CWTS REVIEWER (FINALS)

Livelihood

Mushrooms - Fungi/ fungus originated from a spore.

Entrepreneurial Mindset (definition)- refers to a specific state of mind
which orientates human conduct towards entrepreneurial activities.
With entrepreneurial mindset: an individual has drawn to opportunities,
innovation, and new value creations,
Mindset of an Entrepreneur - Anticipate failure, Let go and delegate, stay
curious, learn new skills, follow your instincts.
Entrepreneurial Mindset- think positive, think big, think outside the box.
Entrepreneur- an individual having an exclusive idea to establish a new
idea/venture.
What characterizes an Entrepreneur- innovative ideas, willingness to take
risk, ability to create or manage new ventures.
Varieties of Mushrooms in LSPU- pink mushroom, white mushroom,
brown mushroom, yellow mushroom, milky mushroom.
Mushrooms can be processed as- mushroom powder, meat substitute or
extender, flavor enhancer.
Entrepreneur- came from the french word “enterprende” or undertake, in
business context it means “to start a business”.
The Anatomy of an Entrepreneur- entrepreneurial mind frame,
entrepreneurial heart flame, entrepreneurial gut game.
Difference Between Businessman and Entrepreneur - The significant
difference between an entrepreneur and a businessman is that an
entrepreneur comes up with a unique concept or idea, while a
businessman sets up a business as a new entrant in an existing market
on industrial or commercial grounds.
Spores- become mushroom fruiting bodies.
How to grow mushrooms properly- high enough roof, bubble aluminum
insulation, good ventilation system, inserted insect screens.
Risks in Mushroom Production/selling- weather, pests and diseases.
African Night Crawlers- fertilizer
10 Entrepreneurial Competencies- 1. Opportunity seeking 2. Persistence
3. Commitment to work contract 4. Demand for quality and efficiency 5. Risk
taking 6. Goal setting 7. Systematic planning and monitoring 8. Information
seeking 9. Persuasion and networking 10. Self-confidence.
Benefits of eating mushrooms- treats infection, lower sugar, anti-tumor,
anti-fungal, lower cholesterol, cure cancer.

FIRST AID AND BASIC LIFE SAVING SUPPORT

First Aid- assistance or help provided to an ill or injured person until full
medical treatment is available.
Importance of First Aid- it ensures the correct treatment provided by the
victim, helps stop the victim from losing too much blood, saves lives before
medical assistance, offers short term pain relief, promotes security, fosters
a culture of empathy.
Philippine Red Cross Training- this course is designed to provide first aid
training that will enable you to give safe, prompt and effective first aid to the
public for the following illnesses or injury.
The Safety Services of Red Cross offers the following:
1. Standard First Aid and Basic Life Support- 4-day course offering
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (cpr) with automated external
defibrillator (aed).
2. Occupational First Aid and BLS CPR/AED- 2-day course
recommended for workplace responding to occupational hazards.
3. Emergency First Aid- this program shall give basic first aid knowledge
to 13 years old or above. This focuses on day-to-day emergencies that
lay persons may encounter.
4. Sports First Aid- the content of this program is tailored to fit the
learning needs of athletes, sports coaches and trainers. Focuses on
injuries during exercise or sports activities.
5. Wilderness First Aid- focuses on injuries most commonly acquired
outdoors.
6. Junior First Aid- these programs intend to give knowledge to
elementary students and out of school youths aged 10-12 years old.
7. BLS and CPR for Healthcare Providers- this program targets 18 year
olds above with a job related duty. It responds to cardiovascular
 emergencies, choking for adults, children, babies, depending on the
level of the CPR chosen.
8. BLS Adult CPR for Lay Rescuers- this is designed to address the
needs of lay citizens to know how to provide life-saving interventions
focusing on adults.
9. BLS Child and Infant CPR- this program is appropriate for parents,
teachers, baby sitters, and other caregivers of children. Common
emergencies in children.
Common items found in the First Aid Kit- gauze pads, 2 large gauze pads,
a box of adhesive bandages, one gauze roller bandage, two standard
triangular bandage, wound cleaning agent, scissors, at least 1 blanket,
tweezers, adhesive tape, medical latex gloves, resuscitation bags or airway
pockets or masks, two elastic wraps, splint, automated external defibrillator.
The Principal Steps of First Aid- assess the situation, make the area safe,
give emergency aid, get help from others.
In case of Emergency call- 911 (National Emergency Hotline Number) or
8888 (National Citizens Complaint Hotline Number).

ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS

Pollution- the process of making land, air, water, or any other part of the
environment unfit for human consumption.
Different Types of Pollution:
1. Air Pollution- pollutants like biological molecules, toxic gasses, and
particulate matter are released into the atmosphere.
2. Light Pollution- pollution of the night environment by anthropogenic
light. Excessive street lightning, floodlights, etc.
3. Noise Pollution- unnecessary or unpleasant sounds that are harmful
to both humans and animals.
4. Plastic Pollution- brought by the accumulation of plastics in the
natural environment.
5. Thermal Pollution- caused by induced temperature change in large
volumes of water.
 6. Visual Pollution- occurs when human activity creates unsightly
barriers to this vision of open, clutter-free landscapes like installations
of billboards, open trash storages, and networks of electric wires,
7. Water Pollution- pollutants or contaminants into bodies of water like
toxic wastes, pathogens in sewage, harmful chemicals in agricultural
runoff, and other contaminants.
8. Radioactive Contamination- occurs when radioactive substances
are present in areas where their presence is undesirable or
unintended.
9. Soil Pollution- occurs due to unwanted chemicals being introduced to
soil due to human activities.
10. Electronic Waste- also known as e-waste that refers to
electronic products that have become unwanted or non-functional.
Littering- making an area untidy with garbage or improperly disposing of
waste like cigarette butts, bottles, fast-food packaging, electronic waste, and
metal waste.
Pollution Effects- defined as the direct or indirect adverse impacts of
contaminants on the marine environment, such as harm to living resources
and marine ecosystems, including loss of biodiversity, hazards to human
health, the hindering of marine activities, including fishing, tourism and
recreation and other legitimate uses of the sea, impairment of the quality for
the use of seawater and reduction of amenities or, in general, impairment of
the sustainable use of marine goods and services.
Climate Change- the current rapid warming of the Earth's climate because
of greenhouse gas emissions from burning fossil fuel like coals, oil, natural
gas that traps heat in the atmosphere.
Global Impacts of Climate Change- sea-level rise, warming oceans,
extreme weather disturbances, ocean acidification, and global temperature
rise.
8 million plastics are being dumped in the sea yearly.
PRIMARY HEALTH CARE

It may be defined as: Essential Health care based on practical, scientifically

sound, and socially acceptable methods and technology made universally
accessible to individuals and families in the community through their full
participation and at a cost that the country and community can afford.
At the international level, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
established a breakthrough in 1948, by stating in Article 25:

“Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and
well-being of himself and his family”.

CONCEPT OF PRIMARY HEALTH CARE

PHC is for all, especially the needy. Regardless of social and economic
status, every individual in the nation must have access to good health care.

LEVELS OF HEALTHCARE

Primary Care Level

First level of contact of individual, family, and community with a health
system. It is most effective and close to the people and includes PHC; BHU,
RHC, THQ; Clinics; RMO; and GP

Secondary Care Level

Higher level of care at which more complex problems are dealt with. It
includes DHQ; THQ; Health centers; and Hospitals.

Tertiary Care Level

Specialized health care is provided at tertiary care level. Specific facilities
are available. Specialized health workers are present. It involves Teaching,
Regional, Central, and Specializes hospitals.

PRINCIPLES OF PRIMARY HEALTH CARE

Equity, Community Participation, Appropriate Technology, Intersectoral
Coordination
Physician - is a person who, having been regularly admitted to a medical
school, duly recognized in the country in which it is located, has successfully
completed the prescribed courses of studies in medicine and has acquired
the requisite qualification to be legally licensed to practice medicine
(comprising prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation) using
independent judgment to promote community and individual health. WHO
1972

Hospital- is a residential establishment which provides short-term and long-

term medical care consisting of observational, diagnostic, therapeutic and
rehabilitative services for persons suffering or suspected to be suffering from
a disease or injury and for parturient. WHO 1963

Drug Dependence

The WHO defines drug dependence as:

“A state, psychic and sometimes physical resulting from taking a drug
characterized by behavioral and other responses that always include a
compulsion to take a drug on a continuous or periodic basis in order to
experience its psychic effects, and sometimes to avoid discomfort of its
absence” Body systems become adopted in a way that the person has to
take the drug, leading to tolerance and changes of toxicity e.g. morphine like
drugs may cause respiratory depression.

Components

Euphoria

Physical Dependence
known now as dependence e.g. antihypertensive drugs have to be taken
lifelong by the patients, bronchodilators, and nitrates (glyceryl trinitrate) are
other examples. These include non-psychoactive drugs, individual is
dependent but is not addiction
Psychological Dependence
known now as addiction, which is the compulsion to take the drug in spite of
negative effects. More relapses and compulsion to take drugs occur e.g.
cocaine addiction, but has no withdrawal symptoms, opioids have highly
troublesome.

Abstinence/withdrawal syndrome

Development of Dependence

OUTCOMES OF USE OF DRUGS

Causes, Incidence and Risk Factors

Drug abuse can lead to drug dependence or addiction. Drug dependence
may also follow the use of drugs for physical pain relief.

Consequences
Drug abuse is simply excessive use of a drug or use of a drug for purposes
for which it was not medically intended. There are some substances that do
not cause addiction but do cause physical dependence e.g. (some blood
pressure medications) and substances that cause addiction but not physical
dependence (Cocaine).

Drug Intoxication, Overdose, and Withdrawal

Drug intoxication and drug overdose may be accidental or intentional. Drug
withdrawal symptoms can occur when use of substances is stopped or
reduced. Withdrawal symptoms vary, depending on the abused substance.

Treatment of Drug Dependency

Detoxification is the gradual withdrawal of an abused substance in a
controlled environment. Sometimes a drug with a similar action is substituted
during the withdrawal process to reduce the unpleasant symptoms and risks
associated with withdrawals.

Drug is used for therapeutic purposes.

When the same drug is used for therapeutic purposes for treatment of a
particular condition, because of feeling of reward (e.g. pain-relieving effect
of analgesics) administered repeatedly is known as drug abuse.

CREATED BY: DM BUETA COTONER (BSTM) & RAINIER FLORES (BSIT)

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