7YTLP Year 1 Session 9 - Nutrition at Different Life Stage - From The Womb To Old Age

Session 9: Nutrition at Different Life Stages:
From the Womb to Old Age

Introduction
Malnutrition in the Philippines, like in many developing countries, are usually due to deficiencies rather
than excesses. It affects all age groups, but it is more pronounced among infants, toddlers, and
preschoolers. Since these are the crucial years in the growth and development of a child, malnutrition
at these stages may permanently impact their physical and mental well-being15.
Studies and experience also show that the causes of malnutrition in early childhood is related to
feeding practices: non-breastfeeding or weaning, prolonged breastfeeding or dependence on artificial
feeding without complementary food; and absence of or inadequate complementary feeding during
the weaning period 16. Consumption of protein-containing foods and vegetables were also found to
be lower in poorer households17.
Other age groups whose nutrition may be compromised are the pregnant and lactating women as
well as the elderly. Knowing the basic needs of individuals in the different stages of life will help
caregivers meet the needs of each member of their family.
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This session will instill among the beneficiaries a keen awareness on the kinds of nutritious food the
body needs in the different stages of life. The session participants shall also be encouraged to identify
concrete means to enhance nutrition in their family.
Year and Module No. Year 1. Module 1. Session 2.
Session Objectives At the end of the session, the participants will be able to:
1. Describe the characteristics of the diet for each life stage
2. Identify food sources that will meet the Pinggang Pinoy composition
3. Plan an entire menu that addresses the needs of each member of
their family
Materials Needed • Manila paper/blackboard/white board or projector
• Markers/chalk
• Photocopies of session appendices
• At least 6 snowballs – crumpled paper made into balls
• Poster on the Pinggang Pinoy by different population
• ECCD charts for boys and girls
Learning Experience
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Icebreaker | One Word 5

minutes
Give a characteristic or a growth and development milestone of the following stages using only ONE
word. Facilitator to call on three persons for each stage.
1. Infant (0 to 12 months old)

2. Toddler (1 to 3 years old)
3. Preschooler (3 to 6 years old)
4. Schooler (7 to 12 years)
5. Adolescent (teen years)
6. Adult (20 to 59 years old)
7. Late adult (60 years old and above)
Check-up | True or False 5

minutes
1. Breastmilk is best for babies up to two years. (True)
2. We start introducing solid food when a child starts to teeth. (False)
• Protects the newborn from acquiring infection and reduces newborn

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• When a mother initiates breastfeeding within one hour after birth,
production of breast milk is stimulated
• The colostrum (milk produced on the first 3 days after delivery) contains antibodies and
anti-infective factors not found in infant formulas.
• Has generous amounts of fatty acids for visual acuity and brain development.
• Easily digested and absorbed by the infant.
• Clean and readily available at room temperature.
• No additives.
2. Breastfeeding also promotes emotional bonding between the mother and the child. It should be
started immediately after giving birth. It is effective if the baby:
• Is satisfied after 15 to 20 minutes of feeding.
• Falls asleep after each feeding and sleeps for 3 to 4 hours.
• Gains weight from month to month. Weight doubles after 6 months and triples at 12 months.
3. Proper attachment to the breast and good attachment is the key to successful breastfeeding.
Four (4) points for good breast attachment
• The baby’s mouth is wide open
• The baby’s chin is touching the breast
• The baby’s lower lip turned outward
• More areola is seen above than below the breast
4. Practice responsive caregiving, responsive caregiving is the ability of the caregiver to notice,
understand, and respond to the child’s signals in timely and appropriate manner.
Below are the practical tips to provide responsive caregiving to your baby
• Responsive breastfeeding involves a mother responding to her baby’s cues, as well as her own
desire to feed her baby.
• Skin-to-skin contact (SSC) begins ideally at birth and should last continually until the end of the
first breastfeeding. SSC is very important for babies born pre-term.
• Positive touch are gentle touches that can helpyour baby feel comfortable and safe.
3. A pregnant mother’s nutritional intake will not affect her baby’s health. (False)
4. Growth during school age is dependent on increased nutritional intake. (True)
5. Adolescent girls go on a diet for fear of gaining weight or becoming obese. (True)
Activity 5
minutes
1. List down the profile of each member of your family:
• Name
• Age
• Sex
• Height
• Nutritional status: underweight, overweight, skin color
To determine whether the member is overweight or underweight or within normal range, the Body
Mass Index (BMI) can be used. The BMI is a measure of body fat based on height and weight. It can
be calculated by entering a family member’s height and weight in the BMI formula using this
https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/ health/educational/lose_wt/BMI/bmicalc.htm. The BMI result categories
are as follows:
• Underweight = <18.5
• Normal weight = 18.5–24.9
• Overweight = 25–29.9
• Obesity = BMI of 30 or greater
2. Use this guide to focus on the points in the lecture.
3. Ask the participants to raise their hands if they have members who are underweight and another
round for overweight. Ask randomly two participants what is the possible reason for a family
member’s overweight or underweight status
Figure 11. Child Development Milestone Chart
Social and Intellectual Language

