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Impedance scaling is used to change the element
values of the circuit to make the circuit practically
realizable
In this type of scaling, the impedances of a network
are altered in some prescribed way, V2 leaving
Z2 the TF 1
T ( s ) unaltered.
and hence the frequency response
V1 Z1 Z 2 Z1
1
Z1 Z2
I2 = 0
+
+
v1 I Z v2
- 2
-
Fig. 1
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If each impedance is multiplied by the same factor km<
1, then the magnitude of the impedance is scaled down
by a factor of km
Similarly if km > 1 then the impedance is scaled up by a
factor of km
To change the impedance magnitude by km, the
impedance of every element in the circuit is changed as
follows:
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km Z R km R; km Z L km L
km
and km zC 1
C
C
km
Therefore after scaling Rnew=kmRold Lnew=kmLold and
Cnew=Cold/km
Since T(j) is not changed by magnitude scaling then
neither are the magnitude and phase functions.
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The figure below shows a low-pass filter with a resistor
value of 1 . Apply impedance scaling to obtain an
equivalent filter with a resistor value of 50 .
1 4.5mH
+
v1 220nF
-
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Frequency scaling is used to shift the frequency
response of a filter to a different part of the
frequency axis
Frequency scaling leads to a new network or system,
whose frequency response is related to the original
in some prescribed way
The magnitude remains unscaled.
For the inductor |ZL| =L should remain constant.
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Thus |ZL| =L =(kf)L/kf =kfLnew
If the frequency is increased by a factor kf, the
inductance is reduced by the same factor so that the
impedance remains constant
Similarly for C
1 1 1
Zc
C k f C k f C new
kf
Lold C old
Lnew C new
kf kf
and Rnew Rold
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Both magnitude and frequency scaling can be achieved
using element scaling equations as follows:
Lnew = Lold km/kf ; Cnew =Cold/kmkf ; Rnew = km
Rold
The function T(j), |T(j)| and (j) may be
frequency scaled by replacing with kf.
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Design an RC lowpass filter with a half-power frequency
of 1000rad/s.
1
R RC
+ T ( j )
+ 1 j
v1 C v2 RC
0 1000rad / s
-
-
Let C = IF R=1/1000 impractical
Therefore resort to magnitude scaling
C = 1F
Cnew= Cold/km km =1/10-6 =106
Rnew= kmRold = 106 x 1/1000 =1k
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R1 The TF for the circuit shown is
6s 3 6 s z1
+ T (s)
v1 C1 R2 v2 s3 s p1
1 1
-
z1 0.5 p1 3 z1
R1C1 R2C1
•The desired break frequencies are 500rad/s and 3000rad/s. Obtain
the design values of R1, R2 and C.
Let C1 =1F R1= 1/0.5 =2
(P1 – Z1)= 1/R2C1 R2= 1/C1(P1 – Z1)
R2 =1/3 – 0.5 =2/5
Scale both frequency and magnitude so that Cnew =1/Kfkm Cold
and Rnew =km Rold
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new =old x kf kf= 500/0.5=1000
If C1 =1F km= Cold/Cnewkf =1/10-6 x 1000
km=1000
R1=2 x 1000 =2k
R2=2/5 x 1000 =400
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Consider two sinusoids one of frequency 4 times the
other i.e. 1=0 (v1=A1sin0t) and 2= 40 rad/s
(v2=A1 sin 40t) where
0=2f0 =2/T0
Let 1/2f0=T0/2 =t0 =1/0
Then v1=A1sin 0t =A1sin t/1/0 =A1sin (t/t0)
The inverse relationship between time and frequency
suggests that when frequency is expanded, time is
compressed, and vice versa.
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Let kt =time response required
normalized time
So that kt< 1 time compression and
kt>1 time expansion
kt=1/kf
kf= frequency response required
normalized frequency
• The element scaling equation in terms of kt
are given by
Lnew=kmkt Lold; Cnew=kt/km Cold
Rnew=kmRold
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