NATIONAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Amafel Bldg. Aguinaldo Highway, Dasmarinas, Cavite

Architecture Department

RESEARCH PAPER: CITY PLANNING BRGY. PANSOL CALAMBA,

LAGUNA

“THE LONG – TERM CAUSES OF PLUVIAL FLOODING IN URBAN CITY”

PLANNING 02 PROFESSOR
AR. FRANKLIN CALE JR.

PLANNING 02 STUDENTS (GROUP 03)

ALMAZAN, STEPHEN
BALICTAR, JYLL PATRICK
BREVA, ISSAH JANA
COLLANTES. JULYN
DILAG, MARK ANGELO
ESPANA, IAN
REYES, BONIFACIO
VIDALLON. KHIMBERLY

BSARCH – 41E1

01/17/24

RESEARCH SUMMARY

RATIONALE

Brgy. Pansol in Calamba City, Laguna, is one of the popular

places in Calamba, the barangay is known as the resort capital of
the Philippines, for they have many resorts in a single barangay where
different resorts are lined up next to each other, and are usually
affected by flooding. Barangay Pansol is also near the Laguna de bay
 NATIONAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Amafel Bldg. Aguinaldo Highway, Dasmarinas, Cavite
Architecture Department
which can cause flooding hazards. Flooding is the most common
natural disaster leading to economic losses, road damages, house
damages, and death. This could damage different livelihood of the
village like the fishing farm, it could harm the resorts, damage the
floating houses near the Laguna De Bay and when water accumulates
in the drainage due to the blockage caused by the garbage piling up,
Because of the accumulated water, the flood flooded some houses on
the roadside and made it difficult for vehicles to move. Considering the
threat to lives and the possible damage to properties, there is a need to
identify the extent of susceptibility of the areas under consideration, it's
essential to address the issue promptly. The resorts in the barangay
are one of the main sources of income for some of the residents of the
barangay Pansol and that concludes that it can damage the village
economically and physically effectively which is why this study is
regulated.

Brgy. Pansol is one of the fifty-four barangays in Calamba City.

It comprises seven (7) puroks with a total population of 11,096
residing in 2668 households. Interviews with locals, resort operators,
owners of commercial spaces, and barangay officials. This research
determined the sociological perspective behind the local flooding that
happens. Which rainfall event and typhoon triggered the flood, as well
as which particular locations are most affected. Results point to an
inadequate drainage system as one of the causes of flooding in
addition to Low elevation.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

(CONTINUE NUMBERING)
 NATIONAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Amafel Bldg. Aguinaldo Highway, Dasmarinas, Cavite
Architecture Department

CHAPTER 1
RESEARCH INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

INTRODUCTION
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Amafel Bldg. Aguinaldo Highway, Dasmarinas, Cavite
Architecture Department
This research approach ensures that the resulting Information derived
from the Site Visit are used to create a solution regarding the current situation
affecting the Barangay Pansol’s pluvial flooding occurrences. With the help of
Site Visitation, the Information provided enabled the researchers to
understand the current drainage system, assess flood risks, and propose
improvements for the barangay.

PROBLEM STATEMENT

SCOPE OF WORK

Barangay Pansol is now experiencing a pluvial flood; the research

attempts to provide a solution to the problem. Barangay Pansol, located in
Calamba City, Laguna, is a well-known destination. It is referred to as the
resort capital of the Philippines due to its abundance of resorts, many of which
are clustered together and frequently impacted by flooding. Barangay Pansol
can experience floods because to its proximity to Laguna de Bay.

The research endeavours to offer a resolution to the issue of pluvial

flooding that is presently besetting Barangay Pansol. The well-known
destination of Barangay Pansol is situated in Calamba City, Laguna. Owing to
its profusion of resorts, many of which are densely populated and prone to
frequent inundation, it is commonly known as the resort capital of the
Philippines. Due to its close proximity to Laguna de Bay, Barangay Pansol is
susceptible to flooding.

The method of study guarantees that the data obtained from the site
visit will be utilised to develop a resolution concerning the present
circumstances that contribute to the occurrence of pluvial inundation in
Barangay Pansol. The information obtained through site visits facilitated the
researchers' comprehension of the existing drainage system, evaluation of
flood hazards, and formulation of enhancement proposals for the barangay.

Maintaining clean canals surrounding residential areas is crucial for

preventing the accumulation of refuse, which can contribute to flooding.
During the rainy season, drainage inlets, rivers, and creeks must be
maintained, inspected, and cleaned on a regular basis to prevent flooding.
However, it is still vital to educate the public on appropriate waste disposal
and environmental hygiene.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

 NATIONAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Amafel Bldg. Aguinaldo Highway, Dasmarinas, Cavite
Architecture Department
The results of this study will be a great benefit to the following

Researcher, through this study researchers will help them accumulate

and formulate different ideas that help them with the process.