Age Physical
Emotional Development Development
Development
Development
At Birth Lies in fetal position Bonds with mother. Beginning to develop Cries vigorously.
with knees tucked up. Smiles at mother. concepts e.g. becomes Respond to high-
Unable to raise head. aware of physical pitched tones by
Head falls backwards if sensations such as moving his limbs.
pulled to sit. Reacts to hunger. Explores using
sudden sound. Closes his senses. Make eye
eye to bright light. contact and cry to
Opens eye when held indicate need.
in
upright position.
3 months Pelvis is flat when lying Squeals with pleasure Takes increasing Attentive to sounds
down. Lower back is appropriately. interest in his made by your voice.
still weak. Back and Reacts with pleasure to surroundings. Shows Indicates needs with
neck firm when held familiar routines. interest in playthings. differentiated cries.
sitting. Grasps objects Discriminates smile. Understand cause and Beginning to vocalize.
placed in hands. Turns effect...e.g. if you tie Smile in response to
head round to have a one end of the ribbon speech.
look at objects. to his toe and the
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• No additives.
Establishes eye other to a mobile. he
contact.
will learn to move the
mobile.
6 months Can lift head and Responds to different Finds feet interesting. Double syllable sounds
shoulders. Sits up tones of mother. May Understands objects such as ‘mama’ and
with support. Enjoys show ‘stranger and know what to ‘dada’. Laughs in
shyness’.
standing and jumping. Takes stuff to mouth. expect of them. play. Screams with
Transfers objects from Understand ‘up’ and annoyance.
one hand to the other. ‘down’ and make
Pulls self up to sit and appropriate gestures,
sits erect with support. such as raising his
arms
Rolls over prone to to be picked.
supine. Palmer grasp
of
cube. Well established
visual sense.
9 months Sits unsupported. Apprehensive about Shows interest in Babbles tunefully.
Grasps with thumb and strangers. Imitates picture books. Watches Vocalizes to attract
index finger. Releases hand-clapping. Clings activities of others with attention. Enjoy
toys by dropping. to familiar adults. interest. communicating with
Wiggles and crawls. sounds.
Sits unsupported. Picks
up objects with pincer
grasp. Looks for fallen
objects. Holds bottle.
Is
visually attentive.
1 years Stands holding Cooperates with Responds to simple Babbles 2 or 3 words
furniture. Stands alone dressing. Waves instructions. Uses trial- repeatedly. Responds
for a second or two. goodbye. and-error to learn. to simple instructions.
NOTE TO FACILITATOR
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The lecture will give information on the basic needs, especially on portions, of
each member of the family per age group.
For the first-1000 days, the video clips may be shown instead of going through
the entire information given below. After showing the video clips, discuss the
summary of the characteristics and special needs of the child in this stage. Add
information found below, on what is not covered in the video clips. Allot 15
minutes for this section.
Using the Kalinga sa First 1,000 Days Ni Baby nutrition booklet and
Pinggang Pinoy
Lecture 45
minutes
If projector is available: Start with video clips on the first 1000 days of life.
First 1000 Days of Life Infomercial (Tagalog) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QQRp6LXp_TI
The First 1,000 Days of Life by UNICEF Philippines: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mpyD19SIiaw.

