is due to environmental
factors.
Recognize normal and 7 Which of the following can be considered an adaptive
abnormal manifestations of response to a stressful situation?
behavior.

a.) Excessive alcohol consumption

b.) Seeking social support from friends and family

c.) Isolation and withdrawal from others

d.) Aggressive behavior towards others

Recognize normal and 8 In the context of psychological assessment, what is an

abnormal manifestations of important aspect to consider when determining if a behavior
behavior. is abnormal?

a.) The individual's IQ score

b.) The individual's personal values and beliefs

c.) The duration, intensity, and impact on daily life

d.) The individual's socioeconomic status

Recognize normal and 9 Which of the following behaviors is more likely to be
abnormal manifestations of considered a cultural norm?
behavior.

a.) Public displays of affection between romantic partners

b.) Avoiding eye contact during conversations

c.) Extreme competitiveness in academic settings

d.) Hoarding of possessions

Recognize normal and 10 What term describes the process of interpreting a behavior as
abnormal manifestations of abnormal because it deviates from the statistical average in a
behavior. population?

a.) Cultural relativism

b.) Deviation from the mean

c.) Stigmatization

d.) Confirmation bias

Recognize normal and 11 Which of the following is a common indicator of an anxiety

abnormal manifestations of disorder?
behavior.

a.) Occasional nervousness before a big presentation

b.) Intense and irrational fear of heights

c.) Feeling happy during social gatherings

d.) Occasional daydreaming

Recognize normal and 12 Which of the following behaviors is considered abnormal in
abnormal manifestations of most cultures?
behavior.

a.) Seeking medical attention when ill

b.) Following a daily exercise routine

c.) Engaging in self-harm or suicidal behavior

d.) Expressing gratitude and appreciation

Recognize normal and 13 What is the term for a person who experiences periods of
abnormal manifestations of manic and depressive episodes, which are characteristic of
behavior. bipolar disorder?

a.) Schizophrenic

b.) Psychopath

c.) Depressive

d.) Bipolar

Recognize normal and 14 When assessing abnormal behavior, which of the following is
abnormal manifestations of considered a limitation of relying solely on observable
behavior. behaviors?

a.) Objective and easy to measure

b.) May not capture internal emotional states or thoughts

c.) Subjective and difficult to quantify

d.) Useful for diagnosing mental disorders

Recognize normal and 15 What is the term for the process of evaluating the extent to
abnormal manifestations of which a behavior disrupts an individual's ability to function in
behavior. daily life?

a.) Diagnosis

b.) Stigmatization

c.) Impairment

d.) Culture-bound syndrome

Recognize normal and 16 Which of the following is an example of a culturally bound

abnormal manifestations of syndrome?
behavior.

a.) Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

b.) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

c.) Koro, a condition characterized by the fear of genital

retraction

d.) Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

Recognize normal and 17 When assessing the abnormality of a behavior, what is the
abnormal manifestations of term for the degree to which a behavior causes emotional
behavior. distress to an individual?

a.) Prevalence

b.) Duration

c.) Disturbance

d.) Impact
Recognize normal and 18 Which of the following can be considered an adaptive
abnormal manifestations of response to grief and loss?
behavior.

a.) Persistent denial of the loss

b.) Expressing one's emotions and seeking support from

others

c.) Isolating oneself from friends and family

d.) Developing anger towards oneself

Recognize normal and 19 What is a common indicator of obsessive-compulsive disorder

abnormal manifestations of (OCD)?
behavior.

a.) Occasional handwashing to prevent illness

b.) A need for order and cleanliness

c.) Intrusive and irrational thoughts followed by repetitive,

ritualistic behaviors

d.) Normal variations in daily routines

Recognize normal and 20 What term describes the process of evaluating an individual's
abnormal manifestations of behavior in comparison to a cultural norm or standard?
behavior.

a.) Impairment

b.) Cultural relativism

c.) Deviation from the mean

d.) Stigmatization
Recognize normal and 21 What is the term for a persistent and irrational fear of social
abnormal manifestations of situations and scrutiny by others, often leading to avoidance
behavior. of social interactions?

