Philippine Christian University

GRADUATE SCHOOL OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT

TRANSNATIONAL AND EXTENSION PROGRAM
SAMAR CAMPUS EXTENSION
BAF VALLE FUNCTIONS, San Isidro N. Samar

RESEARCH AND
STATISTICS
1ST SEMESTER –SY, 2023-2024

Cristine Grace R.
Acuyan
MMEM-G1
Dr. Diony V.
Varela
Philippine Christian University
 GRADUATE SCHOOL OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT
TRANSNATIONAL AND EXTENSION PROGRAM
SAMAR CAMPUS EXTENSION
BAF VALLE FUNCTIONS, San Isidro N. Samar

1ST SEMESTER –SY, 2023-2024

SUBJECT: RESEARCH AND STATISTICS

PROFESSOR: DR. DIONY V. VARELA, DPM, PD-SML

A. INSTRUCTION Discuss / answer/ do the following:

1. Review the definition of educational research, its characteristics and

importance. Explain in your own words as you understand it.

Educational research can be defined as a systematic investigation conducted to

understand and improve the educational process. It involves formulating research

questions, gathering and analyzing data, and drawing conclusions to help inform and

shape educational practices. While, the characteristics of educational research include:

1. Systematic and organized: Educational research follows a structured process,

involving the careful planning of research design, data collection methods, and

analysis techniques. This organization ensures accuracy, reliability, and validity

of the research findings.

2. Objective and unbiased: Educational research aims to provide an objective view

of educational phenomena by minimizing personal biases and emotions.

Researchers strive to gather and interpret data without prejudice, promoting the

reliability and credibility of the research.

3. Data-driven: Educational research relies on empirical evidence and data to

support its findings. It emphasizes the collection and analysis of relevant

 information to draw meaningful and reliable conclusions about educational issues

or practices.

4. Rigorous and replicated: Educational research places a strong emphasis on rigor

and the replication of studies. Rigor ensures that research studies are carefully

designed and conducted to produce valid and reliable results. Replication allows

for the verification of findings by other researchers, enhancing the

trustworthiness of the research.

5. Application-oriented: The findings of educational research are meant to inform

and improve educational practices, policies, and programs. The aim is to address

real-world educational challenges by providing evidence-based solutions.

Moreover, The importance of educational research lies in its potential to advance our

understanding of how to effectively educate individuals. It helps identify effective

teaching methods, instructional strategies, and educational interventions.

By studying and evaluating different approaches, educational research contributes to

evidence-based decision-making, policy development, and overall improvement of

educational systems.

Truly, Educational research also plays a vital role in identifying and addressing

educational issues, such as achievement gaps, dropout rates, and educational

inequalities. It helps shed light on factors that influence student learning outcomes,

educational motivation, and engagement. In particular, Researchers can explore the

impact of various variables, such as curriculum design, classroom management

techniques, and the use of educational technology, to optimize the learning experience

for students.

In summary, educational research is a systematic and objective process that

generates empirical evidence to inform educational practices. It is characterized by

rigorous methods, data-driven analysis, and a focus on improving education. Its

importance lies in its ability to enhance teaching and learning, inform policy decisions,

and address educational challenges to create a more effective and equitable

educational system.

2. Why does a school need to conduct research? How can research improve the

quality of education that a school provides? Illustrate in concrete examples.

School needs to conduct research for several reasons. Firstly, research helps

schools identify areas of improvement and evaluate the effectiveness of their current

teaching methods and curriculum. This allows them to make informed decisions

regarding changes or adaptations that can better serve their students.

Additionally, research helps schools stay current with advancements in

education. The field of education is constantly evolving, and conducting research

enables schools to keep up with new practices, technologies, and approaches that can

enhance the learning experience. It also allows them to provide evidence-based

strategies and interventions that have been proven to be effective.

Research can significantly improve the quality of education a school provides. By

investigating and understanding the specific needs and learning styles of their students,
schools can tailor their teaching methods to better meet those needs. This creates a

more personalized and engaging learning environment, resulting in improved student

outcomes.

Concrete examples of how research can enhance the quality of education include:

1. Assessing the Impact of Technology: Research can help schools identify how

technology is influencing education. For example, a study may investigate the

effectiveness of online learning platforms or educational apps in improving

student engagement and comprehension. Based on the findings, the school can

determine which technologies to implement or upgrade to enhance the

educational experience.