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• No additives.
Alternative or supplementary video clips. First 1000 days video playlist by the National Nutrition
Council of the Philippines. https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkCPaeQF4gC3iwaey-
57q6xmJrDtPVoTF
If Facilitator has access to sufficient hard copies of Kalinga sa First 1,000 Days ni Baby
nutrition booklet, the material can be distributed to participants for additional reference.
1. Infant (1-12 months). Breastfeeding should start within one hour after giving
birth18:
• Provides the necessary energy and nutrient needs of the baby except Vitamin D.
2. Introduce nutritionally adequate, diverse, and safe complementary (solid) foods at 6 months,
together with continued breastfeeding up to 2 years of age.
3. Carefully selected complementary foods or transitional foods are provided in addition to breast
milk. Season with iodized salt. Low cost, easily digestible and highly nutritious food sources of
protein can be added to the diet of infants and toddlers who are usually given only plain rice,
cereals, or root crops. Homemade protein powders can be prepared using locally available food
such as shrimps (e.g., alamang, tagunton), small fish (e.g., dilis, biya, ayungin) and dried
beans. Protein powders can be cooked for at least 5 minutes with boiled rice and sauteed or
stewed vegetables.
15 https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/infant-and-young-child-feeding
4. A baby is ready for complementary feeding if :
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• Weight doubles his/her birth weight;
• Can hold head straight when sitting up;
• Opens mouth when food approaches;
• Interested in food when others eat; and
• Able to swallow.
According to WHO, nutritional needs of children should be complemented at around 6 months of age
as breast milk may not be enough to sustain the nutritional requirements of infants at this stage. If
complementary foods are not introduced around this age or are not given appropriately, an infant’s
growth may be delayed.
Complementary foods should be timely (i.e., introduced when the need for energy and nutrients
exceeds what can be provided through exclusive breastfeeding), adequate (i.e, provide sufficient
energy, protein and micronutrients to meet a growing child’s nutritional needs), safe (i.e., hygienically
stored and prepared), and properly fed (i.e., given consistent with a child’s signals of appetite and
satiety, and that meal frequency and feeding are suitable for age).
5. Diet for toddlers and preschoolers should include variety of food with different textures and
flavors. Food should be rich in Vitamins A and C, protein, iron and calcium. Food should be well

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• No additives.
prepared and attractive in color, flavor, and texture. Excessive intake of milk reduces consumption
of other foods. It is better to give them small frequent meals with healthy food, fresh fruits and
vegetables. Processed food including sugary beverages and drinks should be avoided.
Figure 12. Pinggang Pinoy: Icons for Specific Population Groups
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Source: DOST-FNRI.
6. For school children, nutrition plays an important role in:
• Furnishing energy for their vigorous activities;

• Helping maintain resistance to infections;
• Providing building materials for growth; and
• Providing enough nutrient stores.
Adequate sources of calcium and iron are to be attended to. They should be encouraged to take variety
16 Tanchoco, C. C., & Jamorabo-Ruiz, A. op cit.

foods. Prepare nutritious packed meals and snacks; junk foods should be avoided.
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7. Adolescents are in their peak of growth. Thus, nutritional needs also increase. Variety and quantity
are key. They may tend to skip meals, follow food fads, and crash diets, and use alcohol and
drugs. These are all practices to be avoided. Parents play an important role in motivating their
young adult children to choose the healthier options. Adolescent girls tend to fear becoming
overweight. A well-balanced diet spread in all meals and small snacks will ensure enough nutrition.
Girls also tend to be anemic. So, iron rich food or supplementation may be needed.