a.) Agoraphobia

b.) Claustrophobia

c.) Social Anxiety Disorder

d.) Panic Disorder

Recognize normal and 22 What is the primary purpose of the Diagnostic and Statistical
abnormal manifestations of Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) in the field of mental
behavior. health?

a.) To provide self-help guidelines for individuals with

mental health concerns

b.) To diagnose mental disorders in a clinical setting

c.) To stigmatize individuals with psychological issues

d.) To offer treatment recommendations for all mental

disorders

Recognize normal and 23 Which of the following is an example of a maladaptive

abnormal manifestations of behavior in response to stress?
behavior.

a.) Deep breathing and relaxation techniques

b.) Seeking social support from friends

c.) Substance abuse as a coping mechanism

d.) Regular physical exercise

Recognize normal and 24 When determining the abnormality of a behavior, what does
abnormal manifestations of "duration" refer to?
behavior.

a.) The amount of time a behavior takes to occur

b.) The length of time a behavior has been exhibited

c.) The frequency with which a behavior occurs

d.) The degree of emotional distress caused by a behavior

Recognize normal and 25 Which of the following is a key factor in distinguishing

abnormal manifestations of between normal and abnormal behavior?
behavior.

a.) Age of the individual

b.) Cultural context

c.) Gender of the individual

d.) Socioeconomic status

Recognize normal and 26 Which of the following is an example of a somatic symptom

abnormal manifestations of disorder?
behavior.

a.) Fear of flying

b.) Frequent headaches with no medical explanation

c.) A fear of public speaking

d.) Occasional stomachaches due to dietary choices

Recognize normal and 27 Which of the following is a potential indicator of a personality
abnormal manifestations of disorder?
behavior.

a.) Temporary mood swings

b.) A high level of conscientiousness

c.) Difficulty in forming stable and healthy relationships

d.) Occasional social anxiety

Recognize normal and 28 What is the term for an individual's belief that others are
abnormal manifestations of constantly observing and judging them negatively, even in the
behavior. absence of evidence?

a.) Paranoid delusion

b.) Dissociative identity disorder

c.) Schizoaffective disorder

d.) Borderline personality disorder

Recognize normal and 29 What is one of the primary functions of the American
abnormal manifestations of Psychiatric Association's DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical
behavior. Manual of Mental Disorders)?

a.) To provide treatment recommendations for mental

disorders

b.) To offer self-help strategies for individuals with mental

health concerns

c.) To classify and diagnose mental disorders for clinical

use

d.) To conduct research on the causes of mental disorders

Recognize normal and 30 In the context of recognizing abnormal behavior, what does
abnormal manifestations of "impact" refer to?
behavior.

a.) The number of people affected by the behavior

b.) The potential consequences of the behavior

c.) The duration of the behavior

d.) The cultural significance of the behavior

Assess abnormal 31 When assessing abnormal behaviors in a social context,

manifestations of behaviors which factor should be a primary consideration?
based on the social contexts.

a.) Cultural norms and values

b.) Family history

c.) Personal beliefs

d.) Educational background

Assess abnormal 32 Which of the following is a crucial aspect of assessing

manifestations of behaviors abnormal behaviors within social contexts?
based on the social contexts.

a.) Individual behavior in isolation

b.) Isolating the person from their social environment

c.) Considering the individual's relationships and social

support

d.) Ignoring the person's social background

Assess abnormal 33 A person from a collectivist culture displays behavior that
manifestations of behaviors might be seen as abnormal in an individualistic culture. What
based on the social contexts. should a clinician consider when assessing this behavior?

a.) Apply individualistic cultural norms for assessment

b.) Explore the behavior within the context of the person's

collectivist culture

c.) Ignore cultural factors and focus on individual

psychology

d.) Consider the behavior solely from a medical

perspective

Assess abnormal 34 What is one potential limitation of assessing abnormal

manifestations of behaviors behaviors based on social contexts?
based on the social contexts.

a.) It makes diagnosis more straightforward and objective

b.) It may lead to cultural bias in assessment

c.) It eliminates the need to consider family history

d.) It simplifies the assessment process

Assess abnormal 35 Which of the following can be considered a social

manifestations of behaviors determinant of mental health when assessing abnormal
based on the social contexts. behaviors?

