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Land Use Zoning for Industrial Use Based on

Geohazard Assessment
Article · January 2006
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Samar State University
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Land Use Zoning for Industrial Use

Based on Geohazard
Assessment
___________________________________________________________
Abstract:
The study aims to generate a land-use map to locate the most

appropriate area in Catbalogan, Samar for the industry to thrive with
less threat against geohazard like landslide, flooding, storm surge etc.
The study also provided some important information about how to
reduce risk from geohazard phenomena. Record shows that Eastern
Visayas region specifically Catbalogan, Sa mar is a calamity stricken
town. It experienced in the past landslides, storm surges, tropical
cyclones, earthquakes, drought, and floods. The current land use
zoning established by the local govern ment of Catbalogan have not
considered geologic hazards in their planning. Based on the data
gathered, the most suitable area for industrial purpos es considering
accessibility, geologic hazards, and population density are
baranggays Old Mahayag, New Mahayag, Iguid, Silangga, Popua,
San Vecente and Pangdan.
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Introduction
Based on published PAGASA records

(www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph: 2005) around 20 tropical cyclone per year
enters th e Philippine area of responsibility and an average of about 9
tropical cyclones crosses the archipelago. The same website listed 27
most destructive tropical typhoons from 1948 to 2000, 21 of these
typhoons directly hit Eastern Visayas Region and 8 have landed
Samar Island.
The Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB) published a map

in its website (http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph: 2005) showing a
lineament (Cen tral Samar linea ment) passing Catbalaogan, Sa mar.
Maps coming from MGB indicated that certain part of Samar where
Catbalogan is found is expected to have intensity V earth quake. Last
May 30, 2006, PHIVOLCS recorded an intensity 4.2 earthquake in
Catbalogan, th e source comes from an unnamed fault in Northern
Samar.
The mega combination of high winds and rainfall made
typhoon good initiator of geologic hazards (geohazards) like storm
surge, floods, rainfall triggered mass wasting (landslide), and many
more. On the other hand, Samar is very close to major fault system
aside from the central Samar linea ment. Similar to tropical cyclones,
earthquake can also trigger geohazards. Earthquakes in Eastern
Visayas Region continuously fracture rocks making the slopes of
Samar prone to mass wasting activities.
These natural phenomena are there to stay but its impact can
be minimized if structures are built strong enough to withstand the
forces of nature and their after effects. The best way to avoid
geohazard is for us to stay away on areas that are prone to these
phenomena but how would they know? Govern ment must strive
hard to control development in geo-hazardous areas. Some of the
geohazards are magnified due to human activities like over
development.
One major reason why Sa mar is still poor even though it has
abundant natural and human resources is because of th e lack of
thriving industries. In vestors are threatened by the insurgency and
calamities that from time to time visit th e locality. Insurgency is
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currently being answered by the military while the impact of

geohazard is taken lightly by the local govern ment units, acting only
after a tragic disaster had occurred.
Land use zoning is one way of controlling the impact of

geohazards. The establishment of land use zoning considering
geohazards is very important to protec t not only the people and their
properties but to protect also the vital establishmen ts that serves the
locality. Essential facilities like hospitals, power plants and generators,
water suppliers, stores, schools, fire departmen t, and oth er
government offices, and many more needed to be situated on areas
with low geohazard risk for these
offices/esta blishments/organizations are the ones who will serve
those stricken by the disaster. On th e other hand the industry and
other commercial establishments must also be protected against such
hazards for they are th e prime mover of the local economy. After
every calamity, local industries should be able to operate immediately
so that the economy will start rolling again and help normalize the
situation.
Objectives
The main objective of this study was to gen erate land-use

map to locate the most appropriate area in Catbalogan, Samar for the
industry to thrive with less threat against geohazard like landslide,
flooding, storm surge etc. The study also provided some important
information about how to reduce risk from geohazard phenomena;
specifically it sought to answer the following objectives;
Develop a list of all natural geohazards that have occurred or
could occur in the Eastern Visayas Region specifically
in Catbalogan, Samar.
Determine the profile of Catbalogan in terms of
2.1 Current land use, 2.2 Demographics, 2.3
Topography, 2.4 Geology, 2.5 Climate and Hydrology,
2.6 Current Land Use.
Develop maps showing the identified geohazards
Develop land use zoning considering the identified
geohazards.
Enumerate strategies to reduce risks of geohazards.
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Methodology
The study is descriptive and an applied type of research that