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• No additives.
Figure 13. Pinggang Pinoy for Teens
Source: NNC
8. Older persons have lower energy value due to lower energy requirements with their decrease in
metabolism and physical activity. Some healthy eating guide for senior citizens as follows:
• They need low caloric level to prevent weight gain and obesity.
• They also need protein, iron, vitamin B12, folic acid, and vitamin C.
• Calcium plays an important role in bone health. Adequate calcium intake is at least 800 to
1000 mg per day.
• Water and fiber will promote normal bowel movement.
• Multiple servings of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains daily for fiber and sources of
vitamins and minerals.
• They are encouraged to reduce their sodium intake.
• Low calorie sources of high-quality protein like lean meats, poultry, fish, eggs and low-fat
milk and products.
• Gas-forming food are avoided or omitted to prevent abdominal discomforts.
• It may be needed to chop large and hard pieces of food (mechanical soft diet) for those
with teeth problems.
• Taking small frequent meals may be beneficial and better tolerated.
• Caffeine-containing foods and beverages are restricted for those with nervousness or sleeplessness.
9. For the nutritional needs of PWD members, they may consult their local health professional or
Barangay Nutrition Scholar (BNS).
10. It is also good to note that there should be equal treatment for children in providing food
allowance based on their developmental age.
Figure 14.A. Complementary Feeding Guide
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Appropriate Age of Method of Exampl Amount
Food(s)* Introduction Preparation e s
Cereals (first semi- After 6 months cooked, well strained thin rice gruel, oatmeal 1/2 thin gruel
solid foods given to the baby) c
o
8 months
o cooked
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a
s
h
e
d
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c
r
o

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• No additives.
2-3 tbsp. 3/4
c thick
o
gruel o
k
e
d
r
i
c
e
10-12 months cooked soft cooked rice 1 cup

sliced bread, biscuits 1
piece
Fruits After 6 months 21/2 tbsp.
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a
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a
,
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8 months cut into small pieces soft fruit 3 tbsp.

10-12 months cut into finger any fruit 4 tbsp.
sized
pieces
Vegetables 7 months o
o
c k
carrots,
e sayote, squash, abitsuelas, 1 tbsp.
potatoes,
r kamote tops, pechay,
kangkongy tops, malunggay leaves
s
o
f
t
,
c
h
o
p
p
e
d
8 months cooked and all vegetables 1 tbsp.

finely
chopped all vegetables 1-2 tbsp.
10-12 months cooked,
coarsely
chopped
Meat and alternatives, Egg 7 months cooked chicken egg

1/2 eggyolk
11 months cooked chicken egg
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• No additives.
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1/2 egg
Meat/Fish/Poultry or After 6-11 months minced meat, fresh or dried 11/2 serving
debon fish or minced chicken, mashed
Legumes, dried beans
ed, cooked well, monggo 1 serving cooked
mas meat
hed = 30g or 3cm
or cube; fish; 2
gro
pcs. medium
und
size 55- 60g
each), about
16cm long; 11/2
10-12 months cups cooked
beans/nuts
preferably taken
3 times a week
Whole milk / Follow on formula (if not breastfed) 12 months
2 cups
Other foods 8 months up steamed, 1 teaspoon
bake custards, simple pud-
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s
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p
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g
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Fats and Oils20 After 6-11 months margarine, cooking oil 4 teaspoons
Sugar After 6-11 months 3 teasponns
Source: DOST-FNRI
20 Fats and oils may be incorporated to the prepared diet by adding to the rice gruel or mashed vegetables or served in either
sauteed or fried dishes for the baby after 6 months of age.
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Figure 14.B. Complementary Feeding Guide