a.) Genetics

b.) Socioeconomic status

c.) Personality traits

d.) Biological factors

Assess abnormal 36 In the context of assessing abnormal behaviors, what is the
manifestations of behaviors term for the tendency to assume that one's own cultural values
based on the social contexts. and norms are superior to others?

a.) Cultural sensitivity

b.) Ethnocentrism

c.) Cultural relativism

d.) Multiculturalism

Assess abnormal 37 Which of the following best represents a biopsychosocial

manifestations of behaviors approach to assessing abnormal behaviors?
based on the social contexts.

a.) Focusing exclusively on genetic factors

b.) Considering biological, psychological, and social

factors

c.) Ignoring psychological and social influences

d.) Relying solely on clinical observations

Assess abnormal 38 What is the role of stigma in the assessment of abnormal

manifestations of behaviors behaviors within social contexts?
based on the social contexts.

a.) Stigma has no impact on assessment.

b.) Stigma can influence how individuals present their

behaviors.

c.) Stigma is a reliable indicator of the severity of a

behavioral issue.

d.) Stigma should be disregarded in assessments.

Assess abnormal 39 When assessing abnormal behaviors within social contexts,
manifestations of behaviors what is the significance of considering socioeconomic
based on the social contexts. factors?

a.) Socioeconomic factors have no relevance to behavioral

assessments.

b.) Socioeconomic factors primarily influence genetic

factors.

c.) Socioeconomic factors can affect access to resources

and support systems.

d.) Socioeconomic factors are only relevant to cultural

assessments.

Assess abnormal 40 What is the term for the tendency to explain all behavior in
manifestations of behaviors terms of biology or genetics, neglecting social and
based on the social contexts. environmental factors?

a.) Psychosocial perspective

b.) Biomedical reductionism

c.) Social determinants bias

d.) Ecological systems approach

Assess abnormal 41 Which of the following is an example of a social context that

manifestations of behaviors can influence abnormal behaviors?
based on the social contexts.

a.) Genetic predisposition

b.) Family history of mental illness

c.) Peer pressure and social support

d.) Personal values and beliefs

Assess abnormal 42 In the assessment of abnormal behaviors, why is it important
manifestations of behaviors to consider the individual's personal values and beliefs?
based on the social contexts.

a.) Personal values and beliefs have no impact on

behavior.

b.) They may provide insight into the person's cultural

background.

c.) They can help determine the severity of the behavioral

issue.

d.) Personal values and beliefs are irrelevant to

assessments.

Assess abnormal 43 When assessing abnormal behaviors within social contexts,

manifestations of behaviors what is the term for the process of gathering information from
based on the social contexts. multiple sources to gain a comprehensive understanding?

a.) Single-source assessment

b.) Unidimensional evaluation

c.) Multifaceted assessment

d.) Social isolation approach

Assess abnormal 44 Which of the following best represents the concept of

manifestations of behaviors "cultural competence" in the assessment of abnormal
based on the social contexts. behaviors?

a.) Ignoring cultural factors to maintain objectivity

b.) Recognizing the importance of cultural sensitivity

c.) Relying solely on universal psychological principles

d.) Disregarding individual differences

Assess abnormal 45 In the context of assessing abnormal behaviors within social
manifestations of behaviors contexts, what is the role of informed consent?
based on the social contexts.

a.) Informed consent is unnecessary in behavioral

assessments.

b.) Informed consent allows the clinician to assess the

person's behavior without their knowledge.

c.) Informed consent ensures that the individual

understands the assessment process and voluntarily
participates.
d.) Informed consent is only required for medical
assessments.

Assess abnormal 46 Which approach to understanding abnormal behavior

manifestations of behaviors emphasizes the interaction between individuals and their
based on the social contexts. social environments?

a.) Biomedical perspective

b.) Psychodynamic perspective

c.) Ecological systems approach

d.) Genetic determinism

Assess abnormal 47 In assessing abnormal behaviors within social contexts, what

manifestations of behaviors is the significance of considering historical and
based on the social contexts. developmental factors?

a.) Historical and developmental factors have no relevance

to behavioral assessments.

b.) They can provide insights into the individual's genetic

predisposition.

c.) Historical and developmental factors can help

understand the trajectory of abnormal behaviors.

d.) They are only relevant to medical assessments.

