GALVANOMETER

Project prepared by:-

Name -> Pragati Singh
Class -> xiith a
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my greatest gratitude to the

people who have helped and supported me throughout
my project. I am grateful to my teacher for her
continuous support for the project, from initial advice and
contacts in the early stage of conceptual inception and
through ongoing advice and encouragement to this day.

I wish to thank my parents for their undivided support

and interest who inspired me and encouraged me to go
my own way, without whom I would be unable to
complete my project.

A special thank of mine goes to my friends who helped

me in completing the project by exchanging their ideas
and thoughts which made this project easy and
accurate. They not only corrected me on some places
but also appreciated me for my good work which
motivated me a lot.

At last but not the least I would thank Microsoft

developer, Mr. Bill Gates who developed it because it
made my project more presentable.

Moreover, finally I would like to thank God who made all

the things possible.

Certificate

This is to certify that ______________________of class

____ of section ____ has successfully completed his/her
Investigatory Project of Chemistry under the guidance of
_____________________.

_________________ ________________

Teacher’s Signature Remarks

_________________ ________________

Examiner’s Signature Dated

INDEX

Introduction
 Working

Construction

Applications

Bibliography

Introduction

Galvanometer is an electromechanical instrument which

is used for the detection of electric currents through
electric circuits. Being a sensitive instrument,
Galvanometer cannot be used for the, measurement of
heavy currents. However we can measure very small
currents by using galvanometer but the primary purpose
of galvanometer is the detection of electric current not
the measurement of current.
A galvanometer is a type of sensitive ammeter. It is an
instrument for detecting electric current. It is an analog
electromechanical actuator that produces a rotary
deflection of some type of pointer in response to electric
current through its coil in a magnetic field.
The deflection of a magnetic compass needle by current
in a wire was first described by Hans Oersted in 1820.
The phenomenon was studied both for its own sake and
as a means of measuring electric current. The earliest
galvanometer was reported by Johann Schweigger at
the University of Halle on 16 September 1820. André-
Marie Ampère also contributed to its development. Early
designs increased the effect of the magnetic field
generated by the current by using multiple turns of wire.
The instruments were at first called "multipliers" due to
this common design feature. The term "galvanometer,"

in common use by 1836, was derived from the surname

of Italian electricity researcher Luigi Galvani, who in
1791 discovered that electric current would make a dead
frog's leg jerk.
The early moving-magnet form of galvanometer had the
disadvantage that it was affected by any magnets or iron
masses near it, and its deflection was not linearly
proportional to the current. In 1882 Jacques-Arsène
d'Arsonval and Marcel Deprez developed a form with a
stationary permanent magnet and a moving coil of wire,
suspended by fine wires which provided both an
electrical connection to the coil and the restoring torque
to return to the zero position. An iron tube between the
magnet's pole pieces defined a circular gap through
which the coil rotated. This gap produced a consistent,
radial magnetic field across the coil, giving a linear
response throughout the instrument's range. A mirror
attached to the coil deflected a beam of light to indicate
the coil position. The concentrated magnetic field and
delicate suspension made these instruments sensitive
and d'Arsonval's initial instrument could detect ten
microamperes.

Working
Galvanometer works on the principle of conversion of
electrical energy into mechanical energy. When a
current flows in a magnetic field it experiences a
magnetic torque. If it is free to rotate under a controlling
torque, it rotates through an angle proportional to the
current flowing through it.
When a current passes through the galvanometer coil, it
experiences a magnetic deflecting torque, which tends to
rotate it from its rest position. As the coil rotates it
produces a twist in the suspension strip. The twist in the
strip produces an electric restoring torque. The coil
rotates until the elastic restoring torque due to the strip
does not equal and cancels the deflecting magnetic
torque, then it attains equilibrium and stops rotating
further.

Construction

The flat rectangular coil of thin enameled insulated wire

of suitable number of turns wound on a light nonmetallic
or aluminum frame is suspended between the
cylindrically concave poles of magnet of a compass by a
thin phosphor bronze strip. One end of the wire of the
coil is soldered to strip. The other end of the strip fixed to
the frame of the galvanometer and connected to an
external terminal. It serves as one leas current lead
through which the current enters or leaves the coil. The
other end of the wire of the coil is soldered to a loose
and soft spiral of wire connected to another external
terminal. The soft spiral of a wire serves as the other
current lead. A soft-iron cylinder, coaxial with the pole
pieces, is placed within the frame of the coil and is fixed
to the body of the galvanometer. In the space between it
and the pole pieces, where the coil moves freely, the soft
iron cylinder makes the magnetic field stronger and
radial such that into whatever position the coil rotates,
the magnetic field is always parallel to its plane.

APPLICATIONS
Most modern uses for the galvanometer mechanism are
in positioning and control systems. Galvanometer
mechanisms are divided into moving magnet and
moving coil galvanometers, in addition, they are divided
into closed-loop and open-loop - or resonant - types.
Mirror galvanometer systems are used as beam
positioning or beam steering elements in laser scanning
systems. For example, for material processing with high-
power lasers, mirror galvanometer are typically high
power galvanometer mechanisms used with closed loop
servo control systems. The newest galvanometers
designed for beam steering applications can have
frequency responses over 10 kHz with appropriate servo
technology. Closed-loop mirror galvanometers are also
used in stereo lithography, in laser sintering, in laser
engraving, in laser beam welding, in laser TV, in laser
displays, and in imaging applications such as Optical
Coherence Tomography (OCT) retinal scanning. Almost
all of these galvanometers are of the moving magnet
type.
Open loop, or resonant mirror galvanometers, is mainly
used in laser-based barcode scanners, in some printing
machines, in some imaging applications, in military
applications, and in space systems. Their non-lubricated
bearings are especially of interest in applications that
require a high vacuum.

A galvanometer mechanism is used for the head

positioning servos in hard disk drives and CD and DVD
players. These are all of the moving coil type, in order to
keep mass, and thus access times, as low as possible.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 Wikipedia – the free encyclopedia

 Website – www.google.co.in

 NCERT Physics Textbook for class XIITH Part I