Coastal Redevelopment Plan

NATIONAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Amafel Bldg. Aguinaldo Highway, Dasmariñas, Cavite

Department of Architecture and Engineering
A PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE COURSE BS IN ARCHITECTURE IN THE
SUBJECT OF PLANNING III
A Case study of Coastal Redevelopment and Guidelines for
Disaster-Resilient Buildings in Rosario, Cavite
SUBMITTED BY:
2015-37863
2011-35618
2013-40097
2012-39390
2018-43231
SUBMITTED TO:
Arch. Jeoffrey Manuel
DATE SUBMITTED:
16 April 2019
1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8
SCOPE AND LIMITATION----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10
DEFINITION OF OPERATIONAL TERMS---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10
CHAPTER 2. REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES--------------------------------------------------------------------12
LOCAL---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13
FOREIGN------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------20
CHAPTER3. REDEVELOPMENT PLAN----------------------------------------------------------------------------28
VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF COASTAL AREA IN ROSARIO, CAVITE—-----------------------------29
SPATIAL AND PHYSICAL STRATEGIES FOR REDUCING DISASTER IN COASTALAREAS--------------35
REDEVELOPMENT PLAN/ PROPOSALS---------------------------------------------------------------------------55
EXISTING SITE CONDITION--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------65
PICTURES FROM SITE VISIT--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------142
CHAPTER 4. GUIDELINES------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------151
SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS INCLUDING HAZARDS AND ISSUES ON CURRENT STRUCTURES ON THE
AREA ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------152
PROPOSAL/ GUIDELINES FOR IMPROVING RESILIENCY FOR TYPHOON, FLOOD, ETC-----------155
. SCHEMATIC OF PROPOSED DISASTER RESILIENT STRUCTURE --------------------------------------------159
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
3
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Coastal development is a broad category which includes an array of
human activities including beachfront construction of homes, hotels,
restaurants, and roads, often for tourism. Also included are things like beach
re-nourishment, seawall construction, and nearshore dredging and oil
platform construction (Pawlukiewicz, Gupta & Koelbel, n.d.).
The coast is a dynamic place and its dynamism makes it susceptible
to stresses and changes in a number of ways. Because the coast is where
the land interacts with the sea, it is open to the action of wind, waves, tides,
and currents that not only erode the shore but also can expand it with
sedimentary deposits. Storm systems gather energy from the ocean and
intensify natural coastal forces with wind, waves, and rain powerful enough
to severely damage property and hasten erosive processes. (Pawlukiewicz,
Gupta & Koelbel, n.d.)
The coast is made more vulnerable to these natural dynamic forces by
rising sea level. Although sea level has been steadily rising for centuries, the
process may be accelerating because of global warning. Scientists have
documented the melting of glaciers all over the world and of the
4
Greenland and Antarctic ice caps as well. The volume of water stored in
glaciers and ice caps could raise sea level significantly if it were released
through melting. Just as important, however, is that the waters of the
oceans will expand as they warm, pushing sea level even higher.
(Pawlukiewicz, Gupta & Koelbel, n.d.)
Social and economic forces also bring stresses to coastal areas.
Population growth, land development, and resort development are all
particularly intense along the coast. Coastal areas are experiencing high
growth rates, and the beach is a popular destination for vacations, second
homes, and retirement. Property on or near the shore is always in high
demand and as a consequence usually expensive. Because it is a valuable
asset, people will go to extraordinary lengths to protect property near the
shore. Moreover, by increasing impervious surfaces and disturbing upland
and wetland habitats, development in coastal areas further degrades the
coastal ecosystem. (Pawlukiewicz, Gupta & Koelbel, n.d.)
Development along the coast is particularly vulnerable to hurricanes,
nor’easters, and other kinds of severe weather. The 2004 and 2005 hurricane
seasons hammered Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas, and
other states with tropical weather. The 2005 hurricane season alone was
ruinous, recording 2,280 deaths and damage totaling over $100 billion.
5
Nevertheless, trends demonstrate that coastal areas continue to draw
people for the many reasons previously stated. The patterns of
development along the coast must change or the degradation of these
areas, the loss of property, loss of habitat, and loss of life will continue.
A. Background of the Study
Low-lying coastal communities along plate boundary subduction
zones face a high risk of deadly earthquakes, tsunamis, and coastal
subsidence. To effectively manage the damaging impact of these events,
coastal communities must develop a new vision for their post disaster
existence. Providing a strategically master plans to strengthen or relocate
existing critical infrastructure, clear evacuation routes and modify land use
need to acknowledge the economic realities of these coastal communities
whose economies are typically based on their proximity to the ocean. The
transition period outlined in the master plan must not only maintain the
economic, cultural, and social viability of the community but also must
embrace new modern urban development and its associated costs.
This does not provide a direct mechanism to enable the design of
resilient communities since one network may depend on another and
social and economic institutions are then adversely affected. The
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methodology presented herein can be implemented in risk-informed
decision-making tools to design master-planned resilient communities as
well as upgrade a community’s buildings and/or networked infrastructure
to make the community more resilient to future disasters. This could be used,
for example, to understand how to better isolate or decouple two or more
sectors, establish redundancies, or decide whether to focus on retrofitting
schools in the public sector, businesses, and residences in the private sector,
or (more likely) some combination thereof.
B. Statement of the Problem
This study focuses on the development and solution for the
improvement along Coastal Area within the vicinity of Rosario, Cavite.
The purpose of this study is to answer the following matters:
• How to have a better Coastal Area in the Municipality of Rosario,
Cavite for the safeness and comfort of the resident in the Site?
• What more Improvements that will be needed to enhance the
chosen site?
• How does a different strategy be a solution to reduce disasters in
coastal area?
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C. Objectives of the Study
In general, this study aims to provide a better development and
solution to the Coastal Area in the Municipality of Rosario, Cavite that will
benefit the community and the government.
To discourse the queries covered within the statement of the problem,
the following objectives are formulated for the present study:
• To apply solutions and designs for the residence safety and comfort.
• To update and identify the current condition of the coastal area in
Rosario, Cavite.
• To provide strategic analysis that will reduce the impact of disasters.
• To create a remarkable design that will help and improve the quality
living of the chosen site.
D. Significance of the Study
This research study will be helpful to the Municipality of Rosario, Cavite
by providing a better development and solution for Coastal Areas that will
benefit the community and the government.
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This Study will help to place where human resettlements locate human
thrives, market flourish, transportation and connectivity.
This research aims to benefit the following:
A. The Future Researchers - The ideas presented shall be used as a
reference data in conducting new researches or in testing the validity of
other related findings. This study will also serve as their cross-reference that
will give them a background and overview on the same topic related in
the study.
B. The Government - This study shall serve as guidelines for the future
development of the Municipality, and could serve as a template for other
related projects.
C. The Students - This study will provide additional knowledge and
provide as a reference to the study regarding on the development of
Rosario, Cavite.
D. Developers- This project proposal will provide knowledge about
sustainable developments that can be used as a preference for the future.
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E. Scope and Limitation
This research study was designed for the enhancement of Coastal
Area of Rosario, Cavite to provide a better environment that will benefit the
community and the Government.
The limitations of this research are the estimation cost, structural design
of proposed overpass and structural analysis is not included in this study.
F. Definition of Operational Terms
• Coastal development - is a broad category which includes an array
of human activities including beachfront construction of homes, hotels,
restaurants, and roads, often for tourism. Also included are things like beach
nourishment, seawall construction, and nearshore dredging and oil
platform construction. Half of the world’s population lives on or within 100
miles of a coastline and this number will likely increase dramatically in the
next decade.
• Coast - also known as the coastline or seashore, is the area where
land meets the sea or ocean, or a line that forms the boundary between
the land and the ocean or a lake.
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• Dynamism – any of several theories that attempt to explain
phenomena in terms of an imminent force or energy.
• Resilient Community- is a measure of the sustained ability of a
community to utilize available resources to respond to, withstand, and
recover from adverse situations.
• Storm Resilience - is the ability to adapt to changing conditions and
withstand and rapidly recover from disruption due to emergencies. In other
words, it means bouncing back after something bad happens.
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CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
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LOCAL
BORACAY ISLAND, PHILIPPINES
Origin of the name “Boracay”
Because of the fine white sand of Boracay Island, it is said that the Island ‘s
name originated from the word ―borac‖ which means cotton; from
Japanese
words ―borak‖ which is a white rice paste mixture used for make-up and
―hai‖
which means ―yes‖ (BIMDP, 1990, p. E1) and ―bora‖ which is an Aeta
(indigenous people of Panay) term for sand (CLUP, 2008, p. 1). There is no
formal
written literature about the origin and history of the Island, but according to
local people, was a home of the Aeta tribe (CLUP, 2008, p.1) until tourism
development accelerated in the Island in 1970‘s. (Rowan,2011)
Location of Boracay Island

Boracay Island can be found between latitudes and longitudes N11o56‘-
12000 and E121o54 – 121o57‘respectively (CLUP, 2008, p. 1). It is a small island,
which can be seen in the Northwest tip of Panay Island (CLUP, 2008, p.1;
Carter, 2004, p.385), west of central Philippines (Map 1). It is about 315 Km
south of Manila and 65 Km from Kalibo, the capital town of the Province of
Aklan. Boracay jurisdictionally belongs to the Municipality of Malay which
can be found in the Province of Aklan. It has a total area of 1 006.64
hectares. Boracay Island is composed of three barangays, (Bulabog, 274
ha.; Manoc-manoc, 416 ha.; and Yapak, 316 ha.) out of seventeen
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barangays of the Municipality. Barangay is the smallest unit of governance

in the Philippines. (Rowan,2011)
The beaches and dive sites of Boracay Island (DOT, n/d).
One of the fastest growing tourist regions in the world is in South East Asia
which possesses the essentials of tourism – beaches, coral reefs, thousands
of islands, and rich cultural developments (Wong, 1998, p.90). Despite rich
values and the expansion of tourism since after World War II, sustainable
development of tourism remains in doubt due to the negative impacts of
many forms of tourism, either directly or indirectly, have on the environment
and local economy and society (Hall, 2000, p.2). In coastal areas, the
unfavorable outcomes of tourism may be summarized as environmental
14
degradation and modification of natural coastal processes (James, 2000,

p.163; Orams, 1999, p.57), and socio-cultural degradation and economic
inequity among local dwellers (Orams, 1999, p.66-67). These impacts
continue to grow due to increasing tourist numbers visiting the area and
further developments to cater to tourists ‘needs (Orams, 1999, p. 59; Smith,
1991, p.201-203).
In response to the challenges of tourism management, many scholars

formulated tourism development models and theories to help tourism
developers and managers anticipate impacts of changes, and help them
prepare mitigating actions for sustainable tourism (e.g. Orams‘ (1999)
Marine Opportunity Spectrum; Jafari‘s (1987) Spingboard Metaphor
Model; Seddighi and The ocharous‘ (2002) Model of Tourist Behavior and
Destination Choice; Divisekera‘s (2003) Tourism Demand Model;
and Oppermann‘s (1993) Tourism Space Model for developing
countries). Researchers asked for integrated
management for tourism, incorporating and directed by, a comprehensive
plan without neglecting the importance of sound environmental health
(Wong, 1998; Courtney and White, 2000). As Wong (1998) argued,
―The use of a master plan ensures controlled development with effective
use of resources while maximizing benefits for all‖ (p.94). However, there are
also authors that disagree as to the effectiveness of a master development
plan as a tool in controlling development of tourism area (e.g. Hunter, 1997;
Smith, 1991; Getz, 1983). These opposing findings of scholar’s lead to
questioning the applicability of a formal plan to make tourist areas
15
sustainable and mitigate resource degradation. This is the focus of my

research. (Rowan,2011)
In island tourism, there has been a move to plan tourism areas in an

integrated manner that promotes integrated coastal zone management
(ICZM) through formal planning. The goal of ICZM is to enable the use and
development of coastal and marine areas while promoting the protection
of coastal/ marine areas and resources in respect to the sustainability of
the environment for present and future generations (Cicin-Sian, 1993,
p.29). It also aims to improve the quality of life of people who depend
on coastal resources, thereby promoting social and economic equity
while maintaining the biological diversity and productivity of
coastal ecosystems (Burbridge, 1997). Further, it aims to slow and
hopefully reverse the negative impacts of unlawful exploitation of coastal
resources (DENR et al., 2001). ICZM principles and theories play a key part
in this study by providing an analytical framework for evaluating the plans
and the processes of planning and plan implementation in the research
setting. (Rowan,2011)
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Economic Setting
In the 1940s and 1950s, Boracay‘s main products were from fisheries and
coconut plantation. However, since the discovery and proclamation of
Boracay as a tourist destination in 1972, this has changed the context of
economic sources and values in the Island into dominantly tourism. Local
people considered tourism as the best economic option as Boracay
gained international popularity in 1980s when the influx of tourists had
spurred economic interests. Tourism development has greatly impacted
on Boracay‘s facilities‘ development, which are even more advanced
than those of the mainland, to cater to the needs of tourism. At present,
the tourism industry in Boracay Island is the principal source of revenue of
the Municipality of Malay. The Municipality became a first class municipality
because of the local income (Municipal Annual Report, 2009). Based on
Department of Finance Department Order No.23- 08 Effective July 29, 2008,
the municipality is classified as first class if it has an average annual income
of fifty-five million pesos or more (National Statistical Coordination Board,
n/d). The most recent published tourism receipt (January to
September 2010) was more than eleven billion pesos (approximately
301,588,709.77 NZD at 1:0.027 Philippine peso to NZD exchange rate) and
had increased tourist arrivals compared with the same period of the
previous year (Province of Aklan, n/d). Tourism development could be
physically traced from the development of small native houses offered as
second homes to tourists to high-end resort hotels, restaurants, and diverse
tourism activities which offer almost 4000 people employment in the Island
(Municipality of Malay, n/d).
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Agricultural activities are still present in Boracay although its contribution to