Assess abnormal 48 What is the term for the concept that behaviors are shaped by
manifestations of behaviors interactions between an individual and their social and
based on the social contexts. physical environments?

a.) Behavioral determinism

b.) Biopsychosocial reductionism

c.) Social constructivism

d.) Reciprocal determinism

Assess abnormal 49 When assessing abnormal behaviors within social contexts,

manifestations of behaviors what is the significance of considering the person's social
based on the social contexts. support system?

a.) Social support has no impact on behavior.

b.) Social support is only relevant in clinical assessments.

c.) Social support can influence an individual's ability to

cope with and manage their behavior.

d.) Social support is primarily determined by genetic

factors.

Assess abnormal 50 Which of the following factors is essential in assessing the

manifestations of behaviors impact of abnormal behaviors on an individual's work and
based on the social contexts. social life?

a.) Personal values and beliefs

b.) Cultural background

c.) Functional impairment

d.) Biological predisposition

Assess abnormal 51 In the assessment of abnormal behaviors within social
manifestations of behaviors contexts, what is meant by "inter-rater reliability"?
based on the social contexts.

a.) The consistency of the assessment over time

b.) The consistency of assessment between different raters

or clinicians

c.) The degree of agreement between the patient and

clinician

d.) The speed at which the assessment is conducted

Assess abnormal 52 What is the term for the potential to misinterpret or

manifestations of behaviors pathologize behavior that is normal within a particular
based on the social contexts. cultural context?

a.) Cultural competence

b.) Ethnocentrism

c.) Cultural relativism

d.) Cultural sensitivity

Assess abnormal 53 When assessing abnormal behaviors, what is the role of

manifestations of behaviors taking a strengths-based approach?
based on the social contexts.

a.) Focusing exclusively on weaknesses and deficits

b.) Identifying the individual's strengths and resources

c.) Ignoring the individual's social context

d.) Relying solely on psychological assessments

Assess abnormal 54 Which perspective on abnormal behavior suggests that it is
manifestations of behaviors the result of an individual's internal conflicts and unresolved
based on the social contexts. issues?

a.) Behavioral perspective

b.) Biological perspective

c.) Psychodynamic perspective

d.) Sociocultural perspective

Assess abnormal 55 When assessing abnormal behaviors within a social context,

manifestations of behaviors what does the biopsychosocial model emphasize?
based on the social contexts.

a.) Exclusively biological factors

b.) Psychological factors

c.) The interplay of biological, psychological, and social

factors

d.) Cultural factors

Assess abnormal 56 Which of the following is a potential source of bias when

manifestations of behaviors assessing abnormal behaviors in social contexts?
based on the social contexts.

a.) Cultural competence

b.) Cross-cultural understanding

c.) Stereotyping and prejudice

d.) Avoiding cultural considerations

Assess abnormal 57 In the assessment of abnormal behaviors within social
manifestations of behaviors contexts, what does the "ecological perspective" focus on?
based on the social contexts.

a.) Biological factors

b.) Individual psychology

c.) The interplay between the person and their social and
physical environments

d.) Cultural norms

Assess abnormal 58 What role do historical and developmental factors play in the
manifestations of behaviors assessment of abnormal behaviors?
based on the social contexts.

a.) Historical and developmental factors have no impact

on behavior.

b.) They can help explain the individual's cultural

background.

c.) They provide insight into the individual's genetic

predisposition.

d.) They help understand how behaviors have evolved over

time.

Assess abnormal 59 Which of the following is a potential consequence of

manifestations of behaviors neglecting social contexts in the assessment of abnormal
based on the social contexts. behaviors?

a.) Improved cultural competence

b.) Better understanding of the individual's genetic factors

c.) Misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment

d.) Faster assessment process

Assess abnormal 60 When assessing abnormal behaviors within social contexts,
manifestations of behaviors why is considering cultural diversity essential?
based on the social contexts.

a.) It is unnecessary; cultural diversity has no bearing on

assessments.

b.) Cultural diversity provides an opportunity to generalize

behaviors.

c.) It acknowledges that different cultural backgrounds can

influence behaviors.

d.) Cultural diversity is only relevant in specific cases.