Future Researchers, the outcome of this research will benefit the

future researchers.

People of the Barangay, through this study it will help determine and
formulate ideas on how the problem will be solved.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Fluvial- relating to, or living in a stream or river

Flood- an overflowing of a large amount of water beyond its normal confines,

especially over what is normally dry land.

Waste- an act or instance of using

or expending something carelessly, extravagantly, or to no purpose.

Environmental hygiene- encompasses effective cleaning of surfaces using

appropriate products.

Drainage system- is an arrangement to move liquids away from where they

are not required for disposal in appropriate location.

CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

A pluvial flood occurs when an extreme rainfall event creates a flood

independent of an overflowing water body. A common misconception about
flood is that you must be located near a body of water to be at risk. In this
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Amafel Bldg. Aguinaldo Highway, Dasmarinas, Cavite
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section of the research paper, the researchers were showing some other
related literature regarding on the long – term cause of pluvial flooding in
urban areas both foreign and local study.

FOREIGN STUDY

The UK Environment Agency’s flood warning service mainly focuses on

flooding from the coast and rivers. However, in line with the holistic approach
to flood risk management outlined in the Making Space for Water (MSfW)
programme, the RF5 Feasibility study into Expanding Flood Warning to Cover
Other Flood Risks (Jacobs, 2007) has investigated the technical feasibility of
providing warning services for sources of flooding other than from rivers and
the sea. During the project, the impact of some of these ‘other’ sources of
flooding was dramatically seen in the UK in the summer of 2007, where
surface water, drainage capacity exceedance and groundwater flooding all
contributed to the overall damage. Although the RF5 study was under way
well before the Summer 2007 flooding, the outcomes are directly relevant to a
number of the key recommendations made in the Pitt Review, Pitt (2007,
2008). According to Ronnie Falconer, Peter Smyth and Lewis Maani, of
Jacobs Engineering in Irish

National Hydrology Conferences in 2010, as they stated in their paper, high

level screening of the potential for pluvial flooding could provide sufficient
information to enable a preliminary assessment of the level of pluvial flood
hazard to be made over a wide area. As such, this could help to inform
Preliminary Flood Risk Assessments under the Floods Directive and the

development of a resource efficient strategy for subsequent mapping possibly

using more detailed techniques.
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Amafel Bldg. Aguinaldo Highway, Dasmarinas, Cavite
Architecture Department
Based on the methodology of Selma Guerreiro, Vassils Glenis, Richard
Dawson, and Chris Kilsby (2017) in their article about “Pluvial flooding in
European Cities; they consisted of two paralleled workflows (RP10 estimation
for the whole Europe and physically-based flood modelling of all 571
European cities for nine different rainfall events using CityCat) each of these
workflows can be improved separately. Difficulties were encountered in terms
of data availability, mainly for hourly rainfall records which compromises the
estimation of each city RP10. Data availability also means that a simplified
flood modelling approach has to be used, which does not account for local
sewer systems, building shapes or infiltration occurring in local green spaces.
Also, the best available DEM with European coverage has a relatively coarse
spatial resolution (25 m) which is far below ideal for this type of study—
although it improves upon the 90-m resolution used in many large scale fluvial
and coastal assessments. Nevertheless, via use of a workflow that harnesses
cloud computing we have shown that the modelling and analytical capabilities
required for broad scale pluvial impacts modelling are now feasible.

The number of people at flood risk is only expected to increase, with 70

percent of the world’s population – or 6.2 billion people – predicted to be living
in urban areas by 2050, two-thirds of whom are in low- and middle-income
countries. Among the world’s most highly exposed countries to floods, China
loses an estimated 1 percent of GDP every year on average due to floods,
with more than 640 cities subject to flood risks, and 67 percent of its
population living in flood-prone areas. In Zhengzhou, a city of more than 10
million inhabitants in Henan Province, China, an extreme rainfall event on July
20 2021 caused

severe pluvial flooding that reportedly resulted in direct economic losses of

more than CNY 65.5 billion (~US$10 billion) and over 60 deaths. As stated by

Xiawei Liao and Marcus Wishart (2021) in their article “Nature-based solutions
in China: Financing “sponge cities” for integrated urban flood management”
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Amafel Bldg. Aguinaldo Highway, Dasmarinas, Cavite
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China introduced the Sponge City Initiative in 2014 to leverage the benefits of
nature-based solutions. This approach integrates green spaces and “blue”
systems, like wetlands. into conventional “gray” infrastructure, such as
concrete embankments, contributing to the 2030 UN Sustainable
Development Goal

(SDG) 11 to “make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and
sustainable”. By 2030, China aims to turn 80 percent of its urban areas
‘sponge-like’, addressing surface-water flooding, attenuating peak run-off,
improving purification of urban runoff, and enhancing water conservation while
improving environmental quality, community health and economic prosperity.
A main challenge in realizing the full potential of nature-based solutions is
effectively monetizing the wide range of co-benefits and leveraging future
returns for sustainable financing. So far, traditional economic analytic
approaches do not well capture the values associated with nature-based
solutions. Broader recognition of these benefits, and an evaluation of their
value under different circumstances, are necessary to provide the foundation
for capturing non-market values and leveraging private sector and community
financing options for urban flood management. As they added.

