03 Lecture06-10 Motion Straight Line

1430115 Physics 1
Chapter 2: Motion Along a straight line

Dr. Hamdan Hamdan
Petroleum Geosciences & Remote Sensing
Based on Lectures Notes from Dr Antonios Manousakis
College of Sciences
Petroleum Geosciences & Remote Sensing 1
CHAPTER 3: MOTION ALONG A STRAIGHT LINE
Summary of Unit 3
➢ Position, Displacement and Average
➢ Instantaneous Velocity and Speed
➢ Acceleration
➢ Constant Acceleration
➢ Free Fall Acceleration
➢ Graphical Integration in Motion Analysis
Source: https://kitabcd.org/
College of Sciences
1. Position, Displacement and Average Velocity
➢ Kinematics is the classification and comparison of motions
➢ For this chapter, we restrict motion in three ways:
• We consider motion along a straight line only
• We discuss only the motion itself, not the forces that cause it
• We consider the moving object to be a particle
➢ A particle is either:
• A point-like object (such as an electron)
• Or an object that moves such that each part travels in the same direction at the same rate (no rotation
or stretching)
College of Sciences © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights
Petroleum Geosciences & Remote Sensing reserved. 3
➢ Position is measured relative to a reference point:
• The origin, or zero point, of an axis
➢ Position has a sign:
• Positive direction is in the direction of increasing numbers
• Negative direction is opposite the positive
➢ A change in position is called displacement
• ∆x is the change in x, (final position) – (initial position)
➢ Examples A particle moves . . .

• From x = 5 m to x = 12 m: ∆x = 7 m (positive direction)
• From x = 5 m to x = 1 m: ∆x = -4 m (negative direction)
• From x = 5 m to x = 200 m to x = 5 m: ∆x = 0 m
• The actual distance covered is irrelevant
➢ Displacement is therefore a vector quantity
• Direction: along a single axis, given by sign (+ or -)
• Magnitude: length or distance, in this case meters or feet
• Ignoring sign, we get its magnitude (absolute value)
• The magnitude of ∆x = -4 m is 4 m.
Answer:
(a) pairs (b) and (c)
(b) -7 m – -3 m = -4 m (c) -3 m – 7 m = -10 m
➢ X(t) represents a function x of t
➢ Average velocity is the ratio of:
• A displacement, ∆x
• To the time interval in which the displacement occurred, ∆t
• Average velocity has units of (distance) / (time)
• Meters per second, m/s
➢ On a graph of x vs. t, the average velocity is the slope
of the straight line that connects two points
➢ Average velocity is therefore a vector quantity
• Positive slope means positive average velocity
• Negative slope means negative average velocity
➢ Average speed:
• A different way of describing how fast a particle moves
• Involves the total distance covered
• To the time interval in which the distance was covered, ∆t
• Average speed is always positive (no direction)
➢ Example
• Example A particle moves from x = 3 m to x = -3 m in 2 seconds.
➢ Example 1
➢ Answer
➢ Example 1
➢ Answer
College of Sciences
➢ Example 1
➢ Answer
➢ Example 1
➢ Answer
➢ Example 2
The World’s Fastest Jet-Engine Car
Andy Green in the car Thrust SSC set a world record of 341.1 m/s in
1997. To establish such a record, the driver makes two runs through
the course, one in each direction, to nullify wind effects. From the
data, determine the average velocity for each run.
➢ Answer

 x + 1609 m
v= = = +339.5 m s
t 4.740 s

 x − 1609 m
v= = = −342.7 m s
t 4.695 s
2. Instantaneous Velocity and Speed
Instantaneous velocity, or just velocity, v, is:
➢ At a single moment in time
➢ Obtained from average velocity by shrinking Δt
➢ The slope of the position –time curve for a particle at an instant ( the derivative of
position)
➢ A vector quantity with units (distance) / (time)
➢ The sign of the velocity represents its direction
Source: https://byjus.com/physics/
➢ The graph shows the position and velocity of an
elevator cab over time.
➢ The slope of x(t), and so also the velocity v, is zero
from 0 to 1 s, and from 9s on.
➢ During the interval bc, the slope is constant and
nonzero, so the cab moves with constant velocity (4
m/s).
➢ Speed is the magnitude of (instantaneous) velocity
Example A velocity of 5 m/s and -5 m/s both have an associated speed of 5 m/s.
Answer:
(a) Situations 1 and 4 (zero)
(b) Situations 2 and 3
3. Acceleration
➢ The notion of acceleration emerges when a change in velocity is combined with
the time during which the change occurs.
3. Acceleration
DEFINITION OF AVERAGE ACCELERATION
  
