Structure

Bacteria has cell membrane(sorrounded by cell wall called peptidoglycan),cytoplasm, no true nucleus

but singular DNA in the middle.The loop of DNA is called Chromosome and the ring of DNA is called

Plastides which are important in genetic transfer. The motile bacteria possess the above and long hair

like thread called flagella which enables them to move.

SUBJECT: BIOLOGY

CLASS: S S1

DATE: 11/05/2020

TOPIC: STAGES OF GROWTH AND IDENTIFICATION OF MICROORGANISMS.

Microorganism growth: Is defined as the measure of increased in the number of calls.

A growth curve can be defined as the growth of microorganisms in an environment with limited

resources.

There are (4) stages or phases of growth curve namely:

a. Lag stage or phase: At this stage,

organisms adapt to new environment. Organisms colonized or used to new environment.

b. Exponential stage: Microorganisms respond rapidly in before stationary phase.

c. Stationary phase: Growth is static

since organisms have exhausted and net growth is zero.

d. Death stage or phase :Cells died

faster than they are replaced as population

decreases rapidly.

MEASURING MICROBIAL GROWTH

Microorganisms growth can be measured thus;

1.Direct microscopic count:Is the used of microscope to observed their growth.

2.Plate count:This is serial dilution of liquid and transfer of an agar plate to plates

3.Measurment of density of microorganisms.

4.Measurement of dry weight of microorganisms.

5.considering of metabolic activity

WAYS OF IDENTIFICATION OF MICROORGANISM

a. Biochemical Test:Is to identify the metabolic activities.

b. Microscopic observation

c. Appearance or reaction under microscope

d. Characteristics of the colony. E.g size .

SUBJECT : Biology
Class : SS1

DATE : 04/05/2020

TOPIC : CULTURING OF MICROBES

Culturing of microorganisms is the act

--------------------------------------------

of growing microbes on a medium that provides nutrients.

Micro-culture is the grouping of medium that grows microbial Call. E. g natural and artificial cultures.

Group of media

------------------------

a. Liquid medium which is called liquid broth.E.g beef extract, soluble proteins and salts.

b. Solid medium made by adding agar to liquid broth

Colony of cells are group of identical

----------------------

cells derived from single cells.

Types Of Medium

---------------------------
a. Selective medium .

, -----------------------------

Is a medium selected for different organizations.

b. Differential medium

------------------------------

Is a medium for a particular microorganisms that shows their appearance, for isolation and identification

of specific organisms.

c. Enriched medium .

--------------------------

Is a medium for special type of microorganisms and very rich in nutrients.

Topic : Micro Organisms

Micro organism is defined as a minute living organisms that can not be seen with our naked eyes unless

the use of microscope..It can also be called microbes or germs and they are found everywhere.

Types of micro organism

There are many types of micro organisms, but in this class we will be looking at three types.. These

types are ;
(i) Viruses: These are the smallest microbes that cannot be visible with ordinary microscope but

electronic microscope due to their small size.Examples (aids, polio, measles, and covid 19, e.t.c)...

Structures: They are not cells because of the absence of protoplasm. It contains nucleic acid either DNA

or RNA surrounded by protein coat. The shape can be;

a. Rod shape.

B.Spherical shape.

C.tadpole shape.

Topic: Introduction to microorganisms contd.

Other micro organisms apart from the virus are;

(ii)Bacteria:They are large micro organisms that can be visible with the use of ordinary microscope.They

belong to the kingdom monera and unicellular prokaryotes.

Structure
 Bacteria has cell membrane(sorrounded by cell wall called peptidoglycan),cytoplasm,no true nucleus

but singular DNA in the middle.The loop of DNA is called Chromosome and the ring of DNA is called

Plastides which are important in genetic transfer.The mortile bacteria possess the above and long hair

like thread called flagella which enables them to move.

GRASS LAND

grass land is defined as large, open

area of land predominated by tall grasses and few scattered trees because of insufficient rain fall to

support vegetation .

The soil are porous and do not retain water for growth of trees.

Temperate grassland are found in the drier parts of North America,South

Africa and Argentina. Temperate has lower precipitation than tropical grassland. Example;blue

grasses ,buffalo grasses and Acacia trees.

ADAPTATION OF ORGANISMS IN TROPICAL.

1.Ability to change climate environment :

a. XEROPHYTIC ORGANISMS (plants) are organisms that Survive little moisture.

b. PYROPHITIC ORGANISMS(plants) are organisms that tolerate fires.

2.Ability to feed in little moisture.

3.defence and hunting others.