the Island ‘s economy is minute. A total of 1 157 metric tons of vegetables,
cereals, and root crops were produced in 2006, and 3 272 heads of poultry
and 846 heads of swine were raised (CLUP, 2008, p. 102). Plant products
were considered miniscule in comparison to the production of the Province,
and the animal production was even less than the commercial standard for
commercial farming. Most of the Island ‘s agricultural products for
commercial uses were imported from all over the Philippines (CLUP, 2008,
p.102).
The economy of the Island is challenged by several factors. First is the
seasonality in tourist arrivals that greatly affects those who were hired under
contractual arrangements who become unemployed or underemployed
during lean seasons, and the income of other tourism-related activities.
Adding to this situation is that local people need to compete with immigrant
workers for job opportunities since immigrant workers come to Boracay
equipped with knowledge and experience in tourism (that most local people
do not have) as their prime purpose in coming to the Island is for
employment (CLUP, 2008). Since immigrant employees are not local people,
they send parts of their income to their families outside the Island, and this
leads to leakage in Boracay‘s local economy. In addition to economic
leakage, most big establishments in the Island have large financial stock
holdings from foreign or nonlocal investors which imply repatriated revenue
in the form of dividends (CLUP, 2008). Leakage was also observed in goods
sold and used in Boracay as most of these are from nonlocal suppliers. Lastly,
in terms of Boracay‘s competitiveness in the national market, there are
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many developing coastal tourism sites in the country (like Bohol and
Palawan) that offer reportedly unexplored and cleaner coastal
environments than Boracay. (Rowan,2011)
FOREIGN
CHANIA, CITY IN CRETE, GREECE
Today’s coastal regions face intense problems caused by the rapid
urbanization, coastal erosion, sea level rise, global warming and climate
change. These factors have a huge impact on coastal communities.
Especially in Greece with a coastline length of 17400km and with many
cities and residential areas at the coastal regions the above factors play
an important role. The biggest island of Greece is Crete which is
predominantly based on services on tourism and agriculture.
Since 1970 Crete became a popular tourist attraction, it has more than
2.000.000 tourists every year and this number is increasing. (Kotsoni,
Dimelli &Ragia, 2017)
The massive influxes of tourists have pressed the coastal regions with nice
beach to create big tourist developments. Hotels, marinas, roads,
restaurants, facilities for recreation and sport activities are some of them.
These results in great pressure mainly on resources and on the marine
ecosystems. Natural habitats like of the seagrass meadow have been
removed to create open beach, other tourist developments have been
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built directly next and on the beaches. Careless constructions and resorts
have destroyed the beauty of the environment. (Kotsoni, Dimelli & Ragia,
2017) Tourism is a crucial aspect of the Greek economy given the pleasant
climate and sea conditions which contribute to Greece’s overall popularity
as a tourist destination. In the Greekcoastal zone, there are major conflicts
between the demand for tourism on the one hand, and coastal
preservation on the other. The Greek coastal zones face problems
with delineation and definition of public land cause significant uncertainties
among land owners regarding where the public domainends. For the
protection of the coastal areas it is important for Greece to conduct an
evaluation of planning and legislative tools in relation to these zones.
(Kotsoni, Dimelli & Ragia, 2017)
One of the most significant problems is the coastal erosion. It takes place
through strong winds and high waves and storm conditions and results in loss
of land and beach. One can observe at the satellite images Fig. 1 and Fig. 2
the coastal erosion at one coastal area in Crete, name Georgioupoli.
The first image is taken in 2003 and the second one in 2016. The sandy
coast almost disappeared in the second one. As one can see there are more
buildings in the second image and a road is constructed between the
residential part of the region and the coast. Using GIS technologies,
it is found that the length of the beach is 400m and the average width
40m which makes 16.000sqm loss of sandy beach. It is estimated a
loss of economic value 10€ per sqm per day in Greek beaches that means
160.000€ per day for such a small village like Georgioupoli in Crete
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(Synolakis, 2013).
Human intervention is a major cause for coastal erosion (Hsu et al., 2007).
The construction of different types of hard structures including seawalls,
breakwaters and roads are a major factor for coastal erosion and beach
loss. A main method for protecting the coastline is beach nourishment
which is a soft engineering solution (Phillips and Jones 2006).
In our approach we discuss the land use planning and control laws for a
sustainable development of coastal regions for tourists. The current paper
will focus on the coastal zone of Georgioupoli and its vulnerability as a
result of the lack of spatial planning. The case study is selected because it
concentrates the characteristics of a typical coastal touristic zone, which
faces rapid intense unplanned touristic expansion. The examined zone has
been diachronically influenced by the liberalization of construction
regulations, an unqualified private sector emerged, hastily developing
construction mostly without government oversight and without building
permits. (Kotsoni, Dimelli & Ragia, 2017)
There are some main laws for constructions at Greek beaches: a) The
leasing of seashores and beaches is allowed for works related to trade,
industry, land and sea transportation, or “other purposes serving the public
good”, b) beach zone 50 m wide, c) Access roads to the beach of
minimum width 10 m., means: expropriations of land properties, d) fences
are prohibited in a zone of 500 m from the beach in areas not covered by
urban plan. Exceptions: when agricultural fields have to be protected, and
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e) “Light”, non-permanent constructions are allowed in the seashore zone,

meant to serve public recreation (tents, open bars etc.) (Lalenis, 2014).
However, there is a need for more detailed and strict regulations for
building a construction. The current paper will propose ways for the
problems of coastal erosion and beach loss. It will propose a concept for
deepening the existing urban plan with the use of light structures and
creating detailed constrains for the coastal areas. (Kotsoni, Dimelli & Ragia,
2017)
(Fig. 1) The coast of the satellite image in 2003 (Fig. 2) The coast of the satellite image in 2016
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LEGAL ASPECTS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON THE AREA
The Greek legislation for coastal areas began in 1837 when an early law
dealing with the Greek public domain defined the “seashore” area as
public property. Decades later, in 1940, the country’s first Coastal Law tried
to protect the public domain status of the coastal zone. This law added
definitions for “old seashore” and “beach” as additional elements of the
Greek coastal zone and applied a setback zone of 30 meters from the
seashore in which construction was prohibited outside of existing older
settlements. A main characteristic of this was that there is no reference to
the protection of coastal areas from an environmental perspective. In
1998, that the Greek Council of State has supported arguments that
the coast is a vulnerable ecosystem and should be protected from
intensive forms of development. The 1999 assessment report of the
European Environment Agency indicated a continuing degradation of
conditions in the coastal zones of Europe as regards both the coasts
themselves and the quality of coastal water. In 2001, Greece’s enacted a
new Coastal Law which prioritized the protection of the coastal zone as a
public good, an environmental asset and an economic good. Land Use
Planning for Sustainable Development of Coastal Regions (Kotsoni, Dimelli &
Ragia, 2017)
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REDESIGNING THE AREA WITH SUSTAINABLE PRINCIPLES
The design proposal of the present study for the coastal zone of
Georgioupoli aims at re-designing the zoning of the beach, based on the
legal framework described above, in order to protect it from
anthropogenic and other impacts. We propose the following concept:
1. Human intervention must be prohibited at any case. There must be

control using aerial or satellite images to keep up with all the changes.
2. Offshore beach nourishment can restore the beaches and protect them
from erosion. There are different methods for beach nourishment (Dean,
2003) but for not so long beaches less than 1km length sand can be
located without creating any problems.
3. Planted trees and natural vegetation will not only provide a beautiful
image of the scene but provide a physical barrier against wind and
coastal erosion.
4. It is essential to remove the cars from the coastal zone that means to
avoid roads, even if they are not intensively used. Free public access
towards the coastal zone is important by planning what encourages the
best possible access to the beach.
5. Decongestion of the beach zone from traffic in particular form public
transport, as well as encouraging and rewarding the use of alternative
modes of transportation, such as bicycling and walking, is considered
crucial. Thereupon, the preservation of an one-way, 3.5 meter wide traffic
axis is recommended for bicycles, aiming to encourage safer, more
25
responsible driving, and potentially reduce traffic flow (traffic calming).

6. Seawall constructions should not be allowed. It is already discussed that
seawalls increase erosion and destroy the beach (Basco 1999)
7. The construction of the roads to the beach must be made by other
material then asphalt. The removal of asphalt road and its replacement by
sidewalks by paved floor allows the development of a variety of other uses
such as the bicycle, pedestrians, playgrounds and staging areas. Therefore
a well-designed coastal zone with public uses can attract not only tourism
but also the area’s residents.
8. Beach access with “vertical” or perpendicular lines. Public authorities
have the right to develop public access to the beach and we recommend
a road infrastructure to the beach that along the beach. Moreover, access
to the beach is intended to be made easier and more pleasant, so that
more visitors are attracted and at the same time balance between
ecological integrity with beach access is achieved.
9. Aesthetic parameters provide an added value to the coastal regions
especially when they are used for swimming and touristic purposes. There
must be some criteria for the color used for the buildings and other
constructions, for construction’s material or roof types.
10. An important principle in our concept of sustainable development of
the coastal regions is the idea try to ‘build with nature material’. Standards
for the restoration of older structures could serve as a supplementary
means of improving the appearance of existing structures.
Laws, policies and regulations should focus on coastal management issues,
with a view to improve the integration of a full range of problems. It is
26
important for regional and urban planning to add specific reference for
the protection the coastline to their respective constitutions. Such
strategies provide integrated policies for coastal zone management,
which can complement the relevant existing legislation.
It is also important to limit the use of the coastal uses that are inherently
linked to the sea and to limit uses that provide economic or social benefit.
Policies should focus on procedures that include time limits for temporary
structures and rules for renewal. Rules should be also geared towards
reducing expectations of temporary structures becoming permanent.
27
CHAPTER 3
REDEVELOPMENT PLAN
28
A. Vulnerability Assessment of Coastal Area in Rosario Cavite

Based on the Comprehensive Land Use Plan of Rosario Cavite
PHYSICAL INFRASTRACTURE
• Drainage/Roads – Sufficient Road Networks is a manifestation of a highly
industrialized society. Yet, the Municipality of Rosario still has the need of
adequate thoroughfares. Overcrowding of vehicles causes severe traffic
and air pollution.
• Power – Power interruption in seldom encountered in Rosario. Meralco
and Napocor power the whole town with adequate supply.
• Water – Ground water is abundant in Rosario. Level III water system is
provided by the Maynilad Water Service Inc.
NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
• Water Bodies – Rosario is flanked by the bodies of water dominant which
is the Manila Bay , with a total area of roughly 6,764.03 hectares. The length
of the municipal coastline measures 4,500 kilometers.
• Solid/Liquid Waste – Daily garbage collection and disposal system being
implemented by the Municipal Government is on contractual basis,
renewable annually, with an annual appropriation of 25 million. Garbage
transported by collection trucks to a sanitary landfill in Trece Martires City,
Cavite.
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DEVELOPMENT CONSTRAINTS
• Conversion from Agro-Industrial to Industrial – Rice and diversified crops
are not anymore available. Agriculture produce are being imported from
other municipalities for local consumption and trade.
• Flooding – This is one major problem which maybe noted to occur but
only during monsoonal downpour beginning 3rd quarter of the year.
However, affected areas include most coastal barangays only.
• Influx of informal settlers – Their number dominates coastal areas and
some public domains. This continued growth of informal settlements
occupying idle lands and unsafe sites near rivers and coast must be
immediately addressed to prevent worsening of the present condition.
PHYSICAL FEATURES
• Topographic and Physiographic – The municipality exhibits minimal relief
with a generally flat topography not exceeding five meters in elevation.
Together with other municipalities of Noveleta, Kawit and Bacoor. It serves
as a catch basin and discharge point of the watershed unit defines by the
Tagaytay ridges.
• Climate – The condition in Rosario is characterized by two(2) pronounced
season, Dry from December to April and Wet from May to November.
• Rainfall – The total amount of rainfall counts 1,766.56 with a monthly
average of 147.2 mm
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Maximum rainfall is observed during the month of August with rainfall mean
of 533.4 mm. On the other hand, the months of February and March have
minimum rainfall minimum rainfall with the mean of 0.8 and 0.2 mm,
respectively.
• Typhoon - Generally, typhoon develops in the North-western part of the
Pacific Ocean between 180⁰ N and 100⁰ E. Approximately 20 tropical storm
enters the Philippine Area of Responsibility in a typical year and of these 6
to 9 usually make landfall. Tropical cyclones usually account for at least
30% of the annual rainfall in the northern Philippines while being responsible
for less than 10% of the annual rainfall in the southern islands.
• Storm Surge - This abnormal rise of water generated by a storm shows the
vulnerability of coastal areas in the municipality. Thus, it is also expected
that storm tide to follow and inundate areas in the same location
affected. Waves will continually break onto shore and water will propel
onto beach and inland.
FLOOD SUSCEPTIBILITY
High Flood Susceptibility

Areas likely to experience flood heights of greater than 1.0m and/or flood
duration of greater than 3 days. These areas are immediately flooded
during heavy rains of several hours; Include land forms of topographic lows
such as active river channels, abandoned river channels and areas along
river banks.
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Moderate Flood Susceptibility

Areas likely to experience flood heights of 0.5~1.0m and/or flood duration
of 1~3 days. These areas are subject to widespread inundation during
prolonged and extensive heavy rainfall or extreme weather condition.
Low Flood Susceptibility
Areas likely to experience flood heights of less than 0.5m and/or flood
duration of less than 1 day. These areas include low hills and gentle slopes.
They also have sparse to moderate drainage density
Three barangays are susceptible to low-to-moderate (0.5~1.0m) flooding –
Poblacion, Sapa I and Sapa IV. The remaining 17 barangays are classified
into moderate-to-high (1.0m above) flood susceptibility (Source: Results of
the Mines and Geosciences Bureau’s 1:50,000 scale geo-hazard
assessment and mapping of the Municipali ty of Rosario).
32
VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT
33
Vulnerability assessment is based on the location of the elements at risk to

the site of the hazard. In this case the primary hazard is flooding. As you
noted from the above assessment, majority of the identified elements at
risk is highly vulnerable to floods. In a worst case scenario of flooding or
prolonged exposure to flood waters, it will damage these elements at risk.
The vulnerability assessment will assist the MDRRM office in identifying how
to protect and strengthen these elements at risks in order to survive the
current flooding and the future worst flooding brought about by climate
change.
34
B. SPATIAL AND PHYSICAL STRATEGIES FOR REDUCING DISASTER IN COASTAL

