Professional Documents
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College of Engineering
Calamba Campus
An Undergraduate Thesis
presented to the faculty of the Department of College of Engineering
University of Perpetual Help System - DALTA Calamba Campus
Presented by:
BUERA, LESLIE T.
CALINGASAN, JAY M.
FERNANDEZ, JANE RIO F.
August 2023
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CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND IT’S BACKGROUND 2
INTRODUCTION
Nicholls et al. (1999), the country is also in one of the regions more prone
to coastal flooding due to the rise in sea levels. The country's geographical
setting further amplifies its propensity for storm surge risk. It is situated in
the southwestern region of the Northwest Pacific basin and is renowned for
traverse the southern region of Luzon Island and the eastern part of the
Visayan Island.
storm,
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determined by the depth of the water above the typical expected high tide.
The surge is mostly generated by storm winds forcing water to the coast,
transitional zone where land and sea connect. These areas facilitate the
transfer of energy and living organisms between land and sea systems,
cycles, tides, and sea level fluctuations (Scialabba, 1998). Although coasts
loss, coastal erosion can be disastrous for those who live nearby. Coastal
natural measures. Artificial structures are designed and built with the
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requirements or to align with environmentally sustainable practices.
Breakwaters are widely used globally due to their ability to disperse wave
holds true or not is contingent upon the specific design characteristics under
consideration.
research and case studies to ascertain the respective merits and drawbacks
associated with this structure. This topic was deemed necessary to study not
only because it was relevant nowadays but also there was a need of
Studies related to this topic have also been conducted, however most of
materials and setting it above the ocean floor. The primary goal of this
1. Historical Background
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2. Demographic Feature
population risen from 2,552 in the year 1903 to 56,280 in the year 2020.
Based on the data obtained from the initial population count of 52,660
3. Geographic Feature
agricultural land assets in Lian, Batangas can be classified into two distinct
3.1. Location
3.2. Boundaries
3.3. Topography
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Highest elevation: 275 m (902 ft)
Lowest elevation: 0 m (0 ft)
while the town center will be affected by slightly lower levels of flooding,
ranging from 4.9 meters (about 16 feet) in certain areas to 3.9 meters
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RELATED LITERATURE
1. Submerge Breakwater
characterized by low crests that are either at or below the water level. The
(Na’im et al., 2018; Young and Testik, 2011). According to Eryani (2019),
the use of these structures can enhance port maneuverability and mitigate
Na'im et al. (2018). Both emerged and submerged breakwaters clearly harm
but alter aquatic ecosystems in the long run. The following article
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1.1 Influence on Hydrodynamics
behavior to induce breaking at their crests (Martin et al., 2021; Vona et al.,
2020).
water current pattern. This pattern had the effect of reducing the velocity of
silt in the area located behind the submerged breakwater. The breakwater
external water circulation through the gaps during periods of high tide and
al. (2020) and Vona et al. (2020), submerged breakwaters have been
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1.2 Impact on Ecology
to the overall welfare of the environment (Jordan and Fröhle, 2022). The
a significant challenge.
protection for beaches (Kuriyama and Banno, 2018; Nyoman et al., 2019;
tourism (Pradjoko et al., 2015; Pranzini et al., 2018). Nevertheless, there are
has the potential to result in substantial inundation and the loss of human
future due to climate change, rising global sea levels, and increasing
temperatures.
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Throughout the existence of early civilization, human populations
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have consistently driven towards coastal areas due to their inherent
range of 1.8–5.2 billion by the 2080s. This increase can be attributed to both
(Rajan, 2018).
including the strength of the wind, the forward pace of the storm, the angle
at which the storm approaches, as well as the width and slope of the land
the most lethal storm surge on record occurred during the 1970 Bhola
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cyclone, resulting in the tragic loss of life of around 500,000 individuals in
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the vicinity of the Bay of Bengal in the country of Bangladesh. The tropical
geographical location and its close vicinity to the Bay of Bengal and the
making landfall
typhoon was classified as a super typhoon owing to its sustained wind gusts
depends on coastal features. Steep slopes are associated with a higher rate
elevation of less than 5 meters (16 feet) above sea level, and the absence of
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coastal fortifications rendered the city vulnerable to the flooding caused by
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the surge (Kinghorn, 2018).