SUBJECT. BIOLOGY

CLASS YEAR 10

DATE. 03/08/20

TOPIC. FORESTS

Forests are largely made of trees and few grasses. There are two kinds of forest and these are;

temperate forest and tropical rainforest .

Here we are going to base on tropical rainforest.

TROPICAL RAINFOREST

This forest have greatest diversity of organisms with hot equatorial climate and abundant rainfall. The

great diversity of organisms with hot equator is because of temperature and amount of precipitation.

STRATA OR LAYERS OF TROPICAL RAINFOREST.

there are many layers but these can be group into four layers or strata as follows :

1.EMERGENT LAYERS
In this layer, there are tall trees of about 45m to 55m, hard talk trees, Woody such as mahogany,teak

are found. Trees do not have branches so, received high amount of sunlight.

2.CANOPY LAYER

beneath the emergent, broad trees of about 35m tall,crown like branches are found. The trees only

received the sunlight that penetrated through the emergent and the sunlight reduces.

3.UNDER STOREY LAYER

It comprises of short trees of about 10m to 15m height .The layer is dim since small amount of light

reaches. The plants and the animals are limited as animals like mammals and many insects are found.

4.FOREST FLOOR

This is the last layer with dark and humid trees and grasses. E. g mosses, fern, spears grasses. nutrients

are washed away by rains and only decay organisms supply nutrients .Organisms withstand climate.

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For image

SUBJECT BIOLOGY

CLASS YEAR 10

DATE 29/06/20

TOPIC. LOWER PLANTS

Lower plants are made up of algae and fungi which are from the phylum of thallophytes .An example of

an algae is Spirogyra. Examples of fungi are yeast mucor and mushrooms.

 The Algae exist in filaments and colony. Almost all algae are aquatic and possess chlorophyll but lack

root, stems and leaves e. g Spirogyra.

The fungi exist as one celled organisms (e. g the yeast). Fungi also exist as many celled organisms or

filaments, called HYPHAE. They lack chlorophyll and are saprophytic or parasitic. They reproduce

sexually and asexually e. g Mucor,Rhizopus,Mushroom etc.

BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF FUNGI

1.Used to prepare drugs.

2.Used in industries like breweries and bakeries.

3.Serve as food e. g mushrooms.

4.Used for fermentation.

HARMFUL EFFECTS

1.Some cause diseases in Man e.g Ringworm.

2.Some mushrooms are poisonous.

3.Some cause crop diseases.

4.Some cause wastage and decay of stored food.

Some crop diseases caused by fungi

Causative fungus. Crop disease

1.Puccinia spp. Maize rust

2.Piricularia oryzae. Rice blast

3.Penicillium Tuber rot of yam

fusarium.

4.Cladosporium spp Tomato leaf

mould

5.Phytophthora Black pod disease

Palmivora. of cocoa

UBJECT. BIOLOGY

CLASS. YEAR 10

DATE. 22/06/20

TOPIC. GOOD HEALTH

Public health is defined as the work done by the communities,individuals and healthy organisation to

improves the well-being of individuals in communities.

METHODS OF MAINTAINING GOOD HEALTH.

1.Good health is maintained by food hygiene.

2.Proper sewage treatment or disposal.

3.Refuse should be land fill or burn properly.

4.proper disease control by using good preventive measures.

5.personal hygiene is one of the ways of maintaining good health.

6.Water hygiene one of the essentials method.

QUARANTINE SERVICE

Is defined as physical isolation of infected patient from noninfected individuals by relocating them to

suitable area to avoid the spread of diseases.

AGENCIES FOR HEALTH CARE.

1.International Health Organisation (IWO) .They are concerned with health issues of the public at the

international level.

2.World Health Organisation (WHO). Formed by United Nation in 1948 for global health management or

monitoring.

3.International federation of Red Cross (I FRC)

4.United Nations Children fund(UNICEF).

5.Local Health Organisation

6.Local Public Health Authorities .

Assignment

-------------------

1.Explain any five( 5) health care agencies apart from the above.

2.Illustrate the concept map of microorganisms.

SUBJECT BIOLOGY

CLASS. YEAR 10

DATE. 15/6/2020

TOPIC. MODE OF TRANSMITTING AND CONTROL OF MICROBES.

Mode of transmission is defined as the process of spreading microorganisms from one person to

another either through air,water,food or physical contact with another person.

Some of the process or mode of transmitting microbes are:

a. Direct contact :this is done through direct with an infected person.

b. Air borne transmission :lt transmitted through sneezing and coughing.

c. Droplet transmission. Large droplets from respiratory tract of an infected person can be transmitted.

d. Vector transmission. Diseases are transfer by vectors. E. g houseflies, live, rodents, ticks etc.

e. Common vehicle. It is transmitted through food, water and medication .