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• No additives.
Source: National Nutrition Council
Key Learning Points
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• Each stage in life has corresponding nutritional needs and preferences.
• Food intake and supplementation should match with these needs and preferences.
Deepening 15
minutes
1. Use the family members’ profile as guide.
2. Create a lunch menu that can cover the needs of each member.
3. Adjust food presentation (chopped, mashed, etc.) and portion.
4. After 10 minutes, form groups of 3.
5. Each participant shares outputs with the group members.
6. Other members critique and give suggestions to improve the menu.
Synthesis 10
minutes
Facilitator walks through with the group on the highlights of the dietary needs and considerations of
each life stage – infancy, toddlerhood and pre-school, schooler, adolescent, and late adulthood.
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• No additives.
Check-up 5
minutes
Give one characteristic of the diet and its corresponding healthy diet guide for each life stage.
Assignment
NOTE TO FACILITATOR
BMI is only recommended to be used for adults and not for children,
especially those under five. Use ECCD charts for kids.
1. Measure the weight and height of each member of the household. Record in the Talaarawan.
2. Determine whether the member is overweight or underweight or within normal range using the
Body Mass Index (BMI). The BMI is a measure of body fat based on height and weight.21 It can
be calculated by entering a family member’s height and weight in the BMI formula22 using this
https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/ health/educational/lose_wt/BMI/bmicalc.htm. The BMI result
categories are as follows:
• Underweight = <18.5
• Normal weight = 18.5–24.9
• Overweight = 25–29.9
• Obesity = BMI of 30 or greater
Data in measurement and determination of BMI can be collected from the Barangay Health Clinic.
3. Plan and prepare for one-day menu.
21 https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/educational/lose_wt/BMI/bmicalc.htm
22 The formula for BMI is as follows: BMI = (weight/height2). If you’re using metric measurements: BMI = (kilograms/meters2). If
you’re using imperial measurements: BMI = (pounds/inches2).
4. Re-check weight of each member of the household after 1 week. Record in the Talaarawan.
Compare the difference.
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If a family member has weight problems, consult with the barangay nutrition scholar or
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5.
barangay health worker as soon as possible.
References
Jacquier, E. A.-A. (2020). Complementary feeding patterns of Filipino infants and toddlers lack
diversity, especially among children from poor households. BMC Nutrition.
Maglaya, A. S. (2004). Nursing Practice in the Community. Marikina: Argonauta Corporation.
Tanchoco, C. C., & Jamorabo-Ruiz, A. (2010). Diet Manual. Makati: The Nutritionist-Dieticians’
Association of the Philippines, Inc.
Tirivangasi, H. M. (2018). Regional disaster risk management strategies for food security: Probing
Southern African Development Community channels for influencing national policy. Journal of
Disaster Risk Studies, 468.
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7YTLP Year 1 Session 9 - Nutrition at Different Life Stage - From The Womb To Old Age

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Session 9: Nutrition at Different Life Stages:

From the Womb to Old Age

Year and Module No. Year 1. Module 1. Session 2.

Icebreaker | One Word 5

1. Infant (0 to 12 months old)

Check-up | True or False 5

• Protects the newborn from acquiring infection and reduces newborn

2. Use this guide to focus on the points in the lecture.

Social and Intellectual Language

First 1000 Days of Life Infomercial (Tagalog) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QQRp6LXp_TI

The First 1,000 Days of Life by UNICEF Philippines: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mpyD19SIiaw.

• Protects the newborn from acquiring infection and reduces newborn

• Protects the newborn from acquiring infection and reduces newborn

Figure 12. Pinggang Pinoy: Icons for Specific Population Groups

6. For school children, nutrition plays an important role in:

• Furnishing energy for their vigorous activities;

16 Tanchoco, C. C., & Jamorabo-Ruiz, A. op cit.

• Protects the newborn from acquiring infection and reduces newborn

• Protects the newborn from acquiring infection and reduces newborn

10-12 months cooked soft cooked rice 1 cup

8 months cut into small pieces soft fruit 3 tbsp.

8 months cooked and all vegetables 1 tbsp.

Meat and alternatives, Egg 7 months cooked chicken egg

Figure 14.B. Complementary Feeding Guide

• Protects the newborn from acquiring infection and reduces newborn

3. Plan and prepare for one-day menu.

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