A. Manifestations of Behavior: Normalcy and Abnormally

Correct Answers
1 a.) Culture

The primary factor in determining whether a behavior is considered abnormal is cultural

norms. What is considered normal or abnormal can vary significantly across different
cultures. What's normal in one culture might be abnormal in another. Gender, age, and
socioeconomic status can also influence behavior but are secondary to cultural norms.

2 b.) Imaginary friends at age 7

Imaginary friends are a common and developmentally appropriate behavior in young

children, typically around the age of 3 to 7. Bedwetting can be common in very young
children but is typically resolved by age 5. Aggressive behavior towards peers at age 15
and extreme shyness at age 12 may raise concerns.

3 a.) Frequent mood swings

Frequent mood swings, especially when they are extreme and disruptive to daily life, can be
an indicator of abnormal behavior in adults. While a consistent sleep schedule, high self-
esteem, and regular exercise are generally associated with good mental health, mood
swings can be a sign of underlying psychological issues.

4 c.) Persistent sadness and loss of interest in activities

Persistent sadness and loss of interest in activities are symptoms commonly associated with
depression, a prevalent psychological disorder. Occasional forgetfulness and mild anxiety
are typical human experiences, while feeling excited after a promotion is a positive
emotional response.
5 c.) A diagnostic manual used by mental health professionals

The DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition) is a
standardized classification of mental disorders used by mental health professionals for
diagnosis and treatment planning. It is not a medical test, self-help book, or pharmaceutical
treatment guideline.

6 c.) Context and degree are important factors in determining whether a behavior is abnormal.

Context and degree are critical considerations when determining whether a behavior is
normal or abnormal. What might be considered abnormal in one context could be entirely
normal in another. Likewise, the degree or intensity of a behavior can influence its
classification.

7 b.) Seeking social support from friends and family

Seeking social support from friends and family is an adaptive and healthy response to
stress. It can provide emotional comfort and problem-solving resources. Excessive alcohol
consumption, isolation, and aggressive behavior are generally maladaptive responses to
stress.

8 c.) The duration, intensity, and impact on daily life

When determining if a behavior is abnormal in the context of psychological assessment, it's

essential to consider the duration, intensity, and impact of the behavior on the individual's
daily life. These factors help assess whether the behavior is causing significant distress or
impairment.

9 a.) Public displays of affection between romantic partners

Public displays of affection between romantic partners can be considered a cultural norm
and vary widely from one culture to another. Avoiding eye contact, extreme
competitiveness, and hoarding are behaviors that may or may not be influenced by cultural
norms but are not universally considered normal.

10 b.) Deviation from the mean

The term "deviation from the mean" describes the process of interpreting a behavior as
abnormal because it falls outside the statistical average or norm within a population. It is
one of the approaches used to define abnormal behavior.

11 b.) Intense and irrational fear of heights

An intense and irrational fear, such as acrophobia (fear of heights), is a common symptom
of an anxiety disorder, specifically a specific phobia. Occasional nervousness or feeling
happy during social gatherings are normal emotional responses, and daydreaming is a
common cognitive activity.

12 c.) Engaging in self-harm or suicidal behavior

 Engaging in self-harm or suicidal behavior is generally considered abnormal and
concerning in most cultures. Seeking medical attention when ill, following an exercise
routine, and expressing gratitude are behaviors that can be considered normal and
adaptive.

13 d.) Bipolar

A person who experiences periods of manic and depressive episodes is described as having
bipolar disorder. This condition is characterized by these mood swings, which distinguish it
from other mental disorders like schizophrenia or psychopathy.

14 b.) May not capture internal emotional states or thoughts

Relying solely on observable behaviors has limitations because it may not capture internal
emotional states or thoughts. While observable behaviors can provide valuable information,
they do not always provide a complete picture of an individual's mental state, which can be
subjective and difficult to quantify.

15 c.) Impairment

Impairment is the term used to describe the process of evaluating the extent to which a
behavior disrupts an individual's ability to function in daily life. It is an essential aspect of
assessing abnormal behavior and diagnosing mental disorders.