AREAS
This new guide describes the application of spatial technology to improve

disaster risk management (DRM) within the aquaculture sector. DRM
requires interrelated activities to ensure prevention, preparedness
(including early warning), response and recovery for a wide range of
natural, technological and complex disasters that can impact
aquaculture operations and livelihoods. Prevention refers to measures
aimed at reducing vulnerability to natural and other risks that could result
in disasters. Preparedness means having spatial technology in place for
rapid response to events and the capability to muster the resources to
apply the technology, including leadership, communications and
coordination. Early warning systems provide advance notice and enable
mitigating actions. Timely disaster response is required when a disaster
event commences, and continues throughout the event. The response
phase could last from days to months, depending on the magnitude of
the disaster, after which the focus turns to recovery and building resilience
to future events.
Types of disasters and their impacts on aquaculture A disaster event that

puts aquaculture operations and livelihoods at risk for potential disruption
or loss of operation can be one of four general types:
(i) natural (hydro meteorological, geophysical or biological);
(ii) technological; or
(iii) complex. In addition, a main driver of climate change impact on
35
aquaculture is exposure to climate extreme events as well as the effect of

climate change on the natural resources needed for aquaculture, such as
water, feed and space (Barange et al., 2018). The impacts of major disaster
types on aquaculture operations vary, as do their implications for
livelihoods in the aquaculture sector. The impacts on operations and
livelihoods of the major disaster types are summarized from Table 1 to Table
5.
TABLE 1
Natural (hydro meteorological) disaster impacts on aquaculture
operations and livelihoods
Disaster type I Impacts on Implications for

aquaculture livelihoods
• Disruption of • Destruction or loss of
operations could physical assets, and loss
be from short to or damage to stock
prolonged • Reduced value of
period operations
• Disruption of • Death and/or health
power if farm is problems of farmers
• Hurricanes or connected to and farm workers
cyclones grid degrade human
• Structures capital
(cages, etc.)
damaged
• Marketing
timetable is
upset; cold
storage,
refrigeration
equipment,
transport to
market could be
cut off or
disrupted
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• Loss of farmed
plants and
aquatic animal
• Disruption of • Loss of physical assets
operations could and damage to
be from short to productive capacity of
prolonged land; reduced value of
period land
• Farm-to-market • Death and/or health
roads could problems of farmers
temporarily be and farm workers
rendered degrade human
impassable capital
• Damage to • Floods can bring in
infrastructure, contaminants that
water intake pose risks to human
• Floods and outlet health
systems
• A large influx of
freshwater can
cause massive
mortalities of
cultured marine
species
• High water levels
or infrastructure
damage (e.g.
dam wall failure)
can result in
escape of
cultured species
• Washing away
of coastal and
inland
aquaculture
ponds, cages
and associated
equipment
• Increased
eutrophication
and algal
blooms
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• Water supply • Prolonged drought

severely may preclude any
restricted and freshwater aquaculture
reduced water • Freshwater supply
quality can lead severely restricted,
• Drought and to reduced leading to potential
severe heat production • water use conflicts
Cultured species
that are not
tolerant to high
temperatures
may die
• Pond-based and
floating cage
freshwater
systems cannot
always operate
TABLE 2 Natural (geophysical) disaster impacts on aquaculture


• Land-based • Destruction or loss of
systems physical assets
damaged or • Damage to
destroyed; productive capacity of
water intake land
and outlet • Reduced value of
• Earthquake system could operations
collapse • Cost for rebuilding or
• Farm-to-market improving structures for
roads could be improved resilience
rendered • Death and/or health
impassable problems of farmers
• Support services and farm workers
such as ice degrade human
supply and capital
refrigeration
could be
inoperable
38
• Destruction or • Destruction or loss of

damage to physical assets
infrastructure • Damage to
• Volcanic • Boundaries are productive capacity of
eruption obliterated land
leading to • Reduced value of
problems of land operations
tenure or • Death and/or health
conflicts over problems of farmers
land ownership and farm workers
degrade human
capital
• Severe • Destruction or loss of
disruption of physical assets
operations • Damage to
• Coastal and productivity
inland • Reduced value of
aquaculture operations
severely • Death and/or health
damaged; farm problems of farmers
structures and farm workers
destroyed; degrade human
• Tidal surge and probable death capital
tsunami of farmers and • Cost of re-
farm workers engineering and
• Local hatcheries rebuilding farm
would be structures for improved
unable to resilience
provide seed;
ponds could be
silted up or
buried in silt;
water intake
systems could
collapse or also
be silted up
• Boundaries are
obliterated
leading to
problems of land
tenure or
conflicts over
land ownership
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TABLE 3 Natural (biological) disaster impacts on aquaculture operations

and livelihoods

• Destruction of stocks • Loss of income
to prevent spread of • Loss of market
pathogens •Costly health
Disease outbreaks • Limited operation with management measures
strict on-farm biosecurity • Temporary loss of
measures production
• Impacts on brood
fishes
• Quarantine periods for
certain areas or diseases
Harmful algal blooms and • Closure of farming areas • Loss of income; loss of
hypoxia i.e. includes (mollusks and cage market
jellyfish swarms, population culture) • Costly health
explosions of other • Early harvest if crop is management measures
predatory or harmful marketable • Culture in the affected
animals, or unusual • Fish kills or contamination portion of the waterbody
hydrographic events, of stocks cannot be carried out for
which result in an extended period
deoxygenation or release
of toxic gases from
sediments, etc.)
TABLE 4 Technological disaster impacts on aquaculture


• Fish kills or contamination • Loss of income; loss of
Oil spills, chemical spills of stocks market
and chemical runoff • Closure of culture • Costly health
grounds for an extended management measures
period until clean-up is
complete
Nuclear leak • Contamination of water • Loss of income; loss of
and soils will force market
cessation of operations;
40
long-term health hazard • Health problems of

from radioactivity farmers and farm workers
exposure degrade human capital
TABLE 5 Complex disaster impacts on aquaculture operations

and livelihoods

Armed conflicts / • Complete cessation of • Loss of income; loss of
humanitarian crises farm operations; paralysis market
of services •Evacuation and
• Threat to life and relocation
property
• Possible confiscation or
destruction of physical
assets
41
The disaster risk management cycle
42
Adaptive Architecture for Disaster Risk Reduction
Typhoon season has started. If there’s one thing we’ve learned from Super
Typhoon Yolanda, it’s that we need to start preparing for the worst, and
we need to think of practical and innovative ways to arm ourselves for the
inevitable.
Adaptive architecture is an answer to the growing urban population and
the increasing need to adapt to the changing landscape as the country
becomes more vulnerable to natural and man-made disasters.
Look at Netherlands. Two-thirds of the country is below sea-level, yet they
have made the necessary adjustments in their infrastructure planning and
architecture in order to adapt to the changing climate.
The 2012 World Risk report has established the Philippines as the third most
vulnerable country to natural risks. Typhoons have grown in power since
the 1970s, and they are expected to grow stronger, as with other disaster
risks.
Design with nature. Know your area’s flood and earthquake history. For
those building their new homes, it’s both the architect’s and engineer’s job
to know the history of the area when it comes to flood and earthquakes. Is
the area near a faultline? Is it prone to liquefaction? When was the last big
flood, and how high did the flood waters reach? If your house is built on an
incline, what is the possibility of a landslide occurring? If the information is
not readily available, government websites like the Mines and
Geosciences Bureau (MGB) and the Philippine Institute of Volcanology
43
and Seismology (PHIVOCS) have dedicated interactive web pages giving

an overview of the landslide, liquefaction, and flood hazard area in the
country.
The most practical approach for new homeowners is to look for the oldest
house near your area and check if its entrances are built higher from the
street level, the same way I look for old churches whenever the firm has to
develop a new structure in a flood-prone area because old churches
always build their altars and tabernacles higher than the last highest
recorded flood line to protect their altars from getting wet. If your house is
located in a coastal area, then common sense (and lessons learned from
Super Typhoon Yolanda) should tell you to build your house away from the
coast with livable rooms two meters higher than the worst flood line.
Design considerations for a stronger home. Flat concrete roof decks and
round structures have been proven most resilient towards high-speed
winds and from the destructive forces of flashfloods and tsunamis. Elevate
your house higher by building it on stilts or columns. Usually called wet
flood-proofing, this allows water to pass through the lower/ground floor of
the house and prevents lasting damage to the structural foundation of the
house.
Another method is dry flood-proofing, where all exterior walls and
openings are sealed to prevent water from entering the house, but given
the extreme weather events the world has been experiencing, the best
method is still wet flood-proofing as it is more flexible to varying natural
44
risks, like storm surges and flash floods.

Protect windows by installing storm shutters.
For protection against earthquakes, consider a load-bearing design which
readily adapts to the ground’s movement. Using a cross-bracing system
for the walls, roof, and columns provides better strength against lateral
forces so that the structure doesn’t collapse sideways. If your budget
permits it, add a safe room in your house plans that your family can take
refuge in.
Elevate electricity outlets. In case of flash floods, it’s always best to install
electricity outlets away from and higher than the flood lines. Thus, if the last
big flood in your area reached waist-high, install your power box,
electricity wiring systems and power outlets near the ceiling if you live in a
bungalow. For homes with more than one floor, create separate circuits
for each floor. This is to prevent lasting damage to your electrical system
and prevent electric shocks.
Invest in disaster mitigation technologies. Strengthen your defense against

natural disasters by installing a rainwater storage tanks or alternative
sources of energy (solar panels, wind turbines) in your home. Whether it’s a
practical one (like putting big drums under the gutter drain) or an
integrated one (putting rainwater storage tanks underground and
covering a big part of your roof with solar panels and/or a green roof with
rainwater harvesting), in the event of lack of water or electricity brought
about by a natural or man-made disaster, you can use these green
technologies to provide a good source of energy post-disaster. Investing in
45
these technologies can make a huge difference in case of a calamity.

Constant Vigilance. Subscribe to your area’s community webpage to be
updated on the latest reports and developments in your area which might
affect the future of the area. Watch the latest news and trends in
adaptive architecture. Know the nearest evacuation site in your area. An
informed, prepared, and vigilant citizen is always the best prevention. It’s
time we learned from the mistakes we made in the past disasters.
Disaster proof your home and yourself. Always have a whistle, flashlight,
bottle of water, mobile phone with charger or power bank, among many
other essentials, on hand in case of emergency. Know your way through
fire exits and make sure you always know where you keep your house
keys. Your house should also have a fire extinguisher.
Filipinos are resilient creatures, but on a macro-scale, we need to rely on

the good collaboration between architecture, engineering, planning, and
design experts, the government, and the private sector to improve us
emergency training, enforce better building codes, and make sure that
the money allocated for infrastructure improvement or development ends
up helping those whose homes are most vulnerable. We cannot base our
decisions on what the Internal Displacement Monitoring Center report
called as “decisions based on electoral considerations rather than on
evidence or technical assessments.”
Good news, there is now an updated master plan for drainage flood
46
control in Metro Manila. Bad news, it will be completed in 2035!

Meanwhile, there are floods every year—once, twice, thrice, or even
more. Let’s adopt Adaptive Architecture now.
Architectural and Structural Strategies in coastal areas

A. Construct the buildings high enough above high tide and local
inundation level as pointed before, it has been experienced in
several tsunamis that one of the most effective strategies to reduce
the wave loads on the structure and walls of the building through a
tsunami attack, is to let the water pass through the ground floor of the
building.
B. Install strong pillars or posts for the building Strong pillars or posts can
withstand the huge static and dynamic forces more than thin ones. It
has been observed that the dimension of the posts’ and columns’ cross
section plays an important role in this case.
C. Design for static and dynamic water pressure on the structural and
nonstructural walls.
D. Consider Impact load of debris left by tsunami’s attack. One of the
points that should not be underestimated is that debris impact can
create huge forces to the building which may cause failure or collapse
buildings.
E. Apply proper Details and joints in the structure Proper joints can cause
a unanimous behavior of the building against loads and may help the
building to adopt most of its capacity to resist the loads.
47
F. Anchor buildings to foundations Anchoring the columns to the

foundation can help the constructions to withstand lateral and uplift
forces that are caused by tsunami waves.
G. Strengthen and reinforce existing buildings.
H. Apply reinforced concrete or heavy steel structure rather than using

wooden skeleton It is not a general rule but is has been observed that
concrete structures according to their heavy weight and fixed joints
have had better results against tsunami waves than other structures.
Despite of locating Heavy steel structures in the second level of the
priority, it does not mean that proper wooden structures are not suitable
options if installed properly.
I. Use Seawalls to protect the main structure of buildings.
J. Select proper forms to resist a tsunami while not blocking it entirely

Selecting proper forms is one of the most effective strategies that can
reduce the vulnerability of the buildings to the hazards. Choosing a
form that is consistent to tsunami wave’s behavior can help the
building to resist better against tsunami attacks.
K. Provide adequate openings in the ground floor of buildings to allow
the waves to pass through.
L. Position bearing or structural walls perpendicular to water flow.
M. Refrain from having vital and important equipment and facilities on

ground levels lower than the inundation level Inundation level is an
important parameter which should be considered in different sites.
Everything such as walls, equipment and facilities that are under
48
inundation level is more prone to be attacked by the destructive

waves of tsunami.
N. Allow non-structural elements at lower levels to break away rather than
blocking the water.
O. Avoid erosion of the soil by adopting proper methods.
P. Use Proper Materials.
Q. Pave the Floor Paving the paths and the roads exposed to waves, may
help them to be more resistant against soil erosion of the site which
surrounds the building. Soil erosion may weaken the foundation and
relative structure against wave loads. Figure 3 illustrates a proper building
considering several architectural and structural points to be resistant
enough against tsunamis.
Natural and Built-based approaches to coastal risk reduction

Natural and nature-based approaches to coastal risk reduction include
using or expanding dunes, salt marsh, mangroves, reefs, and seagrass to
mitigate flooding and erosion associated with wave action or storm surge.
The role of intact or restored ecosystems in providing for flood defense and
enhancing resiliency to natural disasters. In contrast to heavily engineered
structures, nature-based initiatives may have ecosystem benefits that
extend beyond mitigation of coastal risk, including improved water
quality, provision of fisheries habitat, and nutrient sequestration. Moreover,
unlike engineered structures, biogenic habitats may have some potential
49
for vertical accretion which could mitigate effects of sea-level rise.