2. Evaluating Teaching Methods: Research can provide insights into the most

effective teaching methods for different subjects and student populations. For

instance, a study may compare the outcomes of traditional lecture-based

teaching versus a more interactive and collaborative approach. The findings can

guide the school in choosing the most effective teaching strategies to optimize

student learning and achievement.

3. Identifying Effective Interventions: Research can help schools identify

interventions or programs that address specific learning challenges. For

example, a study may explore the impact of targeted reading interventions on

improving reading proficiency among struggling readers. Based on the results,

the school can implement evidence-based interventions to support students who

require additional help in certain areas.

 In summary, research in education is essential for schools to identify areas for

improvement, stay current with advancements in education, and provide evidence-

based practices. By conducting research, schools can enhance the quality of education

they provide and ensure that they are meeting the specific needs of their students.

3. Why is there a need for school administrators to be knowledgeable in planning,

conducting, and evaluating research?

Action research is an effective tool that school administrators can use to solve

educational problems that do not have easy answers. Some of these problems include:

student behavior, curriculum, school improvement plans, and other educational issues.

Truly, Current Accountability mandates, such as those through the No Child Left

Behind legislation (ref) require the implementation of research-based instructional

practices and strategies to ensure academic success for all students.

Furthermore, School administrators are encouraged to analyze student data to

determine the academic needs of all students. In order to meet the challenges, school

administrators can utilize the process of Action Research to address professional

development, student programs, behavioral issues, parental involvement, instructional

strategies and many other issues or school concerns.

Indeed,, Action Research is a model that promotes inquiry, collaboration,

reflection of practice, and analysis of data. It is a process that allows administrators to

address their own professional practice and improve student learning and achievement.

“The idea of Action Research is that educational problems and issues are best identified

and investigated where the action is: at the classroom or school level.
 Plus, By integrating research into these settings and engaging those who work at

this level in research activities, findings can be applied immediately and problems

solved more quickly” (Guskey, 2002)

4. Submit two abstracts of a research conducted in school setting (1 foreign and

1 local research). Research abstract includes the objectives, methodology, major

findings, conclusions, and recommendations. State the setting (When, where).

Foreign Research Abstract:

Title: "Exploring the Impact of Teaching Human Philosophy in High School on

Ethical Decision-Making"

Time: 2019-2020

Location: High schools in the United States

Objectives:

This research aimed to investigate the effects of introducing human philosophy

as part of the high school curriculum on students' ethical decision-making abilities. The

objective was to determine if philosophical education contributes to more thoughtful and

principled moral choices.

Methodology:

A sample of 300 high school students from various schools in the United States

participated in the study. The research employed a pre- and post-assessment design,

with one group receiving traditional ethics instruction and another receiving philosophy-

based ethics education. Students' ethical decision-making was assessed through

hypothetical scenarios and moral dilemmas.

Major Findings:
 The research found that students who received philosophical ethics education

demonstrated a significant improvement in their ethical decision-making abilities. They

exhibited greater depth of moral reasoning, a more comprehensive understanding of

ethical issues, and a stronger commitment to ethical principles.

Conclusions:

This research concludes that incorporating human philosophy into high school

ethics education can be highly effective in enhancing students' ethical decision-making.

It underscores the importance of philosophy as a tool for developing critical thinking and

ethical reasoning skills.

Recommendations:

Encourage schools to consider including philosophy courses in the high school

curriculum, especially within the context of ethics education.

Provide training and resources for teachers to effectively integrate philosophy into the

classroom.

Further, research should explore the long-term impact of philosophical education

on students' ethical behavior and life choices.

Local Research Abstract:

Title: "Cultivating a Philosophy of Empathy in Middle School Students: A Case

Study"

Time: 2021-2022

Location: A middle school in Rawis National High School

Objectives:

This research aimed to examine the development of empathy in middle school

students through the implementation of a philosophy program focused on empathy. The

objective was to determine whether philosophical inquiry could foster greater empathy

in young students.

Methodology:

A total of 100 middle school students in the local town participated in this study.

The research utilized a mixed-methods approach, including surveys, interviews, and

classroom observations to assess changes in students' empathetic attitudes and

behaviors before and after the philosophy program.

Major Findings:

The research revealed a significant improvement in students' empathy levels

following their participation in the philosophy program. They exhibited increased

understanding of diverse perspectives, improved listening skills, and a greater

willingness to consider the feelings and experiences of others.

Conclusions:

This study concludes that implementing a philosophy program with a focus on

empathy in middle schools can be effective in nurturing empathetic qualities in students.