LOCAL STUDY

In the study of Jonathan Salar Cabrera and Han Soo Lee (18 March
2020), they stated in their article that the assessments of flood-prone areas
and flood risk due to pluvial flooding for Davao Oriental on Mindanao Island in
the Philippines were carried out by the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and
maximum entropy (Maxent) models using multiple criteria such as slope,
elevation, soil type, rainfall, drainage density, distance to the main channel,
and population density. Flood records from 70 survey points were obtained
and
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Amafel Bldg. Aguinaldo Highway, Dasmarinas, Cavite
Architecture Department
used to verify the model results. The criteria weights of the top three important
factors in the AHP are rainfall (42%), slope (23%), and elevation (15%),
whereas those in the Maxent model are elevation (36%), rainfall (23%), and
soil (19%). The verification results show that the accuracies of the AHP and
Maxent model are 81 and 95.6%, respectively, indicating that both
approaches are reliable in flood hazard and risk assessments. Approximately
22% of the total area and approximately 30% of the total population of Davao
Oriental are classified as high risk of pluvial flooding in the current situation by
the AHP method. This study shows a broad-scale high-level data-driven
screening

method that can be used to help identify potential hot spots for pluvial flooding
for which more detailed numerical modelling studies should be undertaken.

In the article of Alfredo Mahar, and etc. Lagmay (september 2017),

they stated that urban floods from thunderstorms cause severe problems in
Metro Manila due to road traffic. Using Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR)-
derived topography, flood simulations and anecdotal reports, the root of
surface flood problems in Metro Manila is identified. Majority of flood-prone
areas are along the intersection of creeks and streets located in topographic
lows. When creeks overflow or when rapidly accumulated street flood does
not drain fast enough to the nearest stream channel, the intersecting road
also gets flooded. Possible solutions include the elevation of roads or
construction of well-designed drainage structures leading to the creeks.
Proposed solutions to the flood problem of Metro Manila may avoid paralyzing
traffic problems due to short-lived rain events, which according to Japan
International Cooperation Agency (JICA) cost the Philippine economy
2.4 billion pesos/day.

Another local study in pluvial flooding in KAMANAVA, Metro Manila. As

stated by the researchers; Karen Ann Jogo-on, Shinji Kaneko, and Satoru
Komatsu. The flood-prone areas in the northern part consisting of the cities of
 NATIONAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Amafel Bldg. Aguinaldo Highway, Dasmarinas, Cavite
Architecture Department
Kalookan, Malabon, Navotas, and Valenzuela or simply called KAMANAVA
area, are low-laying flat lands with an elevation of -0.5 to 1.5 meters above
mean sea level of Manila Bay. The natural elevation of some areas is lower
than the sea level, making them more susceptible to

inundation caused by high tides in Manila Bay. The cumulative land

subsidence area was more than 100 cm from 1991-2003, with a rate of about
5cm/ year (Siringan &

Rodolfo, 2003). Low-level regular flooding in KAMANAVA occurs many

times a month, especially during high tide. Heavy flooding, with water up to
waist-high, usually happens when typhoons coincide with high tides. They
also added in that the four cities of Kalookan, Malabon, Navotas and
Valenzuela (KAMANAVA) occupy a land area of about 123.85 km 2 in Metro
Manila. The city of Kalookan is composed of 188 “barangays” or villages.
Malabon City has 21 barangays and out of these, seven are affected by high
tide, two are flooded during heavy rain, and five are affected by both high tide
and heavy rainfall (Malabon City Planning and Development Office, 2002).
Navotas City is geographically located in the extreme northwest shore of
Metro Manila. Navotas is composed of 14 barangays, 11 of which are located
along the coast and

mostly affected by floods, especially during high tide (navotas City

Planning and Development Office, 2007). Valenzuela City, on the other hand,
has 38 barangays. Monthly rainfall in Metro Manila was heaviest during the
months of July and August, with more than 400 million of rain. The highest
tide levels reaching two meters ocured from May to August. This becomes a
critical period when heavy rains occur during high tide.
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Amafel Bldg. Aguinaldo Highway, Dasmarinas, Cavite
Architecture Department

CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND DATA ANALYSIS

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

The acquisition of various data from the government office is the initial
step in the information gathering process for the project. The objective of this
step is to gather comprehensive and useful information on a specific subjects
that are essential to the project’s goal.