 v − v o v
a= =
t − to t
3. Acceleration
➢ Example 1: Determine the average acceleration of the plane below
 
v = 260 km h vo = 0 m s
to = 0 s
t = 29 s
➢ Answer:
 
 v − v o 260 km h − 0 km h km h
a= = = +9.0
t − to 29 s − 0 s s
3. Acceleration
➢ Example 1:
3. Acceleration
➢ Example 2: Determine the average acceleration of
the car in the picture

v o = 28 m s 𝐯 = 13 mΤs
to = 9 s t = 12 s
➢ Answer:
 
 v − v o 13 m s − 28 m s
a= = = −5.0 m s 2
t − to 12 s − 9 s
3. Acceleration
➢ Example 2:
3. Acceleration
➢ Average acceleration over a time interval Δt is
➢ Instantaneous acceleration or just acceleration, a, for a single moment in time is:

Slope of velocity Vs time graph
3. Acceleration
➢ Combining the velocity and acceleration equations.
➢ Acceleration is a vector quantity:

• Positive sign means in the positive coordinate direction
• Negative sign means the opposite
• Units of (distance) / (time squared)
3. Acceleration
➢ If a car with velocity v = -25 m/s is braked to a stop in 5.0 s, then a = + 5.0 m/s2.
➢ Acceleration is positive, but speed has decreased.
Answer:
(a) + (c) -
(b) - (d) +
3. Acceleration
➢ The graph shows the velocity and acceleration of an
elevator cab over time.
➢ When acceleration is 0 (e.g. interval bc) velocity is
constant.
➢ When acceleration is positive (ab) upward velocity
increases.
➢ When acceleration is negative (cd) upward velocity
decreases.
➢ Steeper slope of the velocity-time graph indicates a larger
magnitude of acceleration: the cab stops in half the time it
takes to get up to speed.
3. Acceleration
➢ Example 3:
➢ Answer:
3. Acceleration
➢ Example 3:
➢ Answer:
3. Acceleration
➢ Example 3:
➢ Answer:
4. Constant Acceleration
➢ In many cases acceleration is constant, or nearly so.
➢ For these cases, 5 special equations can be used.
➢ Note that constant acceleration means a velocity with a
constant slope, and a position with varying slope
(unless a = 0).
   
 x − xo  v − vo
v= a=
t − to t − to
➢ It is customary to dispense with the use of boldface
symbols overdrawn with arrows for the displacement,
velocity, and acceleration vectors. We will, however,
continue to convey the directions with a plus or minus
sign.
x − xo v − vo
v= a=
t − to t − to
Five kinematic variables:
1. displacement, x: (x-x0)
2. acceleration (constant), a
3. final velocity (at time t), v
4. initial velocity, v0
5. elapsed time, t : (t-t0)
First Basic Equation
v = vo + at
v − vo v − vo
a= a= at = v − vo v = vo + at
t − to t
First Basic Equation
➢ When the acceleration is constant, the average and instantaneous

accelerations are equal
Second Basic Equation
x = vt = 1
2
(vo + v ) t
➢ Let the object be at the origin when the clock starts.
xo = 0 to = 0
v=
x − xo v=
x x = vt = 1
2
(vo + v ) t
t − to t
x-x0 = ½ (v0 + v) t
Third Basic Equation
xo = 0 to = 0
v = vo + at x= 1
2
(vo + v ) t = (vo + vo + at )t
1
2
x-x0 = v0t + ½ at2 x = vot + at 1

2
2
➢ Example 1 : Calculate the distance covered by the boat shown in the figure below
V0 = +6.0 m/s
a = +2.0 m/s2
t= 8.0 s
➢ Answer 1
x = vot + 12 at 2
( )
= (6.0 m s )(8.0 s ) + 12 2.0 m s 2 (8.0 s )
2
= +110 m
Fourth Basic Equation
xo = 0 to = 0
x = vt - ½ at2
x-x0 = vt - ½ at2
Fifth Basic Equation
v − vo v − vo
a= t=
t a
x = 2 (vo + v ) t = 2 (vo + v )
1 1
(v − vo ) x=
v −v 2 2
o
a 2a
v2= v02 + 2a(x-x0) v = v + 2ax