16 c.) Koro, a condition characterized by the fear of genital retraction

Koro is an example of a culturally bound syndrome, meaning it is a condition with

symptoms that are specific to certain cultural groups and may not be recognized as
abnormal in those cultures. In contrast, SAD, OCD, and GAD are recognized across
different cultures.

17 c.) Disturbance

The term "disturbance" refers to the degree to which a behavior causes emotional distress
to an individual. This is an important factor in determining whether a behavior is
abnormal, alongside factors such as prevalence, duration, and impact.

18 b.) Expressing one's emotions and seeking support from others

Expressing one's emotions and seeking support from others are adaptive responses to grief
and loss. Persistent denial, isolation, and self-directed anger are generally considered
maladaptive responses to the grieving process.

19 c.) Intrusive and irrational thoughts followed by repetitive, ritualistic behaviors

 A common indicator of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is the presence of intrusive
and irrational thoughts, followed by repetitive, ritualistic behaviors performed in response
to these thoughts. Occasional handwashing and a need for order and cleanliness can be
normal behaviors, while OCD involves these behaviors to an excessive and distressing
degree.

20 b.) Cultural relativism

Cultural relativism is the term that describes the process of evaluating an individual's
behavior in comparison to a cultural norm or standard. It takes into account the cultural
context and the variation in what is considered normal or abnormal in different cultures.

21 c.) Social Anxiety Disorder

Social Anxiety Disorder is characterized by a persistent and irrational fear of social

situations and scrutiny by others, leading to avoidance of social interactions. Agoraphobia
is the fear of open or public spaces, while claustrophobia is the fear of confined spaces.
Panic Disorder involves recurrent panic attacks.

22 b.) To diagnose mental disorders in a clinical setting

The primary purpose of the DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders) is to assist mental health professionals in diagnosing mental disorders in
clinical settings. It provides criteria for the classification of various mental health
conditions.

23 c.) Substance abuse as a coping mechanism

Substance abuse as a coping mechanism is an example of a maladaptive behavior in

response to stress. While deep breathing, seeking social support, and regular exercise can
be adaptive strategies for managing stress, substance abuse typically exacerbates the
problem.

24 b.) The length of time a behavior has been exhibited

"Duration" in the context of determining the abnormality of a behavior refers to the length
of time a behavior has been exhibited. It is important to assess whether a behavior is a
temporary or chronic occurrence.

25 b.) Cultural context

Cultural context is a key factor in distinguishing between normal and abnormal behavior.
What is considered normal or abnormal can vary significantly across different cultures.
While age, gender, and socioeconomic status can influence behavior, they are secondary to
cultural norms.

26 b.) Frequent headaches with no medical explanation

 A somatic symptom disorder is characterized by the presence of physical symptoms (such as
headaches) that cause distress and impairment but have no apparent medical cause. The
other options are related to specific phobias or common physical discomforts.

27 c.) Difficulty in forming stable and healthy relationships

Difficulty in forming stable and healthy relationships is a potential indicator of a

personality disorder. Personality disorders often involve chronic and pervasive patterns of
behavior that interfere with an individual's ability to relate to others effectively. Temporary
mood swings, high conscientiousness, and occasional social anxiety are not exclusive
indicators of a personality disorder.

28 a.) Paranoid delusion

The term for an individual's belief that others are constantly observing and judging them
negatively, even in the absence of evidence, is a paranoid delusion. This can be associated
with conditions such as paranoid schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders.

29 c.) To classify and diagnose mental disorders for clinical use

One of the primary functions of the DSM-5 is to classify and diagnose mental disorders for
clinical use. It provides standardized criteria for mental health professionals to diagnose
various mental health conditions.

30 b.) The potential consequences of the behavior

"Impact" in the context of recognizing abnormal behavior refers to the potential

consequences and effects of the behavior on an individual's life and well-being. It assesses
how the behavior disrupts daily functioning and emotional well-being.

31 a.) Cultural norms and values

In assessing abnormal behaviors, it is crucial to consider cultural norms and values

because what may be considered abnormal in one culture might be completely normal in
another. Understanding the cultural context is essential for a comprehensive assessment of
behavior.