The friction that the waters experience when travelling over the
bottom modifies the tide and tidal currents in shallow water. Because of the
turbulent nature of the flow, this bottom friction effects the currents to a
significant distance from the boundary surface (The Oceans Their Physics,
al.,
(2023) has shown that the dissipation of spectrum waves due to bottom
behavior arises when the dissipation of energy due to the bottom friction of
simulating the tidal dynamics of shallow oceans and coastal rivers (at least
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for vertically integrated models). Nonetheless, despite much theoretical,
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experimental, and numerical investigation, the description and
around the grid. The flow entering the channel is guided by the 1D Saint-
flows, and sediment transport. The FLO-2D idea includes a graphic User
Interface (GUI), a grid developer system (GDS), and Mapping. Users can
analyze and change grid data, visualize and alter hydraulic structures, and
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generate flood risk and danger representations. FLO-2D, in conjunction
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with the independent programmer SWMM, can process several types of
topographical input.
loads, employing
RELATED STUDIES
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1. Submerge Breakwater
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1.1 Influence on Hydrodynamics
breakwaters
combinations.
In this context, certain sediments aggregate into flocks and settle in regions
with lower hydrodynamic energy, while others are transported back to the
sea. The rise in water level, as a result of wave overtopping and wave break
the deposition of silt behind these structures and the subsequent formation
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of a new shoreline. According to Zahra (2018), the utilization of submerged
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breakwaters was recognized as a favorable strategy for safeguarding a bay
possess the potential to facilitate coral recruitment. They remarked that the
that concern vacationers and the structures. The researchers highlighted the
storm surge threats, but the examination of storm waves and their
prospective
effects have been relatively neglected. In the study conducted by Shih et al.
(2018), the wave patterns generated by typhoons with the highest and
examine the potential risks posed by these waves along the coastline of
hazard maps with a parametric model. This policy was introduced with the
through the use of shallow water coefficients. The numerical solution of the
maximum water level but also effectively mitigates the oscillation concern.
head loss at the structure, assuming that the structure's width is much lower
accounts for the majority of wave energy dissipation, bottom friction, and
percolation both play essential roles in the dissipation process. The surfaces
of coral reefs are rough and porous. Bottom friction coefficient estimates
for coral reefs are significantly higher than those for sandy beaches.
conditions
Thornton, and Denny (2020) carried out a joint numerical and experimental
on wave dissipation by
conducted on the rocky shore at HMS in Monterey Bay revealed a 28% and
tide flooding at the prioritized places along the worst-case storm path. The
simulate coastal flooding, the FLO-2D model can be employed to depict the
correlation between water surface height and time for the various grid
components along the coastline. The system generates many results, such as
for the purpose of analyzing the impact of wave, wind, and current forces
on various types of offshore and marine structures, including but not limited
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to ships, floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) platforms,
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semi-submersibles, tension leg platforms (TLPs), and breakwater design.
of the underwater breakwater design and its use. The unique qualities and
throughout coastal areas. The effect of bottom friction on tidal energy has
only been the subject of a small number of research. There have also been
building the structure from materials that are typically used in breakwaters
disruption, etc. Estuaries and coastal regions are the two places that are
most at risk from storm surge. The wind speed, forward motion, storm
angle, shelf width, and slope all have an effect on how severe a surge is.
Since the goal of this study is to improve storm surge energy dissipation in
performance.
current methods for disaster planning and mitigation do not take into
account the growing worries related to climate change, such as the rise in
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sea levels, increased flooding, amplified storm surges, and the occurrence
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of increasingly frequent and severe storms.
This method successfully reduced the effects of the waves while still
allowing for their passage, protecting the nearby areas from any damage.
of a scour trough on the side of the barrier that faces the land.
The results of this study were useful for future research as well as to
study to alert people about the possible implications of their work, and it
will also assist students learn about managing and reducing flood risks. This
can help
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future researchers discover their research needs and can also be used as a
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foundation for their methodology, both of which are valuable.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
The Hyogo Framework for Action was a decennial plan that was
reduction endeavors during the subsequent decades. In line with this study,
the Hyogo Framework for Action aimed to efficiently reduce the loss of
incorporate the rising concerns associated with climate change, such as the
rise in sea levels, increased floods, intensified storm surges, and the
and resilience at various levels, given that the province has to resort
areas. Mitigate the underlying risk factors. And enhance the degree of
safety.
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and information.
their attention towards the potential dangers posed by storm surge events.
coastal areas. Relying upon the "public security triangle theory”, a thorough
associated with the event, the entities susceptible to the hazards, and the
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surge disaster risk and the elements that contribute to the occurrence of
probability of disasters.
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CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
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CONCEPTUAL PARADIGM
direction.