These natural and hybrid approaches may be more cost-effective in the
long-run in comparison to build infrastructure, can strengthen the social,
economic and ecological resilience of coasts, maintain the provisioning
of coastal ecosystem services, and prevent the loss of life and property.
Fig. 1. Examples of natural (top row) and built (bottom row) infrastructure. Photo Credits: NOAA for all images
except Dunes (credit: American Green), Sea Wall (credit: University of Hawaii Sea Grant), and Levee (credit:
J. Lehto, NOAA).
50
Fig. 2. Examples of coastal defenses including natural infrastructure, managed realignment, and hybrid
approaches.
51
Table 1. Summary of infrastructure strengths and weaknesses by type.
Infrastructure type Strengths Weaknesses

• Significant expertise • Does not adapt with
already exist on how to changing conditions such
design and build such as sea-level rise
approaches • Weakens with time and
• Decades of experience has a built-in lifetime
with implementing this • Can cause coastal
approach habitat loss and have
• Excellent understanding negative impacts on the
of how these approaches ecosystem services
Built function and what level of provided by nearby
(seawalls, levees, protection will be provided coastal ecosystems
bulkheads, etc.) by different types of • Can lull communities into
structures built to specific thinking they are safe from
engineering standards all disasters leading to
• Ready to withstand a increased loss of life or
storm event as soon as they property
are constructed • May sustain more
damage during small storm
events than natural
approaches
• Only provides storm
protection benefits when a
storm is approaching; no
co-benefits accrue in good
weather
• Provides many co- • Need to develop best
benefits in addition to practices for how to restore
coastal protection ecosystems
including fishery habitat, • Provides variable levels of
water quality coastal protection (non-
Natural (salt marsh, improvements, carbon linearity of the provisioning
mangrove, beach, dune, sequestration and storage, of coastal protection
oyster and coral reefs, and recreational use, and benefits) depending on the
etc.) can provide these benefits ecosystem, geography
to coastal communities all and also on the type and
the time, not just during severity of storm; need
storm events more research to better
• In the case of ecosystem understand how to
restoration, the ecosystem estimate or predict the
52
grows stronger with time as coastal protection

it gets established provided
• Has the potential to self- • In the case of restored
recover after a storm or ecosystems, it can take a
forcing event long time for ecosystems to
• Can keep pace with sea- get established for the
level rise natural systems to provide
• Can be cheaper to the necessary level of
construct coastal protection
• Can survive smaller • Likely requires a
storms with less damage substantial amount of
than built infrastructure, space to implement
and can self-repair natural approaches (such
as ecosystem restoration or
protection of existing
ecosystems) which may
not be possible
• Few data on the cost to
benefit ratio for projects
• Permitting for natural
projects can be a more
difficult process than for
built projects
• Growing but still limited
expertise in the coastal
planning and
development community
on which approaches to
use where and when
• Capitalizes on best • Little data on how well
characteristics of built and these systems perform to
natural date
• Allows for innovation in • Does not provide all the
designing coastal same benefits that natural
protection systems systems provide
Hybrid(combination of • Provides some co- • Need more research to
built and natural) benefits besides coastal design the best hybrid
protection systems
• Can provide a greater • Growing but still limited
level of confidence than expertise in the coastal
natural approaches alone planning and
• Can be used in areas development community
where there is little space on which approaches to
use where and when
53
to implement natural • Hybrid systems, due to

approaches alone the built part of them, can
still have some negative
impacts on species
diversity
• Few data on the cost to
benefit ratio for projects
• Permitting for hybrid
projects can be a more
difficult process than for
built projects
Better understanding how natural infrastructure approaches perform

during extreme events is key to assessing overall coastal resilience. Though
we did not set out initially in this study to develop a list of research needs,
as we synthesized the available research we discovered that there were
some key gaps or questions that need to be addressed. Thus, determining
and highlighting the main gaps in research became more of a focus of
our efforts, as filling these research gaps will help improve community
policy and decision-making and enhance coastal resilience.
54
C. REDEVELOPMENT PLAN
1. PROPOSED TERMINAL FOR BABY BUS AND TRICYCLE IN ROSARIO CAVITE
55
56
We propose this project for our site to get rid of the vehicles in the Road
and put them in a certain place so that the use of the roads will be
maximize and reduce the traffic in our site cause by public vehicles being
parked in the side of the roads and to orient the passengers in the right
terminals.
57
2. A PROPOSED DISASTER RESILIENT EVACUATION CENTER
OBJECTIVES:
• To prevent risking the lives of the people of Rosario, Cavite especially in
times of emergency situations, disaster and calamities by providing a
more secured and safer place before and during disasters.
• The building is also intended to be used for trainings, livelihood project

and activities and for other function when there is no disaster.
MATERIALS:
• Reinforced concrete
• Concrete hollow block
58
3. A PROPOSED FISH TRADING CENTER IN ROSARIO, CAVITE
59
The fisheries sector in the Philippines provides a significant contribution to

the national economy in terms of income, foreign exchange and
employment. In 2000, total fish production was estimated at 2.94 million,
84% of which was derived from marine capture fisheries. The export of fish
and related fishery products amounted to about US$400 million in the
same year. Between 1984 and 1997, the fisheries sector contributed
between 3.8% to 5.0% of the national GDP and 18.4% to 20.6% of the
agricultural GDP in the same period. The fisheries sector also provided
employment to about 1 million people in 1997. So therefore,
the researchers proposed a fish trading center for all the community
consumers as wells as for the fishermen whom their only source of
employment is fishing to maintain integrity of coastal stocks and
habitats and shared stocks, maximized economic benefits from
utilization of resources, promote equity in sharing benefits from the
utilization of the resources, minimize conflicts among resource users and
poverty among small scale fishers. An accommodating, well-planned
and safe fish port center won’t just make people in the community boost
their economy but also the tourism within the site.
60
4. A PROPOSED LOW-COST FISHERMEN AND INFORMAL SETTLERS HOUSING

COMMUNITY
61
The low cost housing a lot a space for future expansion for the ones who
will use mainly for the fishermen and each of their family and also to the
informal settlers along the shoreline. This project focuses to rehabilitate the
coastline area of Rosario, Cavite while reducing water pollution made by
the informal settlers because some them blocked the water sewage
causing flood in the city. So the researchers conduct a proposal which will
be benefitting both the community and the environment specifically the
main coast of Rosario.
62
5. A PROPOSED PARK IN ROSARIO, CAVITE
SITE DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FRONT ELEVATION
LEFT ELEVATION
63
RIGHT ELEVATION
REAR ELEVATION
AERIAL PERSPECTIVE
Objectives:
• To give relaxation to the community
• To promote public health
• To create safer neighborhood
64
Spaces/materials
• Playground Area
• Picnic Area
• Solar Light Post
• Kiosk
• Benches
• Shrubs
• Ramps
• Fountain
• Trees
6.ROAD PROBLEMS AND SOLUTION

• Tangled Electrical Line
Existing Electrical Post
65
Provide decent Electrical Post with oriented house to house cabling
• Proposed Waste Bin
66
• Proper Drainage Design
Existing Drainage
Proposed Drainage System
67
• Narrow Roads and No Sidewalks
Existing Road
68
Broken Road
69
• Proposed Road and Sidewalks
70
• Ideal Layer of Compact Road
71
• Lumbang Tree(Alurutes Moluccana) will be use in sidewalks
72
• Variegated Ginger(Alpinia Zerumbet) will be use as Shrubs
• Proposed Waiting Shed
73
D. EXISTING SITE CONDITION

ROSARIO CAVITE
74
BRIEF PROFILE OF ROSARIO, CAVITE
75
CHAPTER I. BRIEF HISTORY

On October 22, 1845, Spanish Governor General Narciso Claveria
promulgated a Decree for the establishment of a new town comprising
Salinas-Leiton and Tierra Alta of San Francisco de Malabon, what is now
known as the town of Gen. Trias. On the 27th October, Don Juan Arlegui,
Vicar-General of the Archdiocese of Manila informed the Politico-Military
Governor of Cavite Don Miguel Roca, that he was designated by the
Governor-General to look for a person of unquestionable integrity who will
be entrusted with the money for the construction of the church building.
On November 3, 1845, Presbyter Don Mamerto Ner, who was at that time
one of the best priests of the Curia of Manila, was appointed parish priest
and served until December 1866.
The Municipality of Rosario was originally a part of San Francisco de

Malabon (now General Trias, Cavite). It became an independent
municipality in 1846, one year after the founding of the Santissimo Rosario
Parish. Rosario was formerly called Tejero, which may have originated from
the word “tejer” (Spanish “to weave”) because weaving fish nets was then
the main occupation of the women. Rosario was also called Salinas
derived from the word “sal” (Spanish “salt”) during the Philippine Revolution
because salt-making was a prime industry of the town. The place was
likewise called Marcella or “Marcelles” due to its proximity to the sea (“mar”
in Spanish).
Rosario was, finally, named in honour of their patroness Nuestra Señora
76
Virgen del Santissimo Rosario, Reina de Caracol (or Our Lady of the Most
Holy Rosary). The second smallest town in the province of Cavite, Rosario
has now emerged into the "biggest" neither in terms of its land area nor its
per capita income but because of the great transitions that occurred with
the town's political, social, cultural and economic developments since
1845.
There are three religious versions for naming the town "Rosario." One version
says, the image of the Madonna and the Child was found one-day floating
on the water by a group of kids playing along the seashore. They played
with the image, using it as a toy and afterwards hid it in the bushes near the
sea. Every time they came back, however, they would see the image
already floating leisurely on the water, as if waiting for them. They thought
it strange, but could not explain how the image got back to the water.
Not long after their elders learned about the image and took it to an empty
nipa hack. Thus began a public adoration of the Madonna and Child. The
hut was transformed into a place of worship. News of miraculous
happenings attributed to the image spread around. The religious fervour
was so great and the people were moved by the image that they decided
to adopt it as the patroness of the town and changed the name Salinas
Marcella to Rosario. However, the town’s original name “Salinas” is still
cherished.
To date, the different names given to the town are remembered. Marcella
exists as one of the national roads of the town. Salinas is associated with
77
the finest and famous smoked fish (Tinapang Salinas) produced by the
townspeople. Rosario as an agro-industrialized fishing hamlet along the
coastlines of Manila Bay, is occupied by productive, peace-loving and
God-fearing people who devotedly venerate the Nuestra Señora Virgen
del Santissimo Rosario de Caracol as their patroness.
Rosario’s South Boundary in Barangay Tejeros Convention
CHAPTER II. PHYSICAL FEATURES
78
A. Geographic Location
The Municipality of Rosario, a town in the Province of Cavite occupies the

North-Western section of the province along the western coast of Luzon.
Its absolute location is within coordinates 120 degrees 50 min. 30 second
to 120 degrees 53 min. 00 second East and 14 degrees 4 min. 00 second
to 14 degrees 26 min. 00 second North. Situated in the peripheral zone of
the metropolis, some 30 kilometers away, it is bordered by the
Municipalities of Noveleta to the northeast, General Trias to the southeast
and Tanza to the Southwest.
It lies 30 km south of Manila, and 17 km south-southwest of Cavite City. It

is accessible by land and water (sea) transportation. With the continuous
expansion of Metro Manila, the municipality is now included in Manila
conurbation which reaches Lipa City in its southernmost part. The Manila
Bay and Corregidor Island are situated northwest of the town.
B. Topographic and Physiographic Features

Confirmed along the coastal flats of the south-western section of Luzon,
the municipality exhibits minimal relief with a generally flat topography
not exceeding five meters in elevation. The area is characterized by
physiographic monotony having slopes limited to the 0-3 percent
category. Together with other municipalities of Noveleta, Kawit and
Bacoor, it serves as a catch basin and discharge point of the watershed
79
unit defined by the Tagaytay ridge.
C. Hydro-geologic Characteristics
Rosario may be described as deltaic plain. It is completely underlain with
unconsolidated deposits of gravel, sand, silt and clay. Studies by the
Geosciences and Mines Bureau reveal that these deposits are of recent
area. While alluvium formations have generally good potentials for
subterranean water storage, these are modified by soil system found in
the locality.
The municipality is drained principally by two major river systems hose

headwaters originate from Tagaytay uplands. To the east, traversing the
of Tejeros Convention, Ligtong (II, III, and IV) and Bagbag I runs in
Maalimango River whose distributaries empty into Manila Bay. The larger
and meandering Cañas River forms the town’s south-western boundary
with Tanza. It is responsible for unloading for unloading large amounts of
sediments which accounts for the observed shallowing of the port area.
This further enhanced by an active coastal erosion process. The effect of
a long shore current and the resulting beach drift phenomenon means
an accumulation of depositional features along the municipality’s north-
western coast.
It may be noted that in the province, deposition may be observed in