32 c.) Considering the individual's relationships and social support

In assessing abnormal behaviors, it is essential to consider the person's relationships and

social support. The social context, including family, friends, and community, can greatly
influence and contribute to an individual's behavior. Ignoring these factors would result in
an incomplete assessment.

33 b.) Explore the behavior within the context of the person's collectivist culture
 When assessing behavior in a cross-cultural context, it's crucial to consider the cultural
norms and values of the individual. Applying the cultural norms of an individualistic culture
might lead to a misinterpretation of behavior, so exploring the behavior within the context
of the person's own culture is essential.

34 b.) It may lead to cultural bias in assessment

Assessing abnormal behaviors based on social contexts can be challenging due to the
potential for cultural bias. Different cultural perspectives may be misunderstood or
pathologized if not approached with sensitivity and cultural competence.

35 b.) Socioeconomic status

Socioeconomic status is a critical social determinant of mental health and can significantly
influence an individual's behavior. It is essential to consider economic, social, and
environmental factors when assessing abnormal behaviors within the context of social
determinants of mental health.

36 b.) Ethnocentrism

Ethnocentrism is the tendency to view one's own culture as superior and can lead to biased
or inaccurate assessments of behavior in individuals from different cultural backgrounds.

37 b.) Considering biological, psychological, and social factors

A biopsychosocial approach considers the interplay of biological, psychological, and social

factors in understanding and assessing abnormal behaviors. It takes into account the
complexity of human behavior and its multifaceted determinants.

38 b.) Stigma can influence how individuals present their behaviors.

Stigma can affect how individuals express their abnormal behaviors and may lead them to
hide or downplay their symptoms. Clinicians should be aware of stigma's potential impact
on disclosure and presentation.

39 c.) Socioeconomic factors can affect access to resources and support systems.

Socioeconomic factors, such as income, education, and employment, can significantly

impact an individual's access to resources, healthcare, and support systems. These factors
play a crucial role in assessing abnormal behaviors within social contexts.

40 b.) Biomedical reductionism

 Biomedical reductionism is the tendency to reduce the understanding of behavior solely to
biological or genetic factors, neglecting the important roles of social and environmental
influences.

41 c.) Peer pressure and social support

Peer pressure and social support are social contexts that can significantly influence an
individual's behavior. They are external factors that can shape how someone behaves in a
given social setting.

42 b.) They may provide insight into the person's cultural background.

Personal values and beliefs can be indicative of an individual's cultural background, which
is important in understanding the social context of behavior. It can provide insight into the
person's worldview and how they perceive and react to various situations.

43 c.) Multifaceted assessment

Multifaceted assessment involves gathering information from various sources, such as

family members, friends, and healthcare providers, to develop a comprehensive
understanding of the individual's behaviors and their social context.

44 b.) Recognizing the importance of cultural sensitivity

Cultural competence in assessment involves recognizing the significance of cultural

sensitivity and being aware of the potential cultural influences on behavior.

45 c.) Informed consent ensures that the individual understands the assessment process and
voluntarily participates.
Informed consent is a critical ethical consideration in the assessment of abnormal
behaviors. It ensures that individuals are fully aware of the assessment process, its purpose,
and the potential implications, and that they voluntarily agree to participate.

46 c.) Ecological systems approach

The ecological systems approach emphasizes the interaction between individuals and their
social environments, recognizing the influence of multiple layers of systems, from the
microsystem (family and peers) to the macrosystem (cultural and societal influences).

47 c.) Historical and developmental factors can help understand the trajectory of abnormal
behaviors.
 Historical and developmental factors, such as life events and transitions, can significantly
impact an individual's behaviors over time. Understanding these factors can be crucial in
assessing the development and progression of abnormal behaviors.

48 d.) Reciprocal determinism

Reciprocal determinism is the concept that behaviors are shaped by interactions between an
individual and their social and physical environments. It emphasizes the dynamic interplay
between personal, behavioral, and environmental factors.

49 c.) Social support can influence an individual's ability to cope with and manage their behavior.

