Name: Syed Ameer Hamza Askari

ID: 2103-2018
Course Title: Electrical Instruments and Measurements
Course Instructor: Sir Muhammad Faizan Khan

GALVANOMETER
The galvanometer is the device used for detecting the presence of small current
and voltage or for measuring their magnitude. The galvanometer is mainly used in the
bridges and potentiometer where they indicate the null deflection or zero current.

Principle of Galvanometer
The potentiometer is based on the premise that the current sustaining coil is kept
between the magnetic field experiences a torque.
Construction of the Galvanometer
The construction of the potentiometer is shown in the figure below.

The moving coil, suspension, and permanent magnet are the main parts of the
galvanometer.
Moving Coil:
The moving coil is the current carrying part of the galvanometer. It is rectangular or
circular and has the number of turns of fine copper wire. The coil is freely moved about
its vertical axis of symmetry between the poles of a permanent magnet. The iron core
provides the low reluctance flux path and hence provides the strong magnetic field for
the coil to move in.

Suspension:
The coil is suspended by a flat ribbon which carries the current to the coil. The other
current carrying coil is the lower suspension whose torque effect is negligible. The
upper suspension coil is made up of gold or copper wire which is made in the form of a
ribbon. The mechanical strength of the wire is not very strong, and hence the
galvanometers handle carefully without any jerks.

Mirror:
The suspension carries a small mirror which casts the beam of light. The beam of light
placed on the scale on which the deflection is measured.

Torsion Head:
The torsion head is used for controlling the position of the coil and for adjusting the
zero setting.

Applications of Galvanometer
The galvanometer has following applications. They are
 It is used for detecting the direction of current flows in the circuit. It also determines
the null point of the circuit. The null point means the situation in which no current
flows through the circuit.
 It is used for measuring the current.
 The voltage between any two points of the circuit is also determined through
galvanometer.
Working of Galvanometer

Let, l, d – the length of respective vertical and horizontal side of the coil in the meter.
N – number of turns in the coil,
B – Flux density in the air gap, wb/m2
i – current through moving coil in Ampere
K – spring constant of suspension, Nm/rad
θf – final steady-state deflection of moving coil in radiance
When the current flows through the coil, it experiences a torque which is expressed as

The force on each side of the coil is given as,

Hence deflecting torque becomes,

Where,

N, B, A are the constant of the galvanometer.

The G is called the displacement constant of the galvanometer, and their value is equal
NBA = NBld.

The controlling torque exerted by the suspension at deflection θF is

For final steady deflection,

Hence final steady deflection,

For the small deflection angle, the deflection is expressed as the product of the
radius and angle of the turned. By the reflected beam, it is expressed as 1000 Χ 2θ F =
2000 Gi / K in millimeter.
The above equation shows that when the mirror turns through an angle θF the reflected
beam turns through an angle 2θF shown in the figure below.

Conversion of Galvanometer into an Ammeter

The galvanometer is used as an ammeter by connecting the low resistance wire in

parallel with the galvanometer. The potential difference between the voltage and the
shunt resistance are equal.

Where, S = shunt resistance and Is = current across the shunt.

As the galvanometer and the shunt resistance are connected in potential with the circuit,
their potentials are equal.
Thus, the shunt resistance is given as,

The value of the shunt current is very small as compared to the supply current.
Conversion of Galvanometer into a voltmeter
The galvanometer is used as a voltmeter by connecting the high resistance in series with
the circuit.

The range of the voltmeter depends on the value of the resistance connected in series
with the circuit.