Rosario, Noveleta and Cavite City. It was in fact actual water withdrawal
or discharge rates are not available, the local water demand supplied
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by 1,962 artesian wells (1995) and the water need of the Cavite Economic
Zone, there are two tanks with 400,000 gallons capacity within the
complex coupled with the volume withdrawn by 10 Maynilad pumping
stations to serve the demands of Rosario and Cavite City. It was obvious
that the consumptive use of groundwater resources is tremendous.
One problem associated with hydro-geologic regime of Rosario is

flooding. The extent of flooding in the municipality is a result of several
factors interaction. First, the dominance of clayey substratum in the soil
horizon dive rise to poor permeability and water percolation. This results
in excessive surface run-off particularly during monsoonal downpours
which are characterized by heavy precipitation. Second, the generally
flat terrain and low gradient/slope contribute to slow water movement
and localized water impounding. Third, while flooding may only be slight
and seasonal, this can be exacerbated by tidal movements. The
occurrence of torrential rains during high tide can wreak havoc to further
worsen the situation. Depicted areas affected by floodwaters include
most coastal barangays except Wawa III. Although flooding occurrence
is only seasonal, it can be regarded as a crisis of proportions.
D. Rock Formations
The surface area of Rosario is underlain by a formation of sedimentary.
The sedimentary rocks consist of alluvium formations which are made up
of unconsolidated deposits of gravel, sand, silt and clay.
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Almost 99.9% of the land surface of Rosario is underlain by the alluvial

formations.
E. Soil Type
Four major soil groups are present in the municipality. The most extensive
is the Guadalupe Clay-Loam with 528.9559 hectares which covers
approximately 68.84 % of the town. Areas with this type of soil includes
Barangay Tejeros Convention, Wawa III and portion of Wawa II, Sapa I,
Poblacion, Silangan I, II, Bagbag I, II and Ligtong III.
Soil Type Area (Has.) Percent to Total

Quingua Fine Sandy 14.5300 1.89
Loam
Guadalupe Clay Loam 528.9559 68.84
Guadalupe Sand 200.0200 26.03
Hydrosol 11.0000 1.43
Rivers 13.8581 1.81
Total 768.3640 100.00
Guadalupe Sand covers the coastal barangays and has an expense of

200.02 hectares representing approximately 26.03 percent of the total
area. Near the Noveleta boundary alongside the Maalimango River, are
the Quingua Fine Sandy Loam and Hydrosol types which, together
account for 25.53 Hectares.
Since different type of soil possesses distinct characteristic and properties,

each would naturally exhibit varying degrees of suitability for different
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uses. Notwithstanding the fact that the whole of Rosario is classified as an

urban area, general suitability classes apply for dominant uses.
In terms of agricultural use, areas most suitable for rice would be those
underlain with the Quingua Fine Sandy Loam and Guadalupe Clay
Loam. Together, they represent 70.73 percent of Rosario’s land area with
a total of 543.4859 Hectares. For diversified crops, the Quingua Fine Sandy
Loam will be the most suited while the Guadalupe series would only be
moderately suitable for diversified crops. In both instances, the Hydrosol
would not be suitable. But for fishpond development and other
aquaculture ventures, Hydrosol would be the best.
For urban uses, the most important quality of the soil which determines
suitability is its physical and structural property. That is, from the urban
perspective, land as a resource is not concerned with the fertility and
locational significance.
In the case of Rosario, the absence of major physical constraints for urban
land uses which are underlain with hydrosol are unsuitable for urban
development. Areas characterized by Guadalupe Sand and Guadalupe
Clay Loam are considered suitable unless they are frequently inundated
by floodwaters which render them only moderately suitable. An area
underlain with Quingua Fine Sandy Loam would be highly suitable. But if
these areas are frequently hit by floods, whether seasonal or otherwise,
then they become only moderately suitable.
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• Climate
The climate condition in Rosario is characterized by two (2) pronounced
seasons, Dry from December to April and Wet from May to November.
• Atmospheric Temperature
The mean annual temperature is 27.7⁰C. The months of April and May
are the hottest with average maximum temperature of 34.5⁰C, while the
month of February is the coldest with average temperature of 26.0⁰C.
• Relative Humidity
The North-Easterly winds prevail in Rosario during the months of October
to April and June, while the South-Westerly winds prevail during the
months of July to September and May. The annual average wind speed
is 6.2 kilometers per hour.
• Rainfall
The total amount of rainfall counts to 1,766.56 with a monthly average of
147.2 mm. Maximum rainfall is observed during the month of August with
rainfall mean of 533.4 mm. On the other hand, the months of February
and March have minimum rainfall with mean of 0.8 and 0,2 mm.
respectively.
• Typhoon
Generally, typhoon develops in the North-western part of the Pacific
Ocean between 180⁰ N and 100⁰ E. Approximately 20 tropical storm
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enters the Philippine Area of Responsibility in a typical year and of these

6 to 9 usually make landfall. Tropical cyclones usually account for at least
30% of the annual rainfall in the northern Philippines while being
responsible for less than 10% of the annual rainfall in the southern islands.
• Storm Surge
This abnormal rise of water generated by a storm shows the vulnerability
of coastal areas in the municipality. Thus, it is also expected that storm
tide to follow and inundate areas in the same location affected. Waves
will continually break onto shore and water will propel onto beach and
inland.
• Flooding
Flood that swamped throughout Rosario is one problem which maybe
noted to occur but only during monsoonal downpour beginning at the
3rd quarter of the year. This is fuelled by seasonal monsoon rains and
tropical storms. Usually, affected areas include most coastal barangays
only, namely Ligtong I, II, and IV; Sapa II and III, Silangan I; Wawa I, II, and
III; Kanluran; Muzon I, and II. The most devastating flood that hit the
community was the typhoon “Milenyo” on 2006.
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F. Existing Use of Coastal Areas

Before the onset of industrialization period, Rosario is dominantly coastal
in nature. Much has been reckoned for its costal prominence such as the
fish net weaving industry, boat manufacturing and the famed “Tinapang
Salinas”, to name a few.
There is an existing beach resort in Barangay Ligtong IV and a potential

amenity in Barangay Silangan I to promote the town’s natural shoreline
splendour. Smoked fish-making industry and traditional fishing is still a
major source of income for residents of the nine (9) coastal barangays of
the municipality. A municipal fish port, which caters for retail and
wholesale trading for locals and businessmen, is soundly operational and
provides employment for the people of nearby barangays.
Fishing remains a major source of income among the locals of coastal barangays.
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On the other hand, the industrial area of the PNOC property extends up
to the coast of the town. The pipeline of the Oil Depot passes through the
jurisdiction of Barangay Wawa II up to the territorial waters of Rosario.
Mangroves can be found in the shore of Barangay Ligtong I and
Barangay Wawa III.
COMPARATIVE/COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE
• 1st Class Income Municipality with Flat Terrain Municipality

This topographic characteristic result to easy accumulation of local water
demand. In addition, construction of any infrastructure is less
complicated. The weather observed is regular at 28ºC, NE wind at 61
KM/H, and 74 percent humidity.
• Sufficient Power Supply.

Improved circuits reliability and flexibility as well as increased capacity by
Transco and Meralco are available for full operation of industries and
residents’ needs in the coming years.
• Proximity to Metro Manila

One major development potential of Rosario is its nearness to Manila and
other major cities and municipalities. It is approximately 26 kilometers to
Manila via the newly opened Cavite Expressway or Cavitex roughly less
than half an hour travel. Accessibility to vital institutions like government
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offices, air and sea ports are highly stressed-free.
• Improved Roads
Wide and connected, all national and municipal roads were linked to
safely transport people and produce, to markets, schools, works and
places of concern.
• Skilled Human Resources

Young population, very friendly attitude people of about 57 percent
dominates the present populace with technical know-how and
adaptability, ready for employment. These young individuals were
empowered by the Local DSWD and PESO by providing them with
adequate training making them more important and useful assets of
the municipality.
• Attractive Economic Zone

Within Rosario is Cavite Economic Zone, a fully developed 227.8796
hectares of land to accommodate industrial establishments, with well-
paved roads, water and sewer lines and access to communication
facilities and sewerage treatment plant-aeration type. CEZ, considered
the biggest/registered zone in the country, employs more than 79,000
management and production workers. Aside from these, an estimated
4,500 are employed by brokers, banks, security agencies, canteens,
subscribers and other offices.
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• Numerous Investment Opportunities

Other than CEZ which is home to more than 382 industrial locators, 134
hectares of PNOC properties is currently developed to be Special
Economic Zone, industrial site and low-cost housing. PNOC Gas and Oil
depot is also located here. SM Prime Holdings, Inc. opened SM City
Rosario which covers 5 hectares of leisure and entertainment to the
municipality and nearby towns. It has generated employment growth
further as retail; and service is an important component to the
municipality’s base. The trends introducing inside and “urban format”
supermarkets, and various stores, services, and restaurants that cater to
the convenience and day-to-day needs of the residential population,
zone workers and SM staff employment population in the Downtown,
boosted the income of town’s income and helped increase the
employment rate.
• Abundant Fishing Turf and Industry

Due to its location as one of the lowland coastal municipalities, Rosario
was noted for fishing and “Tinapang Salinas” processing. The presence
of two fish ports, (i.e. Municipal Fish Port, and Ligtong Fish Landing)
creates a systematic transport and download of fish catch.
• Extended Coastal Shore Lines

Lengthy beach and adjoining areas are in consideration for reclamation.
Some of its shorelines are being developed to be tourist spot and beach
resort, e.g. Isla de Bonita de Salinas.
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• Rich in History and Culture

Rosario is renowned for its Patroness, Nuestra Senora Virgen del Rosario
and the “Karakol Dance” in her honor. Located in Barangay Tejeros
Convention is the Casa Hacienda, where the first Presidential Election
(Revolutionary Government) was held and the establishment of the First
Philippine Army.
A commemorative building was erected in the historic site of Casa Hacienda.
WEAKNESSES: PRIORITY ISSUES AND CONCERNS
• Rapid Population Increase

Based on the 2010 Census, the municipality registered a population of
92,253. Growing at the rate of 2.2755 percent per year, this is expected
to reach 115,531 by year 2020.
• Hasty Land Use Change

There is a need to regulate the rapid change from residential to
commercial use along major roads such as Marseilla St. and Gen. Trias
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Drive without regulations, these areas become overpopulated with

people (formal and informal settlers), more congested with traffic and
generates more waste which increases vulnerability of the community to
natural hazards.
• Continued Progression of Informal Settlers

The increasing number of informal settlers occupying idle lands and
unsafe sites near the rivers and coasts must be immediately addressed to
prevent worsening the present situation.
• Un-even Distribution of Population

Migration influences the reshaping of population distribution. People from
other municipalities becoming aware of the conveniences Rosario and
the Cavite Economic Zone can provide tend to migrate and eventually
dictate the delivery of services, the resources and markets for businesses
and the potential for further opportunities.
• Shelter/Housing Needs
The need for using is becoming more and more pronounced and strict
conformance to building codes must be enforced to prevent a collapse
due to earthquake and typhoon.
• Unsanitary and Inefficient Solid Waste Disposal

The proposed Material Recovery Facility located in Barangays Kanluran
and Muzon II poses serious health and environmental hazards to the
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ground water, sea water and to the residents in the community.
• Traffic Congestion
Chokepoints are the intersection and routes along the stretch of Marseilla
St. in Barangays Ligtong III, and IV; Bagbag I, and II; Silangan I; Poblacion,
and along the length of Gen. Trias drive in Barangays Poblacion and
Tejeros Convention.
• Flooding
This is one major problem which maybe noted to occur but only during
monsoonal downpour beginning the 3rd quarter of the year. However,
affected areas include most coastal barangays only.
• Land Conversion Effect

Rice and diversified crops are not anymore locally grown. Agricutural
produce are being imported from other municipalities and provinces for
local consumption and trade, thus compromising food sufficiency in the
locality.
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Rosario - a 1st Class Urban Municipality in Cavite, has converted from agricultural to industrial
FUNCTIONAL ROLE OF THE MUNICIPALITY
As a coastal municipality, Rosario served as the residence of ancient

people. It was also known as the first developed town in history because
of its industry making craft and fisheries. Today as a first class industrialized
municipality, Rosario has shifted from an agro industrial based economy
to one which is more productive and dominant in service. Since the

creation of Cavite Economic Zone in 1983, Rosario has strived as a
leading contributor towards economic growth of the province. High
employment rate bring better social wellbeing to its residents. Cavite
Economic Zone is an important element in the development of the
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adjacent municipalities to be suitable as logistic hub and another

economic zone.
Rosario covers a total area of 768.3640 Hectares. It is home to about 382

locators, responsible for employing approximately 79,000 persons living
within the locality and adjacent municipalities. Major industries include
manufacturing for automotive parts, electronics, textiles, fixtures, etc.
Nevertheless, industry excise was aided by income from marine catch

and taxes due from commercial enterprises. Equally, there are service-
based economic activities that include areas such as education, retail,
finance, and government work.
In today’s “617 Challenge” of Cavite Province, towns and cities were

strategically joined to become part of the “New Triangle: Growth
Corridors”, a defined development direction by the Provincial
Government. Rosario surely leads the province to industrialization.
Together with Bacoor, Kawit, Noveleta, Tanza and Cavite City , all of
which are near the coast with good economic and tourism potential and
rich history, they are called “Cavite El Viejo – La Llave de Manila” (Old
Cavite – Gateway to Manila).
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CHAPTER III. BRIEF SITUATIONER

