KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA NO.

2, OTA GAYA

SESSION:
2023-24

PHYSICS
INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
TOPIC:MOVING COIL GALVANOMETER

Presented by:
Shristhi
class: XII ‘A’
 OBJECTIVE:
To study the basic schematic structure of a
moving coil galvanometer and the basic process
underlying the conversion of a moving coil
galvanometer into an ammeter and a voltmeter
 CERTIFICATE
I hereby certify that Shristhi, a student of class 12th “A” of
Kendriya Vidyalaya No. 2,OTA Gaya, has successfully completed
the project titled "Moving Coil Galvanometer" under the guidance
of Shri Sanjay Kumar Srivastava sir (PGT Physics) for the
academic year 2023-24. The project adhered to the guidelines
prescribed by CBSE, New Delhi, and was completed with sincerity
and satisfaction.

Shri Sanjay Kumar External

Srivastava examiner
(PGT Physics)

Principal
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my profound gratitude and sincere

appreciation to Shri Rajesh Srivastava, Principal of Kendriya
Vidyalaya no.2, OTA Gaya. I am truly grateful for his
encouragement and the facilities he provided for this project
work. His magnanimity in taking me under his wing is
something that I shall always cherish.

I extend my heartfelt thanks to Shri Rajesh Srivastava (PGT

Physics), who guided me to the successful completion of this
project. I am deeply grateful for his invaluable guidance,
constant encouragement, constructive feedback, sympathetic
attitude, and immense motivation, which have sustained me
throughout the various stages of this project.

I cannot forget to express my sincere appreciation to my

family for their unwavering support, valuable advice, and
assistance in carrying out this project successfully. Their
contribution was vital in making this project a reality.
TABLE OF
CONTENTS

1 Principle

2 Construction

3 Working

4 Sensitivity

5 Conversion of Galvanometer
into Voltmeter

6 Conversion of Galvanometer
into Ammeter

7 Advantages

8 Disadvantages
Principle

The moving coil galvanometer operates

through the principle that a current-carrying
coil suspended in a uniform magnetic field
experiences torque. Therefore, the deflection
of the coil in the galvanometer is directly
proportional to the magnitude of the current
flowing through it.
CONSTRUCTION

IT CONSISTS OF A RECTANGULAR COIL OF

THIN INSULATED COPPER WIRES HAVING A
LARGE NUMBER OF TURNS. THE HORSESHOE
MAGNET HAS CYLINDRICALLY CONCAVE
POLE-PIECES.
DUE TO THIS SHAPE, THE MAGNET PRODUCES RADIAL
MAGNETIC FIELD SO THAT WHEN COIL ROTATES IN ANY
POSITION ITS PLANE IS ALWAYS PARALLEL TO THE
DIRECTION OF MAGNETIC FIELD. WHEN CURRENT FLOWS
THROUGH THE COIL IT GETS DEFLECTED. A SOFT IRON
CYLINDER IS FIXED INSIDE THE COIL SUCH THAT THE COIL
CAN ROTATE FREELY BETWEEN THE POLES AND AROUND
THE CYLINDER. DUE TO THE HIGH PERMITTIVITY, THE SOFT
IRON CORE INCREASES THE STRENGTH OF THE RADIAL
MAGNETIC FIELD
 Working
WHEN THE CURRENT TO BE CALCULATED IS PASSED THROUGH THE COIL, THE COIL
EXPERIENCES A DEFLECTING TORQUE RESULTING IN TURNING OF THE COIL. THE COIL
TURNS, THE WIRE GETS TWISTED SUCH THAT RESTORING COUPLE DEVELOPS IN THE
WIRE IN OPPOSITE DIRECTION.
LET N BE THE NUMBER OF TURNS OF THE COIL, A TO THE AREA OF THE COIL, B IS THE
MAGNETIC INDUCTION FIELD, AND I IS THE CURRENT THROUGH THE COIL.
THE COIL EXPERIENCES A CONSTANT AND MAXIMUM DEFLECTING TORQUE AS THE
PLANE OF THE COIL IS PARALLEL TO THE MAGNETIC FIELD

WHERE C IS THE RESTORING COUPLE PER TWIST AND Θ IS THE DEFLECTION OF THE
COIL, THEN RESTORING TORQUE IS GIVEN AS

THE DEFLECTING TORQUE IS EQUAL TO THE RESTORING TORQUE WHEN IT IS IN

EQUILIBRIUM POSITION.