2 2
o
Basic Equation
➢ Example 2 : Calculate Find the displacement of the catapulting shown in the figure
below
V0 = 0 m/s
a = +31 m/s2
V= +62 m/s2
Reasoning Strategy
➢ Read the problem carefully.
➢ Make a drawing.
➢ Decide which directions are to be called positive (+) and negative (-).
➢ Write down the values that are given for any of the five kinematic variables.
➢ Verify that the information contains values for at least three of the five
kinematic variables. Select the appropriate equation.
➢ When the motion is divided into segments, remember that the final velocity of
one segment is the initial velocity for the next.
➢ Check your answer using common sense and estimates
➢ Keep in mind that there may be two possible answers to a kinematics problem.
➢ Example 2 : Calculate Find the displacement of the catapulting shown in the figure
below
V0 = 0 m/s
a = +31 m/s2
V= +62 m/s2
X=??
➢ Answer
Step 1: find t
v=v0 +at Step 2: find x
62 m/s = 0 m/s + 31 m/s2 t s x= ½ (v0 + v)t
therefore t = 2 s X m = ½ (0 m/s + 62 m/s ) 2 s
therefore x = 62 m
➢ Example 3 : An accelerating aircraft
A spacecraft is traveling with a velocity of +3250 m/s. Suddenly
the retrorockets are fired, and the spacecraft begins to slow down
with an acceleration whose magnitude is 10.0 m/s2. What is the
velocity of the spacecraft when the displacement of the craft is
+215 km, relative to the point where the retrorockets began
firing?
➢ Answer
x a v vo t
+215000 m -10.0 m/s2 ? +3250 m/s
➢ Answer
x a v vo t
+215000 m -10.0 m/s2 ? +3250 m/s
v = v + 2ax
2 2
o v = vo2 + 2ax
v= (3250 m s)2 − 2(10.0 m s2 )(215000 m )

= 2500 m s
Exercises
➢ Example 1:
➢ Answer:
➢ Example 1:
➢ Answer:
➢ Example 1:
➢ Answer:
➢ Example 4 :
➢ Answer
➢ Answer
➢ Answer
➢ Example 5 :
➢ Answer
➢ Answer
➢ Answer
➢ Answer
➢ Example 7 :
➢ Answer
Answer:
(e) matches with (a)
(d) matches with (b)
(f) matches with (c)
5. Free Fall Acceleration
➢ In the absence of air resistance, it is found that all bodies
at the same location above the Earth fall vertically with
the same acceleration.
➢ If the distance of the fall is small compared to the radius
of the Earth, then the acceleration remains essentially
constant throughout the descent.
Source:
https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/1DKin/Le
sson-5/Acceleration-of-Gravity
➢ This idealized motion is called free-fall and the
acceleration of a freely falling body is called the
acceleration due to gravity.
➢ The free-fall acceleration is downward (-y direction) g = 9.80 m s 2
g = 9.80 m s 2
or 32 .2 ft s 2
Answer:
(a) The sign is positive (the ball moves upward); (b) The sign is negative (the ball
moves downward); (c) The ball's acceleration is always -9.8 m/s2 at all
points along its trajectory
➢ Example 1 : Falling stone
A stone is dropped from the top of a tall building. After
3.00s of free fall, what is the displacement y of the
stone?
➢ Answer
y a v vo t
? -9.80 m/s2 0 m/s 3.00 s
➢ Answer
y a v vo t
? -9.80 m/s2 0 m/s 3.00 s
y = vot + 12 at 2
(
= (0 m s )(3.00 s ) + 12 − 9.80 m s 2 (3.00 s )) 2
= −44.1 m
➢ Example 2 : How high does it go
The referee tosses the coin up with an initial speed of
5.00m/s. In the absence if air resistance, how high does
the coin go above its point of release?
➢ Answer
y a v vo t
? -9.80 m/s2 0 m/s +5.00 m/s
➢ Answer
y a v vo t
? -9.80 m/s2 0 m/s +5.00 m/s
v −v 2 2
v = v + 2ay
2 2
o
y= o
2a
y=
v −v
=
(0 m s ) − (5.00 m s )
2 2 2
= 1.28 m
2
( )
o
2a 2 − 9.80 m s 2
➢ Conceptual Example 2 : How high does it go
There are three parts to the motion of the coin.
➢ On the way up, the coin has a vector velocity that is directed
upward and has decreasing magnitude.
➢ At the top of its path, the coin momentarily has zero velocity.
➢ On the way down, the coin has downward-pointing velocity
with an increasing magnitude
➢ In the absence of air resistance, does the acceleration of the
coin, like the velocity, change from one part to another?
➢ Conceptual Example 3 : Taking advantage of symmetry
Does the pellet in part b strike the ground beneath the cliff with a
smaller, greater, or the same speed as the pellet in part a?
➢ Answer
The same
Exercises
➢ Exercise 1: Time for full up-down flight, baseball toss
➢ Answer:
Once the ball leaves the pitcher and before it returns to his hand, its
acceleration is the free-fall acceleration a = -g.
The velocity v at the maximum height must be 0.
➢ Answer:
y a v vo T
-9.80 m/s2 0 m/s +12.0 m/s ?
➢ Answer:
y a v vo T
? -9.80 m/s2 0 m/s +12.0 m/s 1.2s
➢ Answer:
y a v vo T
5 -9.80 m/s2 +12.0 m/s ?
➢ Exercise 2: Not a bad throw for a rookie
A ball i thrown from the top of a building , with an initial velocity of