1. DEMOGRAPHY
Rosario has undergone significant population growth during 1903~2010.
Between 1903~2007, its population grew from 6,601 to 92,253; an increase
of over 1,398 percent. But the growth has not been consistent, such that
between 2007~2010, the municipality experienced a drop of 1,975 in
population. This corresponds to displacement of workers in Cavite
Economic Zone setting an out-migration pattern. However, continued
industrialization and commercial expansion suggest reoccurring increase
akin to 2012 projected population.
While the town’s population has grown uniformly in the past, certain
barangays have grown at a rate faster than that of Rosario. Relative to
the population of the Province of Cavite COMPREHENSIVE LAND USE PLAN
OF ROSARIO, CAVITE EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Page 2 which is 3,090,691
persons on base year 2010, Rosario contributes to 2.98% of the total
population. Barangay Tejeros Convention, which constitutes almost fifty
percent of the municipality’s land area, has the biggest share of
population with a total of 15,013 persons, while Barangay Sapa IV, the
least occupant of the town, registered only 965 persons.
2. SOCIAL SERVICES
Education. Additional school buildings and teachers, both in public and
private schools should be increased to cater the projected increase in the
school-going age population in the next ten years. Similarly, additional
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classrooms should be built to adhere to 1:45 teacher pupil ration a

conducive type of learning effect due to the implementation of the K+12
curriculum.
Health. The local government through the Municipal Health Office,
Rosario Maternity and Emergency Clinic and Barangay Health Stations
provide broad range of medical services that includes medical
consultation, treatment of minor ailments, maternal and child health care,
dental services, dispense of drugs and medicines and other related
health activities. The municipality fell short of the standard requirements
on government health personnel in terms of doctor/dentist population
ratio which is set at 1:20,000.
Housing. Increasing trend in households is due to population growth

brought about by in-migration and births. Informal settlers, displaced
families and poor families living in danger-prone areas are the primary
beneficiaries of the municipalities socialized housing program. Most of
these people are either encroached in private-owned lots and the
coastal zones. But these residents are fortunate that the local government
can provide for their housing necessities. On the long-term perspective,
qualified beneficiaries are awarded with their own dwelling place
provided by the local government through its “Land for the Landless
Program”. In order to provide descent shelter for some homeless families,
the municipality is purchasing vacant lots. Some 3,367 housing units are to
be constructed to allow the remaining 15% of the populace to be in
possession of their abode.
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Social Welfare Services. The Municipal Social Welfare and Development

Office provides direct services such as: financial assistance, practical skills
and livelihood trainings, emergency assistance, special social services
and day care services. Rosario has 20 Day Care Centers, a 1:1 barangay
to DCC ratio. Current enrolees were tallied to almost 1,567 pupils.
Protective Services. Rosario has 1:2,268 police to population ratio showing

a shortage of about 49 uniformed personnel (Source; CPPO, Imus based
on 2007 Census of Population). The municipality recorded 151 crime
volume, 108 are index crime while 43 are COMPREHENSIVE LAND USE
PLAN OF ROSARIO, CAVITE EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Page 3 non-index. The
monthly average crime rate as of 2010 is 12.86 percent, a low considering
a shortage of policemen. Crime solution is noticeably at a low and
requires resolving and management.
The local BFP has only 9 firemen, 8 of which are paid by the municipality.
Recruitment of 43 firemen is of great importance to have a responsive fire
prevention workforce. Though there is one volunteer fire truck provided by
the Rotary Club, Rosario has only one 1,000 gallons’ fire truck, and a
Pumper Jeep-type fire truck that makes a deficit of fire-fighting apparatus
to ensure safety of the populace.
Sports and Recreation. The town plaza is the center of sports and
recreation activities of the municipality. Aside from the plaza, other
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barangays have their own basketball court for their socio-economic

functions and the malls for their recreation and pass time. For quite a long
time, the playground areas in the town plaza and barangays have aged.
These facilities need to be rehabilitated. Much better, a new sports facility
for other sporting events, gym-complete with amenities, and a play place
for children are needed to be constructed.
3. ECONOMY
Agri-fishery. Rosario Municipal Fish Port in Pandawan (Sapa II) is the main
landing area of catched fish in the province. It is a bazaar of various
aquaculture products. Its annual product gain sums up to about 12,002
metric tons. It has also the most number of fishing banca (boat) engaging
business totalling to more than 913 and used by 3,606 fishermen.
Commerce and Trade. The municipality’s progress is measured with the

existence of a healthy trading exercise. Most establishments are situated
in the central business district, main and adjacent roads. Commerce and
Trade has extended in Barangay Tejeros Convention near the Industrial
Area. And a future plan has it to extend the commercial area to adjacent
barangays of the CBD within the municipal road.
Industry. The municipality is largely dependent to industrial proceeds,

primarily on Cavite Economic Zone, the main industrial area covering
332.23 hectares and home to 382 locators, giving employment to more or
less 79,000 work force. Industrial development in Rosario has grown
steadily as evidenced by the emergence of additional firms in industrial
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zone. Other industrial area includes the Petron Oil Depot and General
Chemicals and Resin Consortium Inc. These firms produced a wide array
of products such as food and beverage, textile, wood product, chemical
product, basic metal product, electronics and telecommunication, etc.
Tourism. The center of Tourism in Rosario is the historic Casa Hacienda –

the venue of the famous Tejeros Convention which is the core of the
Philippines recognition as the first Republic in all of Asia. The Mount Sea
Resort, Hotel and Restaurant, an exceptional hotel for lodging and
beaches, is very accessible for fun and relaxation. Recently, a new beach
is being developed by the local government of Rosario - the La Isla Bonita
de Salinas. It is a public beach which caters to residents and tourists from
neighboring town and cities.
4. PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE
Drainage/Roads. Sufficient road network is a manifestation of a highly
industrialized society. It is the main means of transportation for business
stakeholders and the common passersby. Yet, the Municipality of Rosario
still has the need for adequate thoroughfares. Overcrowding of vehicles
causes severe traffic and air pollution. There is a growing need for
additional auxiliary roads especially in the commercial and industrial area
to ease the traffic situation. Transportation is also hindered by flood. This
also contributes to poor road condition and water-borne diseases caused
by clogged drainage ways. An upgrade of the road network and drainage
system is required.
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Power. Power interruption is seldom encountered in Rosario. Meralco and