used field investigation, geotechnical, and documentary analyses.
Phase I – Identification of geohazards that have occurred and
could possibly occur in the Eastern Visayas Region specifically in
Catbalogan, Sa mar. This was performed through structured and
unstructured interview from local residents, and industry managers.
Review of available data from PHIVOLCS, PAGASA, LGU, oth er
governmental and non governmental offices in Catbalogan.
Phase II – Data Gathering from government offices about the
profile of Eastern Visayas specifically of Catbalogan, Sa mar. These
data includes the geographical characteristic of the study area
including geologic information like hydrology, climate, etc.
Demographics including current land use of Ca tbalogan were also
established.
Phase III – Compilation and development of Geohazard
Maps and Land Use Zoning Map. Th e a vailable information gathered
in phase II were transformed into geographic maps. The proposed
Land Use Zoning Map was developed in consideration of the
developed/gathered Geohazard Maps. AutoMap were used to map
out geohazardous areas.
Phase IV – Enumeration of Possible Hazard Control. The
strategies to reduce risk considering s tructural and geotechnical
engineering methodologies were used to come-up a list of possible
control strategies.
Results and Discussion
1. List of Geologic Hazards Experience d in the Eastern Visayas

Region
Based on the interviews conducted and the documentary
analysis made, Eastern Visayas especially Catbalogan experienced
already drought, earthquakes, summer heat, flooding, landslides,
storm surge, coastal and stream bank erosion, and tropical cyclones.
Of all these geohazards, tropical cyclones proved to be the most
destructive. Th e strong winds and the heavy precipitation induced
storm surges, flooding and mass wasting activities. Unfortunately
data about the loss of life and properties in Catbalogan alone due to
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the identified geohazard is nil.
2. Profile of Catbalogan, Samar.
Current Land Use in Catbalogan: Catbalogan has a total of 22,

857.44 hectares of land area, in which 443 hectares or 1.94% is
considered urban area. Of the 1.94%, 0.76% or 173 hectares is used for
residential purposes, 0.26% or 60 h ectares is used for institutional
purposes, 0.11% or 24 hectares is used for commercial and industrial
purposes, 0.20% or 46 hectares is used as park and other open spa ces,
around 0.3% or 69 hectares are for structures like roads, ports and
bridges and other us es which is about 0.31% or 71 hectares. On the
other hand, rural areas constitute about 98.06% of the total land area.
Of the 98.06% rural areas, residential areas total to 190 hectares or
about 0.83%, Institutional areas is 24 hectares or about 0.10%,
commercial areas total to about 10 hectares or about 0.04%, natural
water ways occupy a total of 18 hectares or about 0.08, grass land is
about 720 hectares or 3.15%, swa mps constitutes about 18 hectares or
0.08%, water shed is about 19085 hectares or about 83.49% and oth er
uses which is about 0.21% or 49 hectares.
Figure 1: Current Land Use Zoning of Catbalogan Samar
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Only 24 of the 22, 857.44 hectares or 11% are devoted to

commercial establishments and industrial use. The only major stable
industry present in Catbalogan, Samar is the fishing Industry most of
which is located in Brgy. Guinsurungan and the rest is scattered all
throughout the coastal baranggays of Catbalogan, supplying the big
fish dealers in downtown
Figure 2. Catbalogan Population Density Map in the year 2030
Catbalogan Demographics: Catbalogan’s current population

is around 84,180 in 2000 and is projected to be 138,7 63 at the end of
year 2030. Residents in Barangay Canlapwas, Mercedes and Maulong
will reach to about 15013, 13646 and 8219 respectively in the year 2030.
Catbalogan’s current population density is estimated at 698 people
per square kilometer and is expect ed to reach 1150 person per square
kilometer. Downtown area has a projected density of 16,055 people
per square kilometer. The island of Darahuway Guti will reach to
9876, Ibol with 9231, Guinsorongan with 6108 and Mercedes with
4998 person per square kilo meters. On the otherhand barangay
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Manguihay poses density of 21, Totoringon with 40, and Libas with
61 square kilometers. In the year 2030, an additional 10426 new
residential units will be required or about 59 hectares of new
residential floor areas.
Catbalogan population density is concentrated in the

downtown area and barangays surrounding downtown area. Most of
the fish dealers of Catbalogan are situated in Baranggay
Guinsorongan, and Bunuanan, one of the crowded places in
Catbalogan. The crowded condition of these baranggay is worsen due
to the presence of the fish processing and fish dealing companies. In
most cases some of these companies are already operating along
sidewalk and along road side for there work areas are very limited.
Figure 3: 3D Topography of Catbalogan
Catbalogan’s Topography: The highest elevation of th e study

area is around 425 m. There are about 15.43% with slope range from
0-3 degrees, 18.80% with 8-18 slopes, 3.18% with 18-30 o slopes, 31.96
with 30-50 slopes, and 30.63% with more than 50 o slopes.
Most of Catbaloganon and all of its commercial

establishments including some of its small scale industries are
situated along sea coast and in down town area where in the slope
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range from 0-3%. Some of them thrive on slopes or on th e foot of the