20.0 m/s straight upward, at an initial height of 50.0 m above the
ground. Th ball just missed the edge of the roof as shown in the
Figure to the right. Determine
a) the time needed for the ball to reach its maximum Hight.
b) the maximum height,
c) the time needed for the ball to return t the height from which
it was thrown and the velocity of the ball at that instant,
d) the time needed for the ball to reach the ground
e) the velocity and position of the ball at t = 5.00 . neglect air
drag.
➢ Answer: Not a bad throw for a rookie
➢ Exercise 3: A rocket goes ballistic
A rocket moves straight upward, starting from rest with

an acceleration of +29.4 m/s2. It run out of fuel at the
end of 4.00s and continues to cost upward, reaching a
maximum height before falling back to Earth.
a) Find the rocket velocity, and position at the end
of 4.00s
b) Find the maximum height the rocket reaches
c) Find the velocity the instant before the rocket
crashes on the ground.
➢ Answer 3: A rocket goes ballistic
➢ Answer 3: A rocket goes ballistic
6. Graphical Integration in Motion Analysis
➢ Determine a particle's change in position by graphical integration on a graph of
velocity versus time.
➢ Example 1 :
➢ Answer
➢ 1 and 2 velocity increases 8 units
➢ 3 velocity increases 7 units
➢ Example 2:
➢ Example 2:
➢ Example 2:
➢ The graph shows the acceleration of a person's
head and torso in a whiplash incident.
➢ To calculate the torso speed at t = 0.110 s
(assuming an initial speed of 0), find the area
under the pink curve:
➢ Answer:
➢ area A = 0
➢ area B = 0.5 (0.060 s) (50 m/s2) = 1.5 m/s
➢ area C = (0.010 s) (50 m/s2) = 0.50 m/s
➢ total area = 2.0 m/s
➢ Example 3 :
➢ Find the total change of the particle’s velocity described in the graph
➢ Example 3 :
➢ Total area of: A1 +A2+A3

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1430115 Physics 1

Chapter 2: Motion Along a straight line

➢ Examples A particle moves . . .

DEFINITION OF AVERAGE ACCELERATION

➢ Instantaneous acceleration or just acceleration, a, for a single moment in time is:

➢ Acceleration is a vector quantity:

3. final velocity (at time t), v

5. elapsed time, t : (t-t0)

➢ When the acceleration is constant, the average and instantaneous

➢ Let the object be at the origin when the clock starts.

x-x0 = v0t + ½ at2 x = vot + at 1

➢ Let the object be at the origin when the clock starts.

v2= v02 + 2a(x-x0) v = v + 2ax

+215000 m -10.0 m/s2 ? +3250 m/s

v= (3250 m s)2 − 2(10.0 m s2 )(215000 m )

? -9.80 m/s2 0 m/s 3.00 s

? -9.80 m/s2 0 m/s 3.00 s

? -9.80 m/s2 0 m/s +5.00 m/s

? -9.80 m/s2 0 m/s +5.00 m/s

-9.80 m/s2 0 m/s +12.0 m/s ?

? -9.80 m/s2 0 m/s +12.0 m/s 1.2s

5 -9.80 m/s2 +12.0 m/s ?

A ball i thrown from the top of a building , with an initial velocity of

A rocket moves straight upward, starting from rest with

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