Napocor power the whole town with adequate supply. The Cavite
Economic Zone is powered by Transco, an independent power provider,
solely intended to meet the power demand of its 382 registered locators.
But only a minimum percentage of the populace or approximately 5% of
the total population, mostly informal settlers in the coastal area do not
enjoy this basic necessity, mainly because most of these residents are far
from electrical facilities of the Power Provider.
Water. Ground water is abundant in Rosario. Level III water system is
provided by the Maynilad Water Services Inc. (formerly Manila Waterworks
and Sewerage System) supplying domestic water needs of some portion
areas in Rosario, Noveleta and Cavite City. Most households have artesian
well, deep wells, and pumps. In 2007, despite the abundance of ground
water which is presently not safe to drink, the municipal government of
Rosario established the Rosario Water System. This kind of facility, owned
and operated by the local government unit, now has a total number of
1,800 concessionaires, as of 2012.
Communications. Majority of households and business entities are using
the services of PLDT for landline services. Application for landline service is
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now easy due to the sudden outburst of competitors like Globe Telecom
and Digitel. Aside from the traditional landline services, access to mobile
services is not a problem with the nationwide-spread coverage of Smart
and Globe Telecom networks. Communication has never been better
since the advent of the Telecommunication Industry. However, to some
cases, print media is still applicable and useful.
5. NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
Water Bodies. Rosario is flanked by bodies of water dominant which is the
Manila Bay, with a total area of roughly 6,764.03 hectares. The length of
the municipal coastline measures 4,500 kilometers.
Solid/Liquid Waste. Daily garbage collection and disposal system being
implemented by the Municipal Government is on contractual basis,
renewable on annually, with an annual appropriation of 25 million.
Garbage transported by collection trucks to a sanitary landfill in Trece
Martirez City, Cavite. The Cavite Export Processing Zone management
operates its own Solid Waste Management. Garbage from factories is
collected by junkshop concessionaires and scrappers.
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The local drainage system serves both rain/flood water and domestic
waste water. It consists of reinforced concrete pipes (RCP), culvert and
manholes. Opened street canals were constructed parallel on both sides
of the national and local roads for easy maintenance purposes.
To fully serve the environmental sector, the Solid Waste Management Act
of 2000 (R.A. 9003) was informed to the residents through community
assemblies and house-to house campaigns throughout the entire
municipality. Garbage is collected daily and shall be kept in the proposed
Material Recovery Facility until recycled for economical use. The local
government is on the starting stage of implementing the “No Plastic”
policy as prescribed by Provincial Ordinance 007-2012 in the province of
Cavite.
6. LAND USE DEVELOPMENT TREND
Existing Land Use
The arrival of more investors and expansion in the Cavite Economic Zone,
together with the number of commercial and business establishments
build-up along Gen. Trias Drive, the town‟s major thoroughfare, where Fil-
oil Development Authority, SM City Rosario and Costa Verde Subdivision
are located, greatly induced the land uses in Rosario. Residential areas
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encompass the biggest of the land use, followed by Industrial,
Commercial and Institutional. The municipality‟s existing land use,
(formerly agro-industrial character) has been reclassified wholly into
predominantly industrial.
Built up areas in all barangays where settlements can be found include all
the twenty (20) barangays: Bagbag I and II; Kanluran; Silangan I and II;
Muzon I and II; Poblacion; Ligtong I, II, III, and IV; Sapa I, II, III, IV; Wawa I, II,
and III; and Tejeros Convention. At present, these occupy a total of
562.800 hectares representing 94.81% of the total land area of the
municipality. With the current population at a high of 92,253, the
equivalent built-up area density is computed to be 120 persons per
hectare.
• Residential Area
Residential use constitutes the bulk of Rosario‟s current land use. These will
constitute about 26.98% of the total built-up area and equal to 207.3185
hectares of the total land area. With the total number household of
21,913, the residential area-household density tallies to 40 households per
hectare. These include the following: Bagbag I and II; Kanluran;
I, and II; Muzon I and II; Poblacion; Ligtong I, II, III, and IV; Sapa I, II, III, and
IV; Wawa I, II, III; and Tejeros Convention.
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• Industrial Area
Industrial activities were located to a total of 198.786 hectares (25.87%).
These are mainly situated inside the Cavite Economic Zone, within
Barangay Tejeros Convention.
• Commercial Area
Commercial areas occupy only about 17.6182 hectares (2.29%).
Commercial establishments are spread in the different barangays of the
municipality. These can be found in Bagbag I and II; Poblacion; Ligtong
III; Sapa II; Wawa I; and Tejeros Convention. Major commercial activities
lie along the stretch of Marseilla St., and Gen. Trias Drive. The main
commercial centers can be found at Poblacion and Gen. Trias Drive in
Tejeros Convention, where PDMC, SM City Rosario and Costa Verde
Subdivision are located.
• Institutional Area
Institutional areas consist of lands presently housing the government,
academic and religious institutions as well as other structures catering to
the provisions of public services and needs. These also cover private lands
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but catering to the educational and medical needs of the populace.
These cover 13.8934 hectares (1.81% of the total area).
Institutional facilities are situated in the following barangays: Bagbag I
and II; Kanluran; Silangan I and II; Muzon I and II; Poblacion; Ligtong I, II,
III, and IV; Sapa I, II, III, and IV; Wawa I,II, and III; and Tejeros Convention.
• Agri-Fishery Area
Agri-fishery areas include all water bodies and mangrove. These cover
17,0081 hectares (0.00022%). Fishing is a major economic activity due
to the abundant fishing grounds particularly in Barangays Wawa, Sapa
Muzon and Ligtong. Predominant cottage industries related to fishing
include smoked fish (tinapa) processing, fish drying (daing), fish paste-
making (bagoong), fish sauce-making (patis) and canning. Marine
species caught within municipal fishing grounds include squid,
mackerel, slip mouth, herring, goatfish, tuna, mullet, porgy, shrimp,
barracuda, cavalla, snapper, catfish and rounds cod.
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• Functional Open Space
Functional open spaces are developed land dedicated to specific
function, (i.e. plaza, parks, playground) for rest and recreation and
dumpsite for waste management to serve environmental concerns.
• Road
Road network totalled 32.331 hectares or about 4.21% of the total land
area. This includes 8.852 kilometer municipal road, 4.076 kilometer
national road, 11.028 kilometer barangay road, providing mobility and
accessibility to all places in the municipality. Road width measurement
varies from 4 meters, 5 meters and 10 meters for barangay road,
municipal road, and national roads respectively.
• Cemetery
The 5 cemeteries in Rosario cover an area of 12.557 hectares (1.63%).
These are the Rosario Public Cemetery; Profeta Memorial Cemetery (I
and II); 7 Fleet Cemetery; and Heaven’s Garden Memorial Park. They are
located in Silangan II and Tejeros Convention.
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CHAPTER III. DEVELOPMENT CONSTRAINTS AND OPPORTUNITIES
1. DEVELOPMENT CONSTRAINTS
Conversion from Agro-Industrial to Industrial. Rice and diversified crops
are not anymore available. Agriculture produce are being imported
from other municipalities for local consumption and trade.
Flooding. This is one major problem which maybe noted to occur but
only during monsoonal downpour beginning the 3rd quarter of the year.
However, affected areas include most coastal barangays only.
Influx of informal settlers. Their number dominates coastal areas and
some public domains. The proliferation of squatter communities and
squatting syndicates, if left uncontrolled, could create more problems
that could derail the local government’s efforts to bring the benefits of
economic progress to the urban poor. This continued growth of informal
settlements occupying idle lands and unsafe sites near the rivers and
coast must be immediately addressed to prevent worsening of the
present conditions.
107
Rapid land use change. There is a need to regulate the hasty change
from residential to commercial use along major road length such as
Marseilla St., Gen. Trias. Drive and C. Abueg St. Without regulation, these
areas shall be overly occupied with people and businesses, more
congested with traffic and generates more waste which increases
vulnerability of the community to natural hazards.
Rapid population increase. At present, the municipality has a population
of 92, 253 based on the 2010 Census. Growing at the rate of 3 percent
per year, this is expected to reach 115,531 by year 2020.
Shelter/housing needs. The need for housing/socialized shelter is
becoming more and more pronounced and strict conformance to
building codes must be enforced to prevent damage or collapse due to
natural hazards.
Unsanitary and insufficient solid waste disposal. The current procedure
and process poses serious health and environmental hazards to our
ground water, sea water and to the residents of the community.
108
Traffic congestions. Chokepoints are the intersection routes along the
length of Marseilla St. from Barangays Ligtong III, Bagbag II, Ligtong IV,
Bagbag I, Silangan I to Barangay Poblacion and all the way from Gen.
Trias Drive of Barangay Poblacion to Barangay Tejeros Convention.
Crowded public cemetery. The only public cemetery located in
Barangay Silangan II is now crammed. Rehabilitation or expansion of the
site is necessary.
1. DEVELOPMENT OPPORTUNITIES
Proximity to Metro Manila. One major development potential of
Rosario, Cavite is its proximity to Manila and other major cities. It is
approximately 26 kilometers to Manila via the newly opened Cavite
Expressway or Cavitex roughly less than half an hour travel. Accessibility
to vital institutions like government offices, air and sea ports are highly
stressedfree.
109
Abundant fishing turf and Industry. Due to its location as one of the
lowland coastal municipalities, Rosario was noted for fishing and
“tinapang Salinas” processing.
Attractive Economic Zone (CEZ). 320 hectares of its land were confirmed
to accommodate industrial establishment.
Numerous investment opportunities. Currently, PEZA is home to 382
industrial locators. SM Prime Holding, Inc. opened SM City Rosario which
covers 5 hectares of leisure and entertainment to the municipality and
nearby towns. The Gas and Oil depot of the PNOC is also located here.
Extended coastal shore lines. Lengthy beach and adjoining areas are in
consideration for reclamation. Some of its shorelines are being
developed to be a tourist spot and beach resort like the La Isla Bonita de
Salinas.
Skilled human resources. Young population, about 57% dominates the
present populace with technical know-how and adaptability, ready for
employment.
110
Flat-terrain municipality. This topographic characteristic results to easy
accumulation of local water demand. In addition, construction of any
infrastructure is less complicated.
Rich in history and culture. Rosario (formerly Salinas) is renowned for its
patroness, Nuestra Senora Virgen Del Rosario and the Karakol Dance in
her honor. Located in Tejeros Convention is the Casa Hacienda, where
the first Presidential Election (Revolutionary Government) was held and
the establishment of the First Philippine Army. The town is also associated
with the finest and famous smoked fish (Tinapang Salinas) that is
produced by the locals.
Sufficient power supply. Improved circuits reliability and flexibility as well
as increased capacity by Transco and Meralco are available for full
operation of industries and need in the coming years.
Fish ports. The presence of two fish ports creates a systematic transport
and download of fish catch.
111
Urban classification. Industrialization eventually makes Rosario‟s
urbanization irreversible.
Abundant potable water resource. The locality demands huge water
needs by artesian well and the need of PEZA complex thru 10 Maynilad
pumping stations which is obviously served.
CHAPTER IV. MAJOR DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
1. GOALS
To define the future boundaries of growth in residential and non-
residential areas necessary to preserve the community character and
uniqueness.
• To provide for the strongest employment base for the populace of
Rosario, with a diversified economy compatible with the municipality’s
thrust of industrial and commercial.
• To provide for the delivery of necessary public services.
• To preserve and enhance parks, playgrounds and other recreational
spaces.
• To protect the natural and historical resources
112
2. OBJECTIVES
• To advance the purpose of this Comprehensive Land Use Plan contained
and adopted in Resolution No. 07-A-13.
• To develop and reinvigorate the industrial and commercial
establishments.
• To develop a thriving urban community as a true center of
opportunities in terms of employment, housing and recreational.
• To improve and sustain residential and non-residential neighborhood
quality and livability.
• To provide sufficient employment opportunities to the locality.
• To encourage local and foreign investments.
• To preserve, enrich and develop cultural and historical heritage of the
municipality.
• To maintain effective delivery of health services to constituents.
CHAPTER V. PREFERRED DEVELOPMENT THRUST(s) AND SPATIAL STRATEGIES
1. INDUSTRAL
Industrial development in Rosario has grown steadily as evidenced by
the emergence of additional firms especially in the Cavite Economic
113
Zone. Since the approval of R. A. No. 7916 or otherwise known as “The
Special Economic Zone Act of 1995”, creating the Philippine Economic
Zone Authority, CEZ has surfaced from a mini-industrial zone, to be the
largest economic zone in the country. It is home to 382 registered locators
and is just 30-minute drive away from Manila, having close proximity to
commercial sea and air ports. Other than the economic zone are two
industrial establishments. They are FILOIL/PNOC and General Chemicals
and Resin Consortium Inc., located at Barangay Tejeros Convention.
• Concept Plan
There is a plan to expand the existing industrial zone. The local
government shall reclaim the area owned by FILOIL Development
Authority located at the east side of Barangay Tejeros Convention, near
the border of the Municipality of Noveleta in the East and the Municipality
of Gen. Trias in the South, as per Proclamation No. 971 by the former
President Fidel V. Ramos, approved on February 13th, 1997. However,
part of this land is still under dispute with Gen. Trias.
114
• Structure Plan
Rosario has to ensure that support services, facilities and utilities required
such as power, water, roads, telecommunication and efficient solid
waste disposals.
2. COMMERCIAL
A sound trading condition is the barometer of a progressive municipality.
Several years ago, commerce and trade transactions are concentrated
in the Poblacion area. It is the central business district of the town
consisting of various retail and wholesale stores, business entities and,
other services. The Municipal Fish Port caters for fish dealers and vendors.
By mid-„90s, commercial operations were extended up to Barangay
Tejeros Convention, due to the booming of the Cavite Economic Zone.
At present, business enterprises growth has become more prevalent in
the latter. A second market place was constructed, but is not fully
operational yet. The latest contribution to the previous planning period
(2000 ~ 2010) is the SM City. Considering this development, it can be
defined that the central business district has shifted from Barangay
Poblacion to Barangay Tejeros Convention.
115
The present commercial area of Rosario extends from Marseilla St. in
Barangay Ligtong (II and III) stretching to Gen. Trias Drive in Barangay
Tejeros Convention. The said streets are part of the national road. A
portion covering C. Abueg St. was also classified as commercial area. It
is however, restricted in the Poblacion area. The stretch of C. Abueg St. is
a potential area for commercialization because it serves as a
thoroughfare for the high-density populated barangays afar from the
CBD. From Poblacion, the commercial area shall be lengthily extended
up to Barangay Sapa IV.
• Concept Plan
The Municipality of Rosario has a vision to lead the province to be the
center of industry, commerce, trade and fishery. The Local Chief
Executive and the Municipal Council are working hand-in-hand in turning
this dream into a near reality. Sites for the expansion of commerce and
trade have been identified in the adjacent barangays of the CBD,
Barangays Sapa-I and Sapa-IV. Access to this area is convenient
because it is situated along C. Abueg Street connecting to the national
road. This covers a span of 3.5 kilometers in length or an additional 2.5
hectares of commercial land area but then decreasing usage of
116
residential lots. There are sufficient means of transportation available in
the area to accommodate residents from barangays who are far from
the central business district.
• Structure Plan
Rosario, a first class municipality with high level of urban functions and
services should opt to intensify commercialization or leading center of
growth. It should further strengthen the commercial base. As
development proceeds in other growth areas, supporting commercial
and retail requirements, foods and beverages needs would be
anticipated. It needs to ensure the presence of facilities, utilities
measures and incentives to encourage investors to further diversify and
increase investment. It is required to mitigate measures, identified with
the impact of intensified commercial activities such as increased volume
of solid and liquid wastes, parking area requirements, traffic
management, housing, business/personal services, health facilities, etc.
3. TOURISM
Rosario is rich in history and culture. Renowned for its Patroness, Nuestra
Senora Virgen del Rosario and the “Karakol Dance”, in Her honor.
Located in Barangay Tejeros Convention is the Casa Hacienda, the
117
former Recollect house where the first Presidential Election (Revolutionary
Government) was held and the birthplace of the Philippine Army.
• Concept Plan
One of today’s acknowledged fastest growing industries, Tourism is a
potential industry to create jobs. Visiting relatives and friends craves for
shopping, sightseeing and dining out. Benefitting areas will be the La Isla
Bonita de Salinas, a public beach under the management of the local
government of Rosario, and the current summer attraction. The beach
shows potential for skim boarding and swimming, beach goers can also
enjoy the zip line ride plying above sea waters, which needs to be
improved and promoted
Another important place is the parish Church of Nuestra Senora Virgen
de Caracol which is among the few of the most impressive baroque-style
churches in the country and has been considered a national treasure but
its exemplary beauty and historic significance is not known amongst
Rosarians and the Cavitenos.
• Structure Plan
Tourism is considered an economic activity. Therefore, there is a need to
develop a heritage and conservation plan so that Rosarians can be
118
aware of places of historicalcultural heritage and connections with the
past. Trained local tour guides will serve local and foreign tourists and
create commemorative signage. Side streets walkway for pedestrians
use should be provided. Parking spaces must be created and market
stalls relocated for night market activity. More importantly, upgrading
tourism accommodations and facilities compatible with existing
development is required to meet the demand over a longer period of
time.
4. COASTAL AREAS
Rosario is potentially a natural attraction with long coastline and beaches
and with potential for water-based sports and recreation such as scuba
diving, beach volleyball, fishing, etc. The presence of extensive coastal
and sizeable bodies of inland water serve as a basis for valid inclusion in
the development options. It comprises approximately 104.9482 hectares
with over 5,613 households within. Commercial and Industrial uses,
including the Municipal Fish Port cover the balance of coastal area lands.
Overtime, it has served to accommodate commercial fishing and related
transportation uses.
119
• Concept Plan
The municipality must at the outset, conduct an inventory of its coastal
resources and ascertain existing risks and potential impacts to the
locality. Current conditions within the coastal zone suggest a number of
opportunities to affect positive change, i.e. decongestion and
environmental issues. Rosario is considered a potential site to transit
people and fish catch between and around boundaries.
• Structure Plan
The municipality needs to adopt measures to protect and conserve its
coastal areas to ensure tourism will not cause degradation to the
environment, or affect the social and local tradition of the community.
Rosario‟s municipal coastline stretches 3,442.4520 meters. Its width
however can be expanded to be used for walking and jogging and
include signages, landscaping, benches and picnic shelters.
CHAPTER VI. PROPOSED LAND USES AND ZONING PLAN
• Residential
There is an increase of 160.6237 hectares of land area to residential
coming from no build-up areas of the entire municipality. This additional
requirement will be sufficient to meet the housing deficiency. The local
120
government, with its plans of acquiring residential lots, is seriously
anticipating this scenario for the next ten years. Thus, more socialized
housing is needed. Vertical expansions must be included to meet
demands (medium rise or 4-storey) to promote efficient use of urban
space. Other contributors would be titled lots under water at the
moment. In ten years’ time, these land areas shall be developed.
Underwater lots along the coastal barangays of Muzon-I, Muzon-II,
Kanluran, Sapa-II, Sapa-III, Wawa-I and Wawa-II shall be reclaimed for
residential purposes. Being underwater it is currently considered as non-
build up. This reclaimed area would suit the housing needs of the
municipality.
• Commercial
The Municipality of Rosario is anticipated to further increase its residential,
industrial and commercial activities. The PNOC Development and
Management Corporation (PDMC), with the aid the Rosario Local
Government Unit, has begun developing 134 Hectares of the Philippine
National Oil Corporation property into a special economic zone that will
have an industrial estate low cost housing, and a port to facilitate
transport of products and services to and from the eco-zone, SM City
121
Rosario, a mall operated by SM Prime Holdings Inc. boosted the
Municipality’s economy as well as helped in its employment rate.
However, they should be restricted to remain at present sites and
minimum provisions for expansion, except for providing adequate
parking space to give leeway to traffic flow and pedestrians.
• Infrastructure and Utilities
Though a Water System exists, the local government still has plans to
install artesian wells to the municipality. Said water system is not yet fully
available to all the residents of Rosario. And these artesian wells will serve
as back-up source of water supply, especially to those dwelling in the
innermost parts of the community where pipelines cannot reach.
Installation of artesian well is less costly and can be readily available in
one-week time. These wells shall only serve for cleaning, washing and
bathing purposes since Maynilad and Rosario Water System is not
available in the entire locality. Water distilling Stations provide the
potable water requirement of the populace. In ten years time, it is highly
anticipated that the Rosario Water System will be made available to the
entire municipality. Likewise, electrical facilities will be upgraded. There
122
will be a great demand for additional posts for electrical purposes to
support the zero-backlog target of the local government.
• Institutional
These areas include the existing Institutional areas. There shall be an
expansion of the institutional area in all barangays. Considering the
growth of the population, schools and public offices will be needed
drastically.
• Parks and Playgrounds
A decline in parks and playgrounds area is caused by the increasing
need for some office space requirements. And so, the tennis court
situated adjacent to the main plaza in Barangay Poblacion was
transformed into a multi-purpose government building, housing several
offices and sports related function. Soon, this trend will make an
imbalance and there will be need to level out. In order to compensate,
there should be an inventory of idle lands near each and every barangay
hall for possible conversion into parks and playgrounds. Improvement
and beautification of existing parks and playgrounds are necessary to
123
provide residents clean and open spaces where they can spend leisure
time.
• Industrial
Two sectors shall comprise the reclamation of land areas; they are
industrial and residential. There is an available land area for industrial use
situated in the east side of Barangay Tejeros Convention adjacent to the
industrial zone of CEZ. But this area is still under dispute with the
neighbouring municipality in the south. Nevertheless, this area is suited for
industrial utilization. Another area for industrial use is the idle land of the
PNOC-Filoil Properties. Taking the local government chief‟s vision to be
the leader in industrialization and commerce into consideration these
land areas shall be beneficial to the whole of Rosario.
• Cemetery
The donated property of Petrochem in Barangay Tejeros Convention is
proposed to be a future site for a public memorial park. It is a 2,000 sqm.
parcel of land beside the Heaven‟s Garden Memorial Park to cater all,
including Muslim residents of Rosario. Part of the existing Heaven‟s
124
Garden Memorial Park in Barangay Tejeros Convention shall be fully
developed and utilized. And since the public cemetery is already
congested, a new public cemetery away from the central business
district is appropriate.
• Material Recovery Facility
Pursuant to the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000, the
local government of Rosario shall establish a centralized Material
Recovery Facility. It shall be located in the reclaimed land in Barangay
Kanluran near the coast. This 0.1228 hectares facility shall suffice the need
for solid waste management in the whole municipality.
• Tourism
With its rich historical value, the Casa Hacienda in Barangay Tejeros
Convention remains as the main Tourist attraction in Rosario. Next, is the
hospitable accommodation of the Mount Sea Hotel, Resort and
Restaurant which caters to tourists and expatriates visiting the Cavite
Economic Zone. These land areas are existing; thus the supply is sufficient
to the demand.
125
There is an existing beach resort in Rosario – the San Isidro Beach Resort.
It is located in Barangay Ligtong-I. But then again, it became less
functional maybe to some rehabilitation and promotional constraints. It
is now reclassified as a tourist destination together with the newly-
developed Isla Bonita de Salinas – a public beach resort operated by the
Municipality of Rosario. The local government initiated the improvement
of this beach for it to be fully functional. Land demand is sufficient
because it is the coast of Barangay Silangan-I. The Isla Bonita de Salinas
is a very promising location for tourist attraction. It can also be converted
into an eco-tourism park having close proximity to the protected marine
area.
• Roads
The growth of traffic congestion is an evidence of the need to widening
the main streets and provision of sidewalks. Access Road shall be
provided to decongest traffic at major intersection along Gen.Trias Drive
in Tejeros Convention and Marseilla St. in Poblacion.
• Planned Unit Development
126
Planned Unit Development (PUD) shall comprise major mixed use
development projects. Development of these areas shall be in
accordance with the schemes approved for the purpose by appropriate
government agencies. To the extent possible, institutional uses and other
uses shall be incorporated in the development plan of the PNOC which
shall be accessible to other local resident.
• Mangrove
Mangroves in the municipality are situated in Brgy. Ligtong I and Wawa
III cover an area of 3.150 hectares. Sites for a good breeding ground are
identified in Barangays Ligtong II and IV. This constitutes the additional
requirement of 3.1222 hectares.
CHAPTER VII. PROPOSED MAJOR PROGRAMS AND PROJECT
Among the 2011-2020 priority programs and projects of the municipality
are the following:
Economic Sector
127
• Review and amend the Local Investment Code Database
Management Program
• Cadastral Mapping and Comprehensive Development Plan
• Revenue Generation Program
• Resource Allocation and Utilization Program
• Peace, Security and Disaster Risk Management Program
• Entrepreneurship, Business and Industrial Development Program
• Support to Fisheries Development Program
• Transparency Program
• Participation Program
• Financial Accountability Program
• Sanctuary for Fish Program
• Rosario Livelihood & Training Center/Manpower Skills Training
Employment Center
• Employment Opportunities Program
• Agri-Production Fishing Program
• Tinapang Salinas Promotion
• Agri-Business Development
• Aqua Culture and Marine Development
• Roads and Bridges Maintenance Program
128
• Power Service Delivery Program
• Tourism Activities Program
Social Sector
• Gender Equality and Empowerment Program
• Housing and Basic Utilities Program
• Health Services Program
• Peace, Security and Disaster Risk Management Program
• Social Welfare Program
• Entrepreneurship, Business & Industrial Development Program
• Provision of Tulong-puhunan
• Health Care Community Program
• Health Care Education Training
• School Building Program
• Rosario Livelihood & Training Center/Manpower Skills Training
Employment Center
• Employment Opportunities Program
• Clean & Green Program
Infrastructure Sector
129
• Construction of Public Sanitary Toilets
• Installation of Traffic System
• Expansion of Economic Zone
• Construction/Development of Fish Port
• Construction of Recovery Material Facility
• Making of Road Signs, Signage, Billboards, Marker
• Construction/Improvement of School Building
• Construction of Maintenance Building
• Improvement of Existing Drainage System
• Installation of Anti-Pollution Control Devices
• Development of Parks, Greenbelts & Roadside Planting
• Dredging and Riprapping Project
• Construction/Maintenance of Slaughter Facilitites
• Provision for Expansion/Maintenance of Burial Sites
• Provision for Excreta Disposal of Every Household
• Upgrading/Improvement of Barangay Roads
• Installation of Street Lights
• Provision of Loading/Unloading Zone/Parking Space
• Allocation for Open Space for Parks, Promenade Areas and Space
• Construction of Port and Harbor/Extension of Fish Port
130
• Construction of Airport
Environment Sector
• Disaster Risk Reduction and Preparedness Program
• Continuing Program for Coral Reforestation
• Coastal Marine Development Program
• Solid Waste Management
• Drainage Sewerage System
• Industrial Pollution Management
• Clean and Green Program
• Riverbank Protection and Rehabilitation Program
• Sanitary Excreta Disposal
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
PICTURES FROM SITE VISIT
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
CHAPTER 4
GUIDELINES
151
I. SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS INCLUDING HAZARDS AND ISSUES ON