Furthermore, one of the most important steps in the data collection

process is to observe and analyze the project's site limits. Informations are
obtained by performing visual survey wherein the researchers used various
various visual aids such as photographs, videos and diagrams. The purpose
of the visual survey is to determine if there are observable problems on the
site and to characterize the environment through where the flood happens.
The visual survey will help pinpoint any areas that may be the sources of
water quality problems and increase familiarity with the overall condition of the
site.

Collected Data

Alleys in Baranggay Pansol

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Amafel Bldg. Aguinaldo Highway, Dasmarinas, Cavite
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DATA ANALYSIS

Figure 1. Land Use Plan 2000 - 2015

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Amafel Bldg. Aguinaldo Highway, Dasmarinas, Cavite
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Figure 2. Historical Redevelopment District

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Amafel Bldg. Aguinaldo Highway, Dasmarinas, Cavite
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Figure 3. Tourism Redevelopment District

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Amafel Bldg. Aguinaldo Highway, Dasmarinas, Cavite
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CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
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Amafel Bldg. Aguinaldo Highway, Dasmarinas, Cavite
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REFERENCES

 Ronnie Falconer, Peter Smyth and Lewis Maani, (Jacobs Engineering)

“PLUVIAL EXTREME EVENT RISK APPRAISAL TECHNIQUES WITH
RECENT APPLICATIONS IN IRELAND AND THE UK
” https://hydrologyireland.ie/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/05-Pluvial-
extreme-event-risk-appraisal-techniques-Falco.pdf
 Selma G., Vassils G, Richard D, and Chris K (2017) “PLUVIAL
FLOODING IN EUROPEAN CITIES—A CONTINENTAL APPROACH
TO URBAN FLOOD MODELLING” https://www.mdpi.com/2073-
4441/9/4/296
 Xiawei L. and Marcus W. (2021) “NATURE-BASED SOLUTIONS IN
CHINA: FINANCING “SPONGE CITIES” FOR INTEGRATED URBAN
FLOOD MANAGEMENT” https://www.preventionweb.net/news/nature-
based-solutions-china-financing-sponge-cities-integrated-urban-flood-
management
 Jonathan C. and Han Soo L. (2020) “FLOOD RISK ASSESSMENT
FOR DAVAO ORIENTAL IN THE PHILIPPINES USING
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM-BASED MULTI-CRITERIA
ANALYSIS AND THE MAXIMUM ENTROPY MODEL”
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jfr3.12607
 NATIONAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Amafel Bldg. Aguinaldo Highway, Dasmarinas, Cavite
Architecture Department
 Alfredo L., etc. (2017) “STREET FLOODS IN METRO MANILA AND
POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS”
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1001074216315
005
 Karen Ann J., Shinji K., and Satoru K. (2011) “SOCIAL AND
ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF FLOODING AND LAND SUBSIDENCE IN
KAMANAVA, METRO MANILA”
https://cswcd.upd.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/PJSD-Vol-3-
2011_Jago-on.pdf


SURVEY QUESTIONER

GENERAL QUESTIONS

Name:

Age:

Gender:

TOPIC QUESTIONS

1. How often do you experience flooding in this area?

 · Rarely
 · Occasionally
 · Frequently

2. How severe do you consider flooding in the area?

 · Mild
 · Moderate
 · Severe

3. Which areas in Laguna have you witnessed flooding?

 · Area A
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Amafel Bldg. Aguinaldo Highway, Dasmarinas, Cavite
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 · Area B
 · Area C
 · Area D
 · Other

4. Do you think pluvial flooding in Laguna has increased in recent years?

 · Yes
 · No
 · Not sure

5. Which factors do you believe contribute to flooding in Laguna? (Select all

that apply)

 · Poor drainage system

 · Deforestation
 · Urbanization
 · Climate change
 · Lack of flood control measures
 · Other

6. Are you aware of any government initiatives to address flooding?

 · Yes
 · No
 · Not Sure

7. Have you taken any personal measures to protect your property from
flooding?

 · Yes
 · No

8. Are you satisfied with the current emergency response during flooding
incidents?

 · Yes
 · No
 · Not sure
 NATIONAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Amafel Bldg. Aguinaldo Highway, Dasmarinas, Cavite
Architecture Department
9. Do you think the local government should allocate more funds for flood
mitigation?

 · Yes
 · No
 · Not sure

10. Do you think the construction of more flood control infrastructures can
effectively reduce flooding?

 · Yes
 · No

 . Not sure