CP VIOLATION

SUBHASHREE MOHANTY
UTKAL UNIVERSITY
BHUBANESWAR
INDIA
 PLAN OF TALK
• INTRODUCTION
• CP OPERATOR
• VIOLATION OF C AND P
• CPT THEOREM
• NEUTRAL KAON SYSTEM
• CABIBBO MATRIX
• CKM MATRIX

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 INTRODUCTION
 Quark is the elementary constituent of all hadrons.
 The quarks come in 6 flavors :
u c t
d s b
 There are two composition rules :
 Every baryon is composed of three quarks.
 Every meson is composed of a quark & an antiquark .
 There are four fundamental interactions : strong , electro-
magnetic , weak and gravitation.
 The Standard Model is the theory that describes the role of
fundamental particles : quarks & leptons (e-and e+) and interactions
between them.

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 CP OPERATOR
CP : Combination of C and P

C : Charge conjugation
Cφ = ρφ

P : Parity
Pψ( r , t ) =ρ’ψ( -r , t )

Both C & P are individually conserved in strong &

electromagnetic interaction
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 VIOLATION OF C AND P IN WEAK
INTERACTIONS
Theta-Tau Puzzle: P Violation
 In 1949 Powell identified that the cosmic ray particles theta &
tau disintegrated to 2 & 3 respectively.

 Two particles are identical expect their decay mode under

consideration of mass & life time of theta & tau.

 Since the parity of pion is -1 then from parity conservation theta

should have parity +1 & the tau of -1.

 Hence they could not be the same particle thus was born the theta-tau
puzzle.
 P violation also confirmed by WU Experiment.

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 Right handed antineutrino : C Violation
 When operator C operated on left handed neutrino
then it give rise to the left handed anti-neutrino.
 But there is no existance of left handed anti-
neutrino.

it is expected that CP must be a good symmetry of

nature.
But CP is violated in some weak interactions.

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 CPT Theorem
• The combined operation of C ,P and T taken in any
order is an exact symmetry of any interactions.
T : Time Reversal
Tψ( r , t ) = ψ*( r , -t )
• The consequences are :
The mass and lifetime of particle & the
corresponding anti-particle are same.
The magnetic moment of particle & the
corresponding anti-particle is same but opposite in
sign.

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 Neutral Kaon System

K 0 (ds) and K0 (ds) : Pseudoscalar mesons

Assuming K 1 and K 2 : eigenstates of CP

K 1  1 2 K 0
 K 0

K 2  1 2 K 0
 K 0

CP K 1 = K 1 & CP K 2 =— K 2

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 Assuming CP to be a good symmetry of nature,
K1 2
K2 3

According to Cronin & Fitch experiment

K 1 & K 2 are not exact CP eigenstates .
The expected particle states are:

K L 
1
 K 1  K 2 
1  | | 2

K S 
1
K 1   K 2 
1  | | 2

 : CP violation parameter
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 Cabbibo Matrix
Cabbibo favored transitions
→Vertex factor multiplied by CosC
Cabbibo suppressed transition
→Vertex factor mul plied by SinC
The down & strange quark could decay into up quark.
The Cabbibo rotated state using C

d’ = Cos C Sin C d
S’ -Sin C Cos C S

C is the Cabbibo angle

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 Third Generations of quarks & CKM Matrix

d’ Vud Vus Vub d

s’ = Vcd Vcs Vcb s
b’ Vtd Vts Vtb b

= 0.975
0.221
0.221
0.974
0.005
0.04
d
s
0.01 0.041 0.999 b

• Digonal elements are nearly equal to 1

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 Parameterization of CKM Matrix

•Fully defined by four independent parameters i.e.

three Euler angle (Ѳ1,Ѳ2,Ѳ3) and one phase angle(δ)
• Phase angle δ introduces the possibility of CP
violating amplitudes in the standard model
CKM Matrix is

C1 -S1C3 -S1S3

S1C2 C1C2C3-S2S3 eiδ C1C2S3+S2C3eiδ

S1S2 C1S2C3+C2S3eiδ C1S2S3-C2C3eiδ

Where Ci=cosѲi , (i=1,2,3)

Si=sinѲi , (i=1,2,3) 11
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 •In Wolfenstein parameterization of VCKM

•Complex phase in the above matrix causes CP

violation
If η= 0 → No CP viola on.
•The CP violation can be determined by
measuring ρ-iη

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 Conclusion

• CP violation observed in K meson system is very small.

• Amplitude of CP violation in B meson is much lager than K
meson system
• So, we looked forward to KEK B factory for measuring the
above violation.
• It plays an important role to explain the dominance of matter
over antimatter in universe.

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THANK YOU