CURRENT STRUCTURES ON THE AREA
Municipal Hazard Assessment

The municipal hazard assessment was based from the twenty (20) BDRRM
Plans of Municipality of Rosario. The first set of Participatory Disaster and
Climate Risk Assessment (PDCRA) was developed with the assistance of
International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR) and the support of
United Methodist Committee on Relief (UMCOR) through the “Modelling
Climate Smart and Resilient Communities” project. The second set of
PDCRA was led by the Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Office of Rosario with the help of the community
facilitators trained by IIRR. The twenty (20) PDCRA were analyzed during
the Municipal DRRM Planning that turned to the following results.
152
Results of the Participatory Disaster and Climate Risk Assessment
153
SITE LOCATION
Current Buildings or Structures
Informal settlers Church
Fish port Parks
Schools Municipal Hall and Police Station
Material Recovery Facility Residential
Public Market and Commercial Area Lying in Clinic
Hazards
Storm Surge
Traffic Congestion
154
OTHER ISSUES
• Flood
• Poor drainage system
• Lack of trees and recreational parks
• Insufficient solid waste disposal
II. GUIDELINES FOR IMPROVING RESILIENCY FOR TYPHOON, FLOOD ETC.

Over the past few decades, there was an exponential increase in human
and material losses from disaster events. 2011 was a record-setting year
for loss of life and property in virtually every part of the country. 2012 has
produced another set of tragic, record-setting convective storms and
wildfires. While the green building movement has traditionally focused on
the environmental aspects of buildings, communities must now address
the need for resilience while rebuilding to meet the challenge of the next
natural disaster. This paper presents a four step process for resilient
construction including adopting a basic building code, promoting
market driven resilience programs, adopting more robust resilience
standards and building with more robust materials such as concrete. It
provides an overview of concrete building systems that have the mass
and hardness to resist high winds and flying debris of tornadoes and the
devastating effects of flood, fire and earthquakes. (Peng, Lemay and
Cody, 2013)
FOUR STEPS TO DISASTER RESILIENCE

There are essentially two ways to approach mitigation. There are
voluntary programs where communities or building owners voluntarily
155
reduce their risk of natural disaster through enhancements in structures,

warning systems and education. The second approach is to install
mandatory building code requirements such that communities and
building owners are obligated to design buildings and infrastructure to be
more disaster resilient. We propose the following four steps, combining
both voluntary and mandatory mitigation strategies, to achieving
disaster resilience: (Peng, Lemay and Cody, 2013)
• Adopt a Building Code
• Encourage Voluntary “Code Plus” Construction
• Adopt High Performance Building Standards
• Build with Robust Materials
1. Adopt a building code. Building codes are effective for reducing

disaster risk. A building code sets standards that guide the construction
of new buildings and, in some cases, the rehabilitation of existing
structures. Currently, building codes set minimum construction standards
for life safety. Maintaining the functionality of structures is important for
high-risk areas, but more importantly may be critical for certain groups
that are more vulnerable to natural hazards, those who do not have a
choice on where they live and work. (Peng, Lemay and Cody, 2013)
If we are to take people’s vulnerability seriously, we must deploy and insist
on much greater technical expertise in resilient code adoption. The
design community can provide some of the expertise, but their skills are
not being effectively considered on the planning and policy level. The
key, missing element is awareness among practitioners, the development
156
community, and policy makers. (Peng, Lemay and Cody, 2013)

2. Encourage Voluntary “Code Plus” Construction.
One way to encourage communities to develop fortified structures,
enforce building codes and land-use management measures is to
provide insurance premium reductions to all policy-holders in the area
based on the stringency of land-use regulations, building code
standards, and inspection. The more effective a community program is
in reducing future disaster losses, the greater the insurance premium
reduction. (Peng, Lemay and Cody, 2013)
3. Adopt High Performance Building Standards. Adopting high

performance building standards involve having local, state and federal
governments adopt stricter standards for construction of buildings and
infrastructure with the objective of reducing losses from natural hazards.
(Peng, Lemay and Cody, 2013)
The Portland Cement Association recently developed High Performance
Building Requirements for Sustainability that go beyond the basic building
code and enhance the key concepts of durability and disaster resilience.
Essentially these provisions state that for a building to be considered
green, it must not only conserve energy and water, use materials
efficiently, and have a high-quality indoor environment but it must also
reasonably withstand natural disasters. In other words, a sustainable
building must be long-lasting and durable (PCA 2012).
In addition, high performance buildings should not be a burden on their
communities. They should be sufficiently resilient to disasters to ensure
157
continuous operation and not place excessive demand on community

resources such as emergency responders including fire, police and
hospitals. Communities with disaster resilient buildings are more likely to
be able to continuously operate hospitals, schools, and businesses after
a disaster. Stronger homes and buildings mean people will have places
to live and work after a disaster. Less disruption for a community means
robust commerce and consistent tax revenue. (Peng, Lemay and Cody,
2013)
4. Build with Robust Materials. The final step towards disaster resilience is
to build with robust building materials. Some of the qualities of robust
building materials include versatility, strength, wind and water resistance,
seismic resistance, fire resistance, energy efficiency and durability.
Concrete building systems are especially suited to provide resistance to
natural hazards. Concrete has the necessary hardness and mass to resist
the high winds and flying debris of tornadoes and hurricanes. Concrete
is fire resistant and non-flammable, which means it can contain fires and
will not contribute to the spreading of fire. Reinforced concrete framing
systems can be designed to resist the most severe earthquakes without
collapse. Concrete doesn’t rot or rust even if it is subject to flooding.
(Peng, Lemay and Cody, 2013)
158
III. SCHEMATIC OF PROPOSED DISASTER RESILIENT STRUCTURE
Locating the building
159
Building Plan and Form
160
161
162
Building Components
163
Wall Openings
164
165
Walls – Length, Height, Thickness and Connection
166
167
168
169

Coastal Redevelopment Plan

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Coastal Redevelopment Plan

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NATIONAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Amafel Bldg. Aguinaldo Highway, Dasmariñas, Cavite

A PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE COURSE BS IN ARCHITECTURE IN THE

SUBJECT OF PLANNING III

A Case study of Coastal Redevelopment and Guidelines for

Disaster-Resilient Buildings in Rosario, Cavite

Arch. Jeoffrey Manuel

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8

SCOPE AND LIMITATION----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10

DEFINITION OF OPERATIONAL TERMS---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10

CHAPTER 2. REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES--------------------------------------------------------------------12

CHAPTER3. REDEVELOPMENT PLAN----------------------------------------------------------------------------28

VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF COASTAL AREA IN ROSARIO, CAVITE—-----------------------------29

SPATIAL AND PHYSICAL STRATEGIES FOR REDUCING DISASTER IN COASTALAREAS--------------35

REDEVELOPMENT PLAN/ PROPOSALS---------------------------------------------------------------------------55

EXISTING SITE CONDITION--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------65

PICTURES FROM SITE VISIT--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------142

SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS INCLUDING HAZARDS AND ISSUES ON CURRENT STRUCTURES ON THE

PROPOSAL/ GUIDELINES FOR IMPROVING RESILIENCY FOR TYPHOON, FLOOD, ETC-----------155

. SCHEMATIC OF PROPOSED DISASTER RESILIENT STRUCTURE --------------------------------------------159

Coastal development is a broad category which includes an array of

human activities including beachfront construction of homes, hotels,

re-nourishment, seawall construction, and nearshore dredging and oil

platform construction (Pawlukiewicz, Gupta & Koelbel, n.d.).

The coast is a dynamic place and its dynamism makes it susceptible

to stresses and changes in a number of ways. Because the coast is where

to severely damage property and hasten erosive processes. (Pawlukiewicz,

Gupta & Koelbel, n.d.)

The coast is made more vulnerable to these natural dynamic forces by

process may be accelerating because of global warning. Scientists have

through melting. Just as important, however, is that the waters of the

(Pawlukiewicz, Gupta & Koelbel, n.d.)

Social and economic forces also bring stresses to coastal areas.

Population growth, land development, and resort development are all

homes, and retirement. Property on or near the shore is always in high

demand and as a consequence usually expensive. Because it is a valuable

asset, people will go to extraordinary lengths to protect property near the

shore. Moreover, by increasing impervious surfaces and disturbing upland

and wetland habitats, development in coastal areas further degrades the

coastal ecosystem. (Pawlukiewicz, Gupta & Koelbel, n.d.)

Development along the coast is particularly vulnerable to hurricanes,

seasons hammered Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas, and

Nevertheless, trends demonstrate that coastal areas continue to draw

people for the many reasons previously stated. The patterns of

development along the coast must change or the degradation of these

A. Background of the Study

Low-lying coastal communities along plate boundary subduction

zones face a high risk of deadly earthquakes, tsunamis, and coastal

subsidence. To effectively manage the damaging impact of these events,

existence. Providing a strategically master plans to strengthen or relocate

need to acknowledge the economic realities of these coastal communities

embrace new modern urban development and its associated costs.

This does not provide a direct mechanism to enable the design of

resilient communities since one network may depend on another and

social and economic institutions are then adversely affected. The

methodology presented herein can be implemented in risk-informed

decision-making tools to design master-planned resilient communities as

well as upgrade a community’s buildings and/or networked infrastructure

for example, to understand how to better isolate or decouple two or more

sectors, establish redundancies, or decide whether to focus on retrofitting