CONTROL

----------------

Control of harmful microorganisms is defined as any preventive measures used to reduce the risk of

infection and to prevent the spread of diseases.

Some of the control measure used are;

a. The use of antibiotics to inhibit or destroys

b. High salinity solution destroy germs.

c. Disinfectants are reagents used to sterilized or destroy germs

d. High temperature destroy microorganisms.

e.Antiseptic method is the used of chemicals to kill microbes.

f. Vector control by chemicals, physical, cultural etc.

BIOLOGY TEST

CLASS. YR 10

TIME. 30minutes

ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS

1.Explain the stages of mould growth on bread with the aid of graph (7marks)
2.State the main types of microorganisms (3marks)

3.Analyse the motile structure of bacteria (5marks)

4.Define microbes with three examples (5marks)

SUBJECT. BIOLOGY

CLASS SS1

DATE

TOPIC. BENEFITS AND. DANGERS OF MICROBES.

Benefits of microbes are the usefulness of microorganisms to individuals and the

community .Microorganisms can ferment our day to day sugar,serve as antibiotic and many others.

BENEFITS OF MICROORGANISMS

a. Used for fermentation.

b. Used for processing raw materials.

c. Serve as antibiotic production.

d. Used for sewage treatment.

e. For production of protein from single cell.

f. Used in biotechnology study.

g. For synthesis of vitamins

h. Used for recycling of nutrients.

HARMFUL EFFECTS OF MICROORGANISMS.

a. Produce toxic substances.

b. Cause food spoilage.

c. Cause diseases to animals.

d. Kill faster than expected.

e. Deform human structure.

Note .

--------

Harmful microorganisms that are capable of causing diseases are called pathogens.

SUBJECT : BIOLOGY

CLASS. : SS 1

DATE. : 11/05/2020

TOPIC. : STAGES OF GROWTH AND IDENTIFICATION OF MICROORGANISMS.

Microorganism growth :Is defined as

-----------------------------------

the measure of increased in the number of calls.

A growth curve can be defined as the growth of microorganisms in an environment with limited

resources.

There are four(4) stages or phases of growth curve namely:

a. Lag stage or phase :At this stage,

organisms adapt to new environment. Organisms colonized or used to new environment.

b. Exponential stage :Microorganisms

respond rapidly in before stationary phase.

c. Stationary phase :Growth is static

since organisms have exhausted and net growth is zero.

d. Death stage or phase :Cells died

faster than they are replaced as population

decreases rapidly.

MEASURING MICROBIAL GROWTH

Microorganisms growth can be measured thus;

1.Direct microscopic count:Is the used of microscope to observed their growth.

2.Plate count:This is serial dilution of liquid and transfer of an agar plate to plates

3.Measurment of density of microorganisms.

4.Measurement of dry weight of microorganisms.

5.considering of metabolic activity

WAYS OF IDENTIFICATION OF MICROORGANISM

a. Biochemical Test:Is to identify the metabolic activities.

b. Microscopic observation

c. Appearance or reaction under microscope

d. Characteristics of the colony. E.g size .

SUBJECT : Biology

Class : SS1

DATE : 04/05/2020

TOPIC : CULTURING OF MICROBES

Culturing of microorganisms is the act

--------------------------------------------

of growing microbes on a medium that provides nutrients.

Micro-culture is the grouping of medium that grows microbial Call. E. g natural and artificial cultures.
Group of media

------------------------

a. Liquid medium which is called liquid broth.E.g beef extract, soluble proteins and salts.

b. Solid medium made by adding agar to liquid broth

Colony of cells are group of identical

----------------------

cells derived from single cells.

Types Of Medium

---------------------------

a. Selective medium .

, -----------------------------

Is a medium selected for different organizations.

b. Differential medium

------------------------------

Is a medium for a particular microorganisms that shows their appearance, for isolation and identification

of specific organisms.
c. Enriched medium .

--------------------------

Is a medium for special type of microorganisms and very rich in nutrients.

Assignment

-------------------

Explain vividly the media for microbial growth.

BIOLOGY

Topic : Introduction to micro organisms contd.

Other micro organisms apart from the virus are;

(ii)Bacteria:They are large micro organisms that can be visible with the use of ordinary microscope.They

belong to the kingdom monera and unicellular prokaryotes.

Structure
 Bacteria has cell membrane(sorrounded by cell wall called peptidoglycan),cytoplasm,no true nucleus

but singular DNA in the middle.The loop of DNA is called Chromosome and the ring of DNA is called

Plastides which are important in genetic transfer.The mortile bacteria possess the above and long hair

like thread called flagella which enables them to move.