slope greater than 30 or even 50 degree slopes.
Figure 4: Slope Map of Catbalogan (BSWM)
Catbalogan’s Geology: Catbalogan geology is

characterized by faults located at around 1 mile southwest from
downtown Catbalogan, a tectonic plate boundary 92.9 miles
east of Catbalogan, and 42 miles from the Philippine fault
system. According to PHVOLCS an earthquake of magnitude
6.8 was experienced in the year 1968 somewhere in Jiabong
Samar, and adjacent town to Catbalogan, and recently an
earthquake of magnitude 4.2 was felt in Catbalogan last May 30,
2006. Region VIII experienced 88 earthquakes at varying
magnitude in 1984, 28 in 1985, 18 in 1986, 22 in 1987, 19 in 1988,
8 in 1989 and 29 in 1990. Catbalogan’s geomorphology
constitutes 28% sandstone/shale hills, 52% limestone hills, 7%
coastal planes, 7% minor alluvial planes, and 6% meta-
sedimentary hills. Catbalogan lithology is mostly layered shale
and some limestone and little igneous rock deposits with very
thin top soil. Three study areas proved to be more than 20
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layers of thin shale layers most of which are fractured heavily.

Strength characteristics of the sites observed are the following;
strongest layers cohesion ranges from 44 to 20 KPa, and 20 to 15
KPa for the weak layers. Almost all possesses low plasticity
indexes and angle of internal friction ranges from 26 to 86
degrees. Soil type varies from place to place and lithology
compositions are mostly shale/sandstone type of rocks in the
northern barangays and limestone in the southern part of
Catbalogan.
Figure 5: Geological/Geomorphological Map

of Catbalogan (BSWM)
The presence of lineaments and fracture zones in

Catbalogan including its closeness to the major fault system in
the country causes fracturing of rocks. A fractured rock-
however strong it may be, will easily collapse specifically if its
natural condition is altered. As seen on figure 5 below, 28% of
Catbalogan is made up of shale. Shale is one of the weakest
layers in strata of rocks. It is expected to have significant
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strength loss if fully saturated as expected in a quasi-brittle

material the adhesion between even two layers of shale is very
weak making it as one of the possible landslide surface plane in
block slide type of failure.
Average Yearly Rain

400
350
Rainfall/yaer (mm).
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Year
Monthly Rainfall in the Province of Samar 1991

1000 1992
900 1993
800 1994
700 1995
Rainfall/month
600 1996
500 1997
1998
400
1999
300
2000
200
2001
100
2002
0 2003
Jan
Feb
March
April
May
June
July
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec
2004
Figure 6. Rainfall Intensity in Catbalogan, Samar
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Catbalogan Climate and Hydrology : Yearly precipitation of

the study area is 2672.4 mm in 1991, 1866.1 mm in 1992, 2154.6 mm in
1993, 2745.1 mm in 1994, 3135.5 mm in 1995, 2924.6 mm in 1996, 2024
mm in 1997, 2154.1 in 1998, 3352 mm in 1999, 4046.5 mm in th e year
2000, 3132.5mm in the year 2001, 2535.3 mm in th e 2002, 2577.9 mm in
2003, and 2627.14 mm in 2004. For these 14 years observed, the
average rainfall was 2710.55 mm yearly or around 225.87 monthly.
Permeability of the study area is slow to moderately slow with an
average rate of less than 0.15 m per day and 0.15 to 0.50 m per day
respectively. Catbalogan’s drainage system is of the dendrictic type
with a total length of 150.31 kilometers.
Figure 7: Stream Order Map of Catbalogan, Samar
The study area has one major river, the Antiao River with
total length of about 1.6Km. The river is one source of risk especially
during heavy precipitation . The sudden increase of water in the river
due to excess rainfall can cause flooding. On the other hand, strong
current may force river banks to erode. This means that industries
must not be situated very close to the river. If cannot be a voided,
necessary structural solution must be incorporated in the design of
the building.
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The study area has one major river, the Antiao River with
total length of about 1.6Km. The river is one source of risk especially
during heavy precipitation . The sudden increase of water in the river
due to excess rainfall can cause flooding. On the other hand, strong
current may force river banks to erode. This means that industries
must not be situated very close to the river. If cannot be a voided,
necessary structural solution must be incorporated in the design of
the building.
Based on the graph below, th e Philippines is expected to have

at least 20 tropical cyclones every year with 9 cyclones hit land per
year. According to PAGASA, from 1948 to 2000, there were around 27
destructive tropical cyclones all of which had gustiness of more than
117 kph. About 21 of the 27 hit the Eastern Visayas Region and 8
passed directly Samar Island. Tropical cyclones carry with it strong
wind-pressure capable of destroying anything that runs against its
path. This means that buildings of any industry especially roofs must
be strong enough to withstand stron g wind pressure of the typhoon.
The precipitation that comes with typhoons is also damaging for it
contribute so much on flooding and mass wasting activities.
Figure 8. Annual Frequency of Tropical Cyclone in the Philippine

