ENVE2061

Basic Fluid Mechanics

Elif Soyer
Fall 2022, Marmara University
Total Energy Losses
Total Energy Losses

ℎ𝐿 = ℎ𝐿 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 + ℎ𝐿 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟

Minor head losses due

to valves and fittings
Head loss due to friction
Darcy-Weisbach Eqn
Hazen-Williams Eqn
Manning Eqn
 Mott, R.L., Untener, J.A. (2016) Applied Fluid
Mechanics, 7th Ed. Pearson

Problem
A liquid refrigerant flows through the system, shown in figure, at the rate of 1.70 L/min. The refrigerant has a specific
gravity of 1.25 and a dynamic viscosity of 3x10-4 Pa.s (kg/m/s). Calculate the pressure difference between points A and B.
The hydraulic tube is drawn steel, with an outside diameter (OD) of 15 mm, a wall thickness of 1.5 mm, and a total length
of 30 m.
 𝑳𝒆
𝑲= 𝒇𝑻
𝑫
 𝒇 𝒇𝑻
Friction head loss  find f (friction factor) Minor head loss  find fT (friction factor in
the complete turbulence region)

𝑉2 𝑳𝒆
ℎ𝐿 = 𝐾 𝑲=
𝑫 𝑻
𝒇
2𝑔

𝐿 𝑉2
ℎ𝐿 = 𝒇
𝐷 2𝑔
 Read f from the intersection Select the curve D/ε = 8000
f=0.029

Draw a line for Re = 1.25 x 104

Read fT Select the curve D/ε = 8000
=0.0122
from general energy equation:
 Houghtalen, R.J., Akan, O.A., Hwang, N.H.C. (2017) Fundamentals
of Hydraulic Engineering Systems, 5th Ed. Pearson

Problem
An oil flow rate of 0.012 m3/s is required in an industrial process. The flow system includes a pressure tank pushing the
oil through 200 m of new ductile iron pipe (15 cm diameter, square-edged entrance) to point 2 (atmospheric pressure) as
shown in figure. The surface of the fluid in the tank (point 1) is at elevation 100 m and the end of the pipe (point 2) is at
elevation 106 m. What air pressure will be needed over the fluid to produce a requisite flow?
SG of oil = 0.84, kinematic visc. = 2.03 x 10-6 m2/s, and roughness height = 0.00012 m
 Select the curve D/ε = 1250
Read f from the intersection
f=0.024

Draw a line for Re = 5.01 x 104

 Houghtalen, R.J., Akan, O.A., Hwang, N.H.C. (2017) Fundamentals
Problem of Hydraulic Engineering Systems, 5th Ed. Pearson

A 34-m-high water tower supplies drinking water (20 oC) to a residential area with a 20-cm-diameter, 800-m-long
(horizontal) commercial steel pipe. To increase the pressure head at the delivery point, engineers are considering replacing
94% of the pipe length with a larger (30-cm-diameter) steel pipe and a 30o confusor (gradual size reduction) that connects
to remainder of the smaller pipe. If the peak water demand is 0.10 m3/s, determine the pressure head that would be
gained by this strategy.
 Houghtalen, R.J., Akan, O.A., Hwang, N.H.C. (2017) Fundamentals
Problem of Hydraulic Engineering Systems, 5th Ed. Pearson

A 34-m-high water tower supplies drinking water (20 oC) to a residential area with a 20-cm-diameter, 800-m-long
(horizontal) commercial steel pipe. To increase the pressure head at the delivery point, engineers are considering replacing
94% of the pipe length with a larger (30-cm-diameter) steel pipe and a 30o confusor (gradual size reduction) that connects
to remainder of the smaller pipe. If the peak water demand is 0.10 m3/s, determine the pressure head that would be
gained by this strategy.
 Select the curve D/ε = 4444

Read f from the intersection

f=0.0155

Draw a line for Re = 6.36 x 105

 Select the curve D/ε = 6667

Read f from the intersection

f=0.0155

Draw a line for Re = 4.23 x 105

Minor Losses – Gradual Contraction Data for Re > 1.0 x 105

𝑽2𝟐
ℎ𝐿 = 𝐾
2𝑔

K = 0.05 30o
Resistance Coefficient (K)
gradual contraction
D1/D2 = 30/20 = 1.5 Mott, R.L., Untener, J.A. (2016) Applied Fluid
Mechanics, 7th Ed. Pearson