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The conceptual model illustrated above showcases the relation of
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variable under evaluation. The phases comprise the various factors that
serve
results and findings. The presence of lines connecting the variables in the
further sent back to the input phase of the study, allowing for modification
framework indicates the pertinent objectives within each research phase and
OBJECTIVES
2. This research also aims to create a subsurface water breaker that can
HYPOTHESIS
individual that are living in the flood prone areas, to the local government
tool for students to learn about flood risk reduction and management.
individuals
residing in proximity to coastal areas. Also, the study's possible results may
and other initiatives aimed at mitigating the impact or harm caused by storm
Media Outlets. Media outlets will benefit from this research since it will
allow them to assess the efficacy of this study and give them further details
will act as a source of information for them when studying the importance
dissipation in Lian River Basin located in Lian, Batangas. The Lian River is
the main stem that traverses the municipality of Lian and is part of the 23
vicinity of the river within the jurisdiction of eight barangays. In this study,
and hydraulic model for flood routing, will also be used for the simulation
of storm surges and flooding specifically in Lian River where the input or
through the help of the officials of Lian coastal municipality in the province
concrete as the purpose of this study does not only cover the breaking of
DEFINITION OF TERMS
whole.
attack.
the recreational activities that take place in the proximity of the sea.
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Coefficient of Friction - Unitless quantity that measures the amount of
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frictional force existing between two surfaces.
economic disruption.
liquids in motion.
Storm Surge - The abnormal rise in seawater level during tropical cyclones
or intense typhoons.
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CHAPTER II
METHODOLOGY
METHODS
This part of study seeks to explain the research design used by researchers,
the subject of the study, the instrument for the data, and as well as data
RESEARCH DESIGN
This study, focuses more on quantitative research design that will provide a
collection and analysis of data. The uniqueness of this project lies in its
and certain results. The software employed in these research initiatives will
give researchers access to the findings and outcomes, which will serve as
the foundation for the study's analysis. Using these methods, researchers
MODELLING
Set Initial
Prepare Conditions
Topographic
and
Bathymetric Define Storm
Data Conditions
Define
Manning's
Configure
Roughness
FLO-2D
Coefficients
Model
Settings
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Validate and
Calibrate
1. MODELLING
1.1. Create a
conditions.
1.2.
1.3.
2.1. Model
Features
2.2. Properties
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RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
This research uses two software for modelling and numerical analysis of the
presented structure:
physics for even better accuracy. The suite's finite element analysis (FEA)
conditions.
researchers specified.
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REFERENCES
Anton, I. A., Panaitescu, M., Panaitescu, F. V., & Ghiţă, S. (2019). Impact
of coastal protection systems on marine ecosystems. In E3S Web of
Conferences (Vol. 85, p. 07011). EDP Sciences.
Bapat, A. (2023). Understanding Structural Analysis with ANSYS.
www.linkedin.com. Retrieved from:
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/understanding-structural-analysis-
ansys-eleation/?fbclid=IwAR3XSyIvWRh2y38Ni-
tH4tW5ZVK7SQCYMCtp9XgFfaiPBxcMboWIhk3GGNc
Chen, W.B.; Chen, H.; Hsiao, S.C.; Chang, C.H.; Lin, L.Y. Wind forcing
effect on hindcasting of typhoon-driven extreme waves. Ocean Eng.
2019, 188, 106260.
Eryani, I. (2019). Coastal work protection election in southern Badung area
based on analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method. International
Journal of Multidisciplinary and Current Educational Research
(IJMCER), 1(5), 23-31.
Fitri, A., Hashim, R., Abolfathi, S., & Abdul Maulud, K. N. (2019).
Dynamics of sediment transport and erosion-deposition patterns in
the locality of a detached low-crested breakwater on a cohesive
coast. Water, 11(8), 1721.
FLO-2D. (n.d.). Www.appsolutelydigital.com. Retrieved August 1, 2023,
from
https://www.appsolutelydigital.com/ModelPrimer/chapter4_section2
.html
Gallerano, F., Palleschi, F., & Iele, B. (2020). Numerical study over the
effects of a designed submerged breakwater on the coastal sediment
transport in the Pescara Harbour (Italy). Journal of Marine Science
and Engineering, 8(7), 487.
Gon, C. J., MacMahan, J., Thornton, E. B., & Denny, M. W. (2020). Wave
dissipation by bottom friction on the inner shelf of a rocky shore.
Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 125(10).
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019jc015963
Horstman, E., Dohmen-Janssen, M., Narra, P., Van Den Berg, N.,
Siemerink, M., Balke, T., Bouma, T. J., & Hulscher, S. J. (2012).
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Wave attenuation in mangrove forests; field data obtained in trang,
thailand. 50
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