Area of Responsibility:1948-2004 (PAGASA)
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3. Geologic Hazard and Geohazard Maps

Tropical Cyclone Path. As stated a bove, the Philippines is
expected to have 20 tropical cyclones, 9 of which is expected to hit
land. Of the 27 destructive tropical cyclon es listed from 1948 -2000, 21
affected Samar while 8 directly hit Samar. Map shown on figure 9
illustrate the destructive tropical cyclone path for the month of
October from 1948-2000. These entire typhoon listed below have
significantly affected life in Catbalogan.
1. TY "Trix"
(17 to 22 Oct. 1952)
Casualties: 995 dead
Damages : PHP 88 M
2. TY "Sening"
(10 to 15 Oct. 1970)
Casualties: 768
Damages : PHP 460 M
3. TY "Saling"
(15 to 20 Oct. 1985)
Casualties: 101
Damages : PHP 2,132.9 M
4. TY "Unsang"
(21 to 26 Oct. 1988)
Casualties: 217
5. TY "Rosing"
Figure 9: Destructive Tropical Cyclone (30 Oct. - o4 Nov. 1995)
(PAGASA – October: 1948-2000) Casualties: 882
Erosion. Figure 10 illustrates the erosion poten tial of

Catbalogan. The soil tolerance against erosion is dependent on several
factors like slope steepness, soil erodability, slope length, cover and
support practices. These factors are used in computin g the a verage
annual soil loss per year. The erosion map is based on the R USLE
equation considering factors such as steepness of slope, slope length,
vegetation, soil erodability, rainfall erosivity, cover and management
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and erosion control practices. Severe erosion is expected in the study

area because its slopes are too steep. This implies that bedrock in the
study area which is primarily shale are already exposed to the
atmosphere further reducing the strength properties of this rocks.
Erosion. Figure 10 illustrates the erosion potential of

Catbalogan. The soil tolerance against erosion is dependent on several
factors like slope steepness, soil erodability, slope length, cover and
support practices. These factors are used in computin g the a verage
annual soil loss per year. The erosion map is based on the R USLE
equation considering factors such as steepness of slope, slope length,
vegetation, soil erodability, rainfall erosivity, cover and management
and erosion control practices. Severe erosion is expected in the study
area because its slopes are too steep. This implies that bedrock in the
study area which is primarily shale are already exposed to the
atmosphere further reducing the strength properties of this rocks.
Figure 10. Erosion Map of Catbalogan, Samar
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About 13.57% or about 1651 hectares in the study area has no

apparent erosion, 1.16% or about 140 hectares is with slight erosion,
5.25% or 638 hectares with moderate erosion, 79.25% or 9639 hectares
with severe erosion and 0.77% or 94 hectares with unclassified erosion.
Impact of erosion is not that severe, however the a fter ef fect of such
phenomenon like cloggin g of canals and other water ways may cause
flooding on low lying areas specifically downtown area.
Flooding. Flooding in Catbalogan is an after effect of high

precipitation (which is more or less evenly distributed all throughout
the year), clogged canals (due to improper waste disposal), and poor
drainage (due to size of canals and improper drainage design). For the
past 10 years, some of Catbalogan streets are always flooded during
heavy rains simply because of clogg ed canals. Catbalogan streets are
expected to be flooded after every 80 mm of rain in 2 hours. Figure 11
shows areas easily flooded due to high precipitation. Figure 12 also
illustrates areas susceptible to floods because of its elevation. These
are areas close to the only river in Catbalogan which is the Antiao
River stretching from Brgy. San Andress to Baranggay Salug
(upstrea m side) and Mercedes in the downstream side. Though tidal
wave is very remote from happening, map shown in figure 12 will
also show us possible areas which will be submerge in that unlikely
phenomenon
Figure 11. Flood Prone Areas in Downtown Catbalogan

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Figure 12. Flood Susceptible Areas in Catbalogan