WHERE K= CNAB

THUS, A GALVANOMETER IS CAPABLE OF INDICATING EVEN SMALL VALUES OF

CURRENT IN THE CIRCUIT BECAUSE OF WHICH IT IS ALSO USED TO DETECT IF ANY
AMOUNT OF CURRENT IS FLOWING IN THE CIRCUIT OR NOT. HERE, WHEN NO
CURRENT IS FLOWING THROUGH THE CIRCUIT, THE POINTER REMAINS
UNDEFLECTED, THAT IS, AT THE MEAN POSITION AND DEPENDING UPON THE
DIRECTION OF THE CURRENT IN THE CIRCUIT, THE POINTER DEFLECTS TO THE
RIGHT OR TO THE LEFT
 SENSITIVITY
THE CURRENT SENSITIVITY OF A GALVANOMETER
IS DEFINED AS THE DEFLECTION PRODUCED WHEN
UNIT CURRENT PASSES THROUGH THE
GALVANOMETER. A GALVANOMETER IS SAID TO
BE SENSITIVE IF IT PRODUCES LARGE DEFLECTION
FOR A SMALL CURRENT.

THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF

SENSITIVITY:
CURRENT SENSITIVITY
VOLTAGE SENSITIVITY

HOW TO INCREASE SENSITIVITY OF MOVING

COIL GALVANOMETER?
FOLLOWING ARE THE PARAMETERS WHICH HELP IN INCREASING
SENSITIVITY OF MOVING COIL GALVANOMETER DEPENDS ON:

Number of turns (n) of the coil

Area of the coil(A)
Magnetic induction (B)
Couple per unit twist of the suspension fibre (k)
 Conversion of
Galvanometer into
Voltmeter

Voltmeter is an instrument used to measure potential

difference between the two ends of a current carrying
conductor. A galvanometer can be converted into a
voltmeter by connecting a high resistance in series with it.
The scale is calibrated in volt. The value of the resistance
connected in series decides the range of the voltmeter.

Galvanometer resistance = G

The current required to produce full scale deflection in

the galvanometer = I
g
Range of voltmeter = V

Resistance to be connected in series = R

Since R is connected in series with the galvanometer,

the current through the galvanometer,

From the equation the resistance to be connected in

series with the galvanometer is calculated.

The effective resistance of the voltmeter is

Rv is very large, and hence a voltmeter is connected in

parallel in a circuit as it draws the least current from
the circuit. In other words, the resistance of the
voltmeter should be very large compared to the
resistance across which the voltmeter is connected to
measure the potential difference
 Conversion of
Galvanometer into
Voltmeter

A galvanometer is a device used to detect the flow of current

in an electrical circuit. Even though the deflection is directly
proportional to the current, the galvanometer scale is not
marked in ampere. Being a very sensitive instrument, a large
current cannot be passed through the galvanometer, as it
may damage the coil. However, a galvanometer is converted
into an ammeter by connecting a low resistance in parallel
with it. As a result, when large current flows in a circuit, only
a small fraction of the current passes through the
galvanometer and the remaining larger portion of the
current passes through the low resistance. The low
resistance connected in parallel with the galvanometer is
called shunt resistance.
The value of shunt resistance depends on the fraction of the
total current required to be passed through the
galvanometer. Let Ig be the maximum current that can be
passed through the galvanometer. The current Ig will give
full scale deflection in the galvanometer.

Since the galvanometer and shunt resistance are parallel,

potential is common.

The effective resistance of the ammeter Ra is (G in

parallel with S)

Ra is very low and this explains why an ammeter should

be connected in series. When connected in series, the
ammeter does not appreciably change the resistance and
current in the circuit.
Advantages of
Moving Coil
Galvanometer

Strong magnetic field cannot

affect the moving coil
galvanometer.
The ratio of torque to weight
is high.
The scales used are
uniform.
The results obtained are
reliable and accurate
 Disadvantages
of Moving Coil
Galvanometer

Change in restoring torque is a result of

change in temperature.
It is not easy to change restoring torque.
Helical restoring spring might get damaged
due to severe stress.
Moving coil galvanometer can be used only
for the measurement of direct current
 BIBLOGRAPHY

1. BOOKS:-
CLASS 12TH PHYSICS NCERT

2. WEBSITES

https://selfstudypoint.in/moving-coil-
galvanometer/
https://byjus.com/jee/galvanometer/
https://www.wikipedia.org/
THANK
YOU