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Cellular Comm-EC3036-Notes-Module-3&4-2022-7

Cellular Communication (Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology)

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Frequency Hopped Spread Spectrum (FH-SS)

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Frequency Hopped Spread Spectrum (FH-SS)

If the rate of change of the carrier frequency is greater than
the symbol rate then the system is referred to as a fast
frequency hopping system.

q If the channel changes at a rate less than or equal to the

symbol rate, it is called slow frequency hopping system.

qSlow hopping systems are typically cheaper and have

relax ed to le ranc es , b u t t hey are n ot as immun e to
narrowband interference as fast hopping systems. Slow
frequency hopping is an option for GSM.

qF a s t h o p p i n g s y s t e m s a r e m o r e c o m p l e x t o
implement because the transmitter and receiver have to
stay synchronized within smaller tolerances to perform
hopping at more or less the same points in time. However,
these systems are much better at overcoming the
effects of narrowband interference and frequency
selective fading as they only stick to one frequency for
a very short time.

qAnother example of FH-SS is Bluetooth.

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Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FH-SS) System Model

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Comparison Between DS-SS and FH-SS

FHSS DSSS
Multiple frequencies are used Single frequency is used

Hard to find the user’s frequency at any instant of time User frequency, once allotted is always the same

Frequency reuse is allowed Frequency reuse is not allowed

Sender has to wait if the spectrum is busy
Sender need not wait

Power strength of the signal is high Power strength of the signal is low
Stronger and penetrates through the obstacles It is weaker compared to FHSS
It is never affected by interference It can be affected by interference

It is cheaper It is expensive
This is the commonly used technique This technique is not frequently used

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Groupe Special Mobile (GSM)/ Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)

qA second generation fully digital system, the groupe spéciale mobile (GSM) was founded in 1982. This
system was soon named the global system for mobile communications (GSM).

qSecond generation wireless systems employ digital modulation and advanced call processing capabilities.
Examples of second generation wireless systems include the Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM).

qGSM is the most successful digital mobile telecommunication system in the world.

qGSM has initially been deployed in Europe using 890–915 MHz for uplinks and 935–960 MHz for downlinks –
this system is now also called GSM 900 to distinguish it from the later versions.

qThese later versions comprise GSM at 1800 MHz (1710–1785 MHz uplink, 1805–1880 MHz downlink), also
called DCS (digital cellular system) 1800, and the GSM system mainly used in the US at 1900 MHz (1850–1910
MHz uplink, 1930–1990 MHz downlink), also called PCS (personal communications service) 1900.

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Groupe Special Mobile (GSM)/ Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)

qGSM mainly focuses on voice-oriented telephone services. These comprise encrypted voice transmission,
message services, and basic data communication with terminals as known from the PSTN or ISDN (e.g., fax).

•However, as the main service is telephony, the primary goal of GSM was the provision of high-quality
digital voice transmission, offering at least the typical bandwidth of 3.1 kHz of analog phone systems.

qSpecial codecs (coder/decoder) are used for voice transmission, while other codecs are used for the
transmission of analog data for communication with traditional computer modems used in, e.g., fax machines.

qA useful service for very simple message transfer is the short message service (SMS), which offers
transmission of messages of up to 160 characters.

•SMS messages do not use the standard data channels of GSM but exploit unused capacity in the signaling
channels. Sending and receiving of SMS is possible during data or voice transmission.

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GSM Architecture

qAs with all systems in the telecommunication area,

GSM comes with a complex system architecture
comprising many entities, interfaces, and acronyms.

qA GSM system consists of three subsystems, the

radio sub system (RSS), the network and
switching subsystem (NSS), and the operation
subsystem (OSS).

qFigure gives a simplified overview of the GSM

system.

HLR-Home Location Register VLR-Visitor Location Register ISDN-Integrated Services Digital Network BSS-Base Station Subsystem
BTS-Base Transceiver Station BSC-Base Station Controller MS-Mobile Station MSC-Mobile Switching Centre GMSC-Gateway MSC
OMC-Operation & Maintenance Centre EIR-Equipment Identity Register AUC-Authentication Centre IWF-Interworking Functions
PDN-Public Data Networks PSTN-Public Switched Telephone Network

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