(Areas with an elevation of 10 below)
Faults/Fractures and Earthquakes. Region VIII similar to the

rest of the Philippines is an earth quake prone area. All throughout the
years, th e region experiences earth movements at varying intensities,
most of which are not felt by the people. The Philippines is riding on
the Eurasian (tectonic) Plate and is very close to the Philippine
(tectonic) Plate making the region prone to earth shaking. The
Philippine fault system passes th rough the Island of Leyte making
it a very good source of earthquakes. Measured perpendicularly from
Catbalogan, the Philippine fault (west of Catbalogan) is
approximately 42 miles and the Philippine trench (east of
Catbalogan) is about 92.9 miles away. Aside from this fault, several
minor faults can also be found in the region . In Samar, several
fractures were noted by the PHILVOCS.
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Figure 13. Earthquake Seismicity (1984) and Location of Faults

and Fractures (PHIVOLCS)
As shown on figure 5 and figure 13, there are several joints

and a fault line located in the western part of Catbalogan. It is about 1
mile from down town Catbalogan and traversing parallel to Ma queda
at around N 47 o W. This fault system is not yet fully developed
making it a possible source of major earthquak e in th e distant future
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because of fault rupture. Major earth quakes are believed to be caused

by huge breakage of rocks due to clashing of plates. (Orense: 2004).
Earthquake can also be very destructive for building structures.
PHIVOLCS expects that Catbalogan and other part of western Sa mar
as shown on figure 13 will likely experience intensity 5 earthquake.
Earthquakes usually cause fractures in rock formation making

it more prone to landslide. Sometimes because of earth shaking, loose
soil and rocks are forced to move down slope. Usually during heavy
earthquakes, after effects such as tsunami and landside occurs. The
apparent earth shakings only tell us that Catbalogan’s crust is
constantly under stress and must have heavily fractured rock
formation. A heavily fractured rock formation is more prone to
landslide.
Knowledge where the fault is will help make the built

structure more stable. Buildings of the industry should never be built
directly above any fault or fracture zones.
Storm Surge. Storm surge in Catbalogan is less expected for it

has a natural harbour that filters th e wa ves from the open sea.
According to folks residing close to coast, they already have
experience an abnormal rise in sea level due to an intense storm.
During some intense storm, the sea level exceeds the normal elevation
by more than one meter, flooding those communities residing along
the coast. Storm surge is usually estimated by subtracting the normal
or astronomic high tide from the observed storm tide.
Precipita tion: Rain recharges underground aquifer, the

abundance of such means more a vailable underground water for
consumption. The only source of potable water in town is the one
supplied by Catbalogan Water District and th e available underground
water which can be extracted through the use of deep wells. This
means that rain is necessary to continuously supply water to the
community and specifically to the industry for they needs lots of
water in their operation . Low to no supply of water is a big no in
industrial operation. On the other hand excess precipitation will cause
ether flooding or mass wasting activities.
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Catbalogan belongs to type IV which means Rainfall is more

or less evenly distributed throughout the year. As shown on figure 15
rainfall in Catbalogan for two days had been too high (200-300 and
above) due to the passage of a tropical cyclone Melinyo when
monthly average is only 226 mm. The increase in rainfall caused
flooding of downtown streets, and increase in river water elevation.
According to the residents of Brgy. San Andres, river water swelled in
submerging many houses and killed some of their farm animals.
Figure 14. Rainfall Category Figure 15. Comulative Rainfal

Map. (PAGASA) during the passage of TY
Milenyo-September 25-29, 2006
(PAGASA)
Coastal and Stream/River Bank Erosion . Shown above are

potential areas for coastal erosion based on actual o bservation of the
coast and interviews conducted in th e coastal baranggays of
Catbalogan, Sa mar. Coastal characteristics like wa ve direction, type of
coastal structure which includes type of rock and ph ysical attributes
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of the coast were included in the determination of erosion potential.

(Geo Resources Virtual Fieldwork: http://www.georesources.co.uk)
Figure 16. Antiao River - Bank Erosion Hazard Index (BEHI)
According to th e AGLWA (http://www.rivers.gov.au)

streambank erosion often involves the loss of valuable a gricultural
and recreational land. As the banks collapse or erode into the strea m
and are washed away, sedimen t and nutrient loads increase and
water quality is reduced. Expensive infrastructure, such as roads,
bridges and buildings, may be threatened by accelerated strea mbank
erosion. On the other the coast is also threatened against erosion due
to the constant battering of the sea, primarily by the processes of
hydraulic action, corrasion, attrition, and corrosion. Buildings a nd
structures must be strong enough to withstand these forces. Below is
the stream erosion map showing potential erosion areas using the
method proposed by David L. Rosgen, P.H.
Landslide Susceptibility Map: In the determination of

landslide susceptibility map, Catbalogan was devided into 1 km x 1km
grids. Each grid was analyzed for landslide susceptibility using the
method proposed by Mora and Vharson (1994). And based on the
analysis, there are about 15 grids which are not susceptible to
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landslide, 33, 48, and 19 grids which are considered to have high
moderate, medium, and high landslide risk respectively and no grid
identified as low and very high susceptibility to landslides. Landslide
susceptibility is directly influenced by the slope, rainfall intensi ty,
type of rock and earthquake intensity. As Catbalogan, Sa mar
develops, more and more areas are occupied. There are lot of
establishments especially in Brgy. Ubanon and Buao in which have
altered natural slope in order for th em to expand without considering
or deliberately ignoring the apparent risk.
Figure 17. Coastal Erosion Potential
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Figure 18. Landslide Susceptibility Map
4. Proposed Land Use Map for Catbalogan Industry
The proposed Land Use Map was formulated considering all