Social support plays a crucial role in an individual's ability to cope with and manage their
behaviors. It can provide assistance, encouragement, and resources that affect their
behavior and recovery.

50 c.) Functional impairment

Functional impairment refers to how abnormal behaviors affect an individual's daily

functioning, including work and social life. It is a critical aspect of assessing the impact of
these behaviors on the individual and their social context.

51 b.) The consistency of assessment between different raters or clinicians

Inter-rater reliability refers to the degree of agreement between different assessors or

clinicians when evaluating the same individual. It is essential to ensure that assessments
are consistent and not dependent on the specific assessor.

52 b.) Ethnocentrism

Ethnocentrism refers to the tendency to view one's own culture as superior and to
potentially misinterpret or pathologize behavior that is normal in other cultural contexts. It
is important to avoid ethnocentrism in the assessment of abnormal behaviors.

53 b.) Identifying the individual's strengths and resources

Taking a strengths-based approach involves identifying the individual's existing strengths

and resources that can be leveraged to address and manage their abnormal behaviors. It
focuses on empowerment and resilience.

54 c.) Psychodynamic perspective

 The psychodynamic perspective suggests that abnormal behavior is often a result of internal
conflicts and unresolved issues, particularly in the unconscious mind.

55 c.) The interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors

The biopsychosocial model emphasizes that abnormal behaviors result from the interplay of
biological, psychological, and social factors. It acknowledges the complexity of human
behavior.

56 c.) Stereotyping and prejudice

Stereotyping and prejudice can introduce bias into the assessment process, potentially
leading to misinterpretations or misjudgments of behaviors based on cultural or social
factors.

57 c.) The interplay between the person and their social and physical environments

The ecological perspective emphasizes the interplay between an individual and their social
and physical environments, considering how these factors influence behavior.

58 d.) They help understand how behaviors have evolved over time.

Historical and developmental factors provide insights into how behaviors have evolved and
changed over an individual's life, contributing to a more comprehensive assessment.

59 c.) Misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment

Neglecting social contexts in the assessment of abnormal behaviors can lead to

misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment, as it fails to consider the impact of the
individual's environment on their behavior.

60 c.) It acknowledges that different cultural backgrounds can influence behaviors.

Considering cultural diversity is essential because it acknowledges that individuals from

different cultural backgrounds may exhibit behaviors that are influenced by their specific
cultural norms and values.

Reference Books:

"Abnormal Psychology" by Ronald J. Comer

This comprehensive textbook covers various psychological disorders and their treatment. It is
often used in undergraduate and graduate-level abnormal psychology courses.

"Abnormal Psychology: An Integrative Approach" by David H. Barlow and V. Mark Durand

This book provides an integrative approach to understanding abnormal psychology, combining
biological, psychological, and social perspectives. It covers a wide range of disorders and
includes case studies.

"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)"

Published by the American Psychiatric Association, the DSM-5 is a standard reference for mental
health professionals. It provides criteria for the classification and diagnosis of various mental
disorders.

"The Oxford Handbook of Eating Disorders" edited by W. Stewart Agras

This handbook is a comprehensive resource on eating disorders, covering topics such as
epidemiology, assessment, and treatment approaches. It's suitable for both clinicians and
researchers.

"Handbook of Psychopathology" edited by Michela Balsamo and Cinzia Ferrari

This handbook provides a comprehensive overview of psychopathology, covering a wide range of
disorders. It is suitable for both students and professionals in the field of psychology.

"Psychopathology: A Competency-Based Assessment Model for Social Workers" by Susan W.

Gray
Geared towards social workers, this book provides a competency-based approach to
understanding and assessing psychopathology. It's practical and applicable for those working in
a clinical setting.

"The Handbook of Child and Adolescent Clinical Psychology: A Contextual Approach" by Alan
Carr
Focusing on child and adolescent psychopathology, this handbook provides a contextual
approach to understanding and treating psychological disorders in young people.

"The Oxford Handbook of Anxiety and Related Disorders" edited by Martin M. Antony and
Murray B. Stein
This handbook covers a broad spectrum of anxiety-related disorders, providing in-depth
information on assessment, diagnosis, and treatment approaches.