the risk identified. Accessibility was also taken into consideration in
the design . Major consideration is the flooding and landslide
susceptibility. Earthquake, high winds due to tropical cyclone, high
rainfall intensity, extreme summer heat, and drought are hazards
beyond the control of human effort but their effect can be minimized
using proper engin eering analysis and design. Engineering structures
must be strong enough to withstand earthqua ke and high wind
pressure. Extreme summer heat and drought can be solved by proper
ventilation design or through the use of air-conditioning units while
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drought can be solved by considering groundwater extraction in the

confined aquifer level.
Figure 19 is the map showing different risk levels, ta king into

consideration all hazards but focusing much on floods and landslide
susceptibility. The s election of best area for industrial purposes made
use the following scoring.
Table 1. Variables used to Determine Lot Suitability
Landslide Hazard Flooding/tidal wave Fault/Fracture

Very high susceptibility – 0 Lot below sea level (SL) – 0 (F/F)
High susceptibility – 1 Lot between 0-1 from SL – 1 Lot directly
Medium susceptibility – 2 Lot between 1-2 from SL – 2 above F/F – 0
Moderate susceptibility – 3 Lot between 2-5 from SL – 3 Lot 1-50m
Low susceptibility – 4 Lot between 5-10 from SL – 4 away from F/F
Negligible to none - 5 Lot above 10 from SL – 5 –3
Lot is more
than 100 m
away from F/F
–5
Population Density Road Network/ accessesibility

10,000 people/m2 – 1 No road/needs huge investment – 1
7500 - 9999 people/m2 – 2 No road/ROI for road construction –feasible - 2
5000 - 7499 people /m2 – 3 Road available (earth, damage concrete/aphalt
2500 - 4999 people /m2 – 4 but passable) – 3
0 – 2500 people /m2 - 5 Road available ( concrete/aphalt-good condition
lot is further than 3 KM from air/sea port) - 4
Road available ( concrete/aphalt-good condition
less than 3KM from air/sea port) - 5
The most suitable area for industries to be esta blished will be

determined using the formula
Suitability = (LSx40%) + (FSx35%) + (FFx10%)

+ (PDx5%) + (Ax10%)
where, LS – is the landslide risk rating, FS is th e flood risk
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rating, FF is the seismicity/fault and fracture ra ting, PD is the

disturbance to population and A is the accessesibility of the area from
the nearest road, port or airport.
Mainland Catbalogan was divided into grids and each grid

were rated according to the variables listed on table 1. Using the
formula shown above we get the scores which is shown on figure 19.
The grid with score from 4.5 -5.0 are considered very ideal for industry
to thrive. In these areas, the risk is at minimum, disturbance to people
is less, and is still accessible to local road network, sea a nd air port.
On th e other hand those grids having score from 0-1.0 were
considered to be th e not suitable region and businesses/industries
must not be located there.
Figure 19. Grid Rating Considering Geologic

Hazard Risk and Access
Figure 20 establishes the most ideal location for Catbalogan

industries to thrive. There are few areas in Catbalogan which can be
considered appropriate for industrial purposes. Based on above
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computations, it turn out that baranggays Old Mahayag, N ew

Mahayag, Iguid, Silangga, Popua, San Vecente and Pangdan are the
most ideal places for the establishments of industries.
Figure 20. Suitability Map for Catbalogan Industries
5. Strategies to Control Impact of Hazard
As seen on figure 20, there is very limited area in Catbalogan

that can be considered very ideal. The suggested areas for industrial
use is not free against geologic hazards, however as pointed out, the
risk on those areas is at minimum. Since we have to live with the
hazard, we must have strategies how to control them.
Drought. A drought is an extended period where water

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availability falls below the statistical requirements for a region.

Drought is not a purely physical phenomenon, but instead is an
interplay between natural water availability and human demands for
water supply. Water in the confined aquifer is usually protected from
the effects of drought however its recharge areas usually the water
sheds must be known so that it could be protected.
Heat. Heat can be mitigated if proper ventilation of building
is in place. In most cases, industries may consider putting up huge
fans or air-conditioning units to control the heat.
Figure 21a: Slope Stabilization Control of seepage forces.

After Hunt, 198, Adapted by Orense, 2003
Earthquake and Typhoons. Earthqua kes and typhoons

cannot be avoided and we cannot control it, h owever the effects can
be mitigated. Building design must be strong enough to withstand
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this forces. There are many safeguards that can be incorporated in the
design of structures to be certain that it will stand even during
earthquakes and tropical cyclones with strong winds.
River Bank and Coastal Bank Erosions. Construction of

retaining walls on river banks and on sea fronts can help reduce the
impact of running water or waves. Engineerin g designs are available
for th e said purpose. To avoid the risk, th e best way is to be far from
the river bank or th e coast. Water current in river banks is usually
strong every after heavy downpour of rain, while waves that is
usually the major force that trigger coastal erosion is very high during
tropical cyclones. Tropical cyclones carry with it strong wind which
causes huge and strong waves capable of destroying structures which
comes near its way.
Figure 21b.Reduction of driving forces and increase of resisting forces.

After Hunt, 198, Adapted by Orense, 2003
Landslides. Landslides are generally influenced by the slope,

rainfall intensity, type of rock and earth quake intensity. In Catbalogan,
landslides occur after a heavy downpour of rain. This means that
landslides in Catbalogan are rainfall induced. To avoid th e risk it is
best advised to stay away from steeps slopes. If it cannot be a voided,
figure 21 illustrates some of the strategies that can be implemented to
reduce the risk.
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Slope stabilization can be subdivided into four categories (a)

Change in slope geometry to decrease driving forces or to increase
resisting forces; (b) Control surface water infiltration to reduce
seepage forces; (c) Control internal seepage to reduce driving forces
and increase material stren gths and; (d) Provide resistance to increase
resisting forces. Figures 5 illustrate general methods of slope
stabilization
Catbalogan has almost vertical rock slopes along sea coast and along
road cuts. Some solutions to weathering rock slopes would be
through (a) concrete pedestals for overhangs; (b) rock bolts for jointed
masses; (c) bolts and concrete straps for intensely jointed masses; (d)
cable anchors to increase support depth; (e) wire mesh to constrain
falls; (f) impact walls to deflect or contain rolling blocks; (g) shotcrete
to reinforce loose rock with bolts and drains; and (h) shotcrete to
retard weatherin g and slaking shale rock slopes (After Hunt), as
shown on figure 6.
Retaining walls can help in holding unstable slopes from

mass wasting, some designs can also be used to support river banks.
Examples of retaining walls illustrated by Hunt are shown in figure 6.
(i) rock-filled buttress; (j) gabion wall; (k) crib wall; (l) reinforced earth
wall; (m) concrete gravity wall; (n) concrete -reinforced semigravity
wall; (o) cantilever wall; and (p) anchored curtain wall.
Floods/Storm Surge/Tidal Waves.
Storm surge and tidal waves in Catbalogan is less expected

for Catbalogan has a natural harbour that filters the waves from the
open sea. However based on interviews, the unusual increase in
water level at sea had been observed in the past and caused floodings
on low lying areas. The best strategy here is not to build structures on
areas below sea level, or if cannot be avoided, the elevation must be
increased through filling so that establishments will not be submerge
in flood waters. Aside from storm surges, the most common
experience of Catbaloganon is the floods due to rain. Cause can be
traced back to clogged and s mall canals. Floods due to heavy rain can
be controlled if proper waste management and size of canals will be
increased.
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Figure 6: Various Methods of retaining hard rock slopes (a-h) and types of retaining walls (i-p)
5. Conclusions and Recommendations
The current land use map of Catbalogan have not considered

geologic hazards in their planning. At the moment its local businesses
and industries are established just anywhere, most of which are
located on populous areas, and geohazardous areas. The lack of
suitable areas for industries to thrive is one of the main reason why
we have few industries and most of which are small scale. The
reclassification of land utilization will help to encourage major
investors. Geologic hazards are there to stay, but if we can identify
where these hazards will probably occur then it will be very easy for
the local govern ment units to establish control or mitigating measures
to lessen the effect of such hazards. Based on the data gathered and
the suitability test conducted, it is recommended that industries be
established in th e north western part or on the southernmost part of
Catbalogan. Baranggays Old Mahayag, New Mahayag, Iguid,
Silangga, Popua, San Vecente and Pangdan are considered the most
ideal location of industries. Developing these areas to be the
industrial hub of Catbalogan will help improve the economy of the
town. Developing these instead of the proposed recla mation will
entail lower cost.
6. Bibliography
Australian Government Land and Water Australia (AGLWA) web site.

www.rivers.gov.au
Allan Ludman and Nicholas K. Coch. 1982. Physical Geology, McGraw-
Hill.
American Planning Association Web Site.

www.planning.org/Landslides (January 12, 2004)
Braja M. Das. 1982. Introduction to Soil Mechani cs. Iowa State

University Press/AMES.
Catbalogan MPDC. Comprehensive Development Plan - 1978 to 2000,

Municipality of Catbalogan Samar.
David L. Rosgen, P.H., A PRACTICAL METHOD OF COMPUTING
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STREAMBANK EROSION RATE, Wildland Hydrology, Inc., Pagosa

Springs, Colorado
DENR. Field Reference Material on Protected Area.
Department of En viron ment and Natural R esources Web page.

www.denr.gov.ph. ( 2004.)
DENR-NO. 2003. The Southern Leyte-Surigao Tragedy (A Geo -hazard

Perspective).
Geological Seis mic and Soil Survey Web Page.
http://www.regione.emilia-romagna.it/. (November 28, 2003)
Fluvial Geomorphology, http://www.fgmorph.com: 2005
Geo Resources Virtual Fieldwork web site,

http://www.georesources.co.uk
JA. Demegillo, R M Quero, AV Nombre, CLG Ecle, R B Ayaso III. 2003.

Probability of Wet and Dry Spells in Selected Areas of Eastern Visayas.
Paper presented during the 5 th VICARP-RRDEN Regional Symposium on
R&D Highlights, LSU, Bayabay Leyte.
Landslide Hazard Planning www.planning.org (November 24, 2003)
Natural Science Geology Homepage.

http://www.enterprise.cc.uakron.edu/. (2004.)
Orense, Ronaldo P. 2003. Geotechnical Hazards, Nature, Assessment and
Mitigation, University of the Philippines Press.
United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research

Service Web Site. http://www.sedlab.olemiss.edu/rusle. (2004)
United States Geological Survey (USGS) Web Site.

http://www.usgs.gov/. (2004)
West, Terry. 1995. Geology Applied to Engineering. New Jersy : Printice

Hall.
Weather Doctor Web Site, www.islandnet.com: 2005
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Land Use Zoning for Industrial Use Based on

Article · January 2006

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Ronald Orale: Paper won as Outstanding Applied Research in the 2006

Land Use Zoning for Industrial Use

The study aims to generate a land-use map to locate the most

Based on published PAGASA records

The Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB) published a map

currently being answered by the military while the impact of

Land use zoning is one way of controlling the impact of

The main objective of this study was to gen erate land-use

The study is descriptive and an applied type of research that

Results and Discussion

1. List of Geologic Hazards Experience d in the Eastern Visayas

the identified geohazard is nil.

2. Profile of Catbalogan, Samar.

Current Land Use in Catbalogan: Catbalogan has a total of 22,

Figure 1: Current Land Use Zoning of Catbalogan Samar

Only 24 of the 22, 857.44 hectares or 11% are devoted to

Figure 2. Catbalogan Population Density Map in the year 2030

Catbalogan Demographics: Catbalogan’s current population

Catbalogan population density is concentrated in the

Figure 3: 3D Topography of Catbalogan

Catbalogan’s Topography: The highest elevation of th e study

Most of Catbaloganon and all of its commercial

range from 0-3%. Some of them thrive on slopes or on th e foot of the

Figure 4: Slope Map of Catbalogan (BSWM)

Catbalogan’s Geology: Catbalogan geology is

layers of thin shale layers most of which are fractured heavily.

Figure 5: Geological/Geomorphological Map

The presence of lineaments and fracture zones in

strength loss if fully saturated as expected in a quasi-brittle

Average Yearly Rain

Monthly Rainfall in the Province of Samar 1991

Figure 6. Rainfall Intensity in Catbalogan, Samar

Catbalogan Climate and Hydrology : Yearly precipitation of

Figure 7: Stream Order Map of Catbalogan, Samar

Based on the graph below, th e Philippines is expected to have

Figure 8. Annual Frequency of Tropical Cyclone in the Philippine

3. Geologic Hazard and Geohazard Maps

Erosion. Figure 10 illustrates the erosion poten tial of

and erosion control practices. Severe erosion is expected in the study

Erosion. Figure 10 illustrates the erosion potential of

Figure 10. Erosion Map of Catbalogan, Samar

About 13.57% or about 1651 hectares in the study area has no

Flooding. Flooding in Catbalogan is an after effect of high

Figure 11. Flood Prone Areas in Downtown Catbalogan

Figure 12. Flood Susceptible Areas in Catbalogan

Faults/Fractures and Earthquakes. Region VIII similar to the

Figure 13. Earthquake Seismicity (1984) and Location of Faults

As shown on figure 5 and figure 13, there are several joints

because of fault rupture. Major earth quakes are believed to be caused

Earthquakes usually cause fractures in rock formation making

Knowledge where the fault is will help make the built

Storm Surge. Storm surge in Catbalogan is less expected for it

Precipita tion: Rain recharges underground aquifer, the

Catbalogan belongs to type IV which means Rainfall is more

Figure 14. Rainfall Category Figure 15. Comulative Rainfal

Coastal and Stream/River Bank Erosion . Shown above are

of the coast were included in the determination of erosion potential.

Figure 16. Antiao River - Bank Erosion Hazard Index (BEHI)

According to th e AGLWA (http://www.rivers.gov.au)