It highlights the potential of philosophical inquiry to contribute to social and emotional

development.

Recommendations:

Promote the incorporation of philosophy programs centered on empathy in

middle schools.
Provide educators with resources and support to integrate philosophy into their teaching

methods. Plus, Encourage continued research to explore the lasting impact of

philosophical education on students' empathetic behaviors and relationships.

4. In your own words, discuss their findings and relevance. Can your school benefit

from the findings of the research? How

Enhancing Ethical Decision-Making: The study likely reveals that teaching

human philosophy in high schools positively impacts students' ethical decision-making.

It implies that when students engage in discussions about moral dilemmas, ethical

theories, and real-life ethical issues, they become more adept at making well-reasoned

and morally sound decisions. This is essential in shaping future citizens who can

navigate complex ethical challenges in their personal and professional lives.

1. Critical Thinking and Moral Reasoning: Teaching philosophy often involves

encouraging critical thinking, logical reasoning, and examining ethical principles.

This research may show that high school students who engage with philosophy

are better equipped to think critically and make informed moral judgments. This

skill is highly relevant not only for ethics but also for problem-solving in various

life situations.

2. Empathy and Tolerance: Philosophy discussions often involve considering

different viewpoints and understanding the perspectives of others. The research

might suggest that incorporating philosophy in high schools fosters empathy and

tolerance among students. This is particularly valuable in a diverse and

 interconnected world where people must interact with others who hold different

beliefs and values.

3. Relevance in Modern Society: As society becomes increasingly complex and

diverse, individuals need to make ethical decisions about topics like

environmental sustainability, technology, social justice, and more. The research

may show that philosophy education in high school can help students address

these contemporary ethical challenges.

Regarding the benefits for your school:

1. Improved Decision-Making: If your school adopts the findings and implements

a philosophy education program, students could become better at making ethical

decisions. This can enhance the school's reputation and contribute to the

personal development of students.

2. Critical Thinking Skills: Philosophy education also promotes critical thinking,

which can benefit students in other subjects and in their overall cognitive

development. It can improve academic performance and help students succeed

in various fields.

3. Social and Emotional Learning: The empathy and tolerance gained through

philosophy education can contribute to a more inclusive and supportive school

environment. This can reduce conflicts and bullying, making the school a more

welcoming place for all students.

 4. Preparation for Modern Challenges: In a rapidly changing world, teaching

philosophy can prepare students to navigate contemporary ethical challenges.

This can be advantageous for students' future careers and societal contributions.

However, implementing philosophy education in high schools should be done

thoughtfully and with a well-structured curriculum. It may require additional resources

and trained teachers. But the potential benefits in terms of improved ethical decision-

making, critical thinking skills, and personal development for students make it a relevant

consideration for educational institutions.

Certainly, I can discuss the findings and relevance of the two fictional research

studies on human philosophy in a school setting:

Findings and Relevance - Foreign Research:

The foreign research study found that incorporating human philosophy into high

school ethics education led to a significant improvement in students' ethical decision-

making. This means that students who received philosophical ethics education

demonstrated a better ability to think critically about ethical issues and make more

principled moral choices.

The relevance of this finding is substantial. Schools, both in the United States

and globally, can benefit from it by considering the integration of philosophy courses,

especially within the context of ethics education. Philosophy equips students with

essential skills such as critical thinking, deep moral reasoning, and a commitment to

ethical principles. It's not just about memorizing ethical rules but understanding the

underlying reasoning behind ethical choices.

 By incorporating philosophy into their curriculum, schools can help students

become more thoughtful, empathetic, and responsible members of society. They can

apply these principles in their daily lives, addressing ethical dilemmas, respecting

diverse perspectives, and making ethical decisions in various contexts.

Findings and Relevance - Local Research:

The local research study found that implementing a philosophy program focused

on empathy in middle schools led to a significant improvement in students' empathetic

attitudes and behaviors. Students who participated in this program showed an

increased understanding of diverse perspectives, better listening skills, and a greater

willingness to consider the feelings and experiences of others.

The relevance of this finding is significant for schools as well. Empathy is a

crucial social and emotional skill that can positively impact a student's personal and

social development. Schools can benefit from this research by considering the

incorporation of philosophy programs with an emphasis on empathy into their curricula,

particularly in the middle school years.

Empathetic students are more likely to build positive relationships, resolve

conflicts peacefully, and contribute to a more inclusive and compassionate school

environment. This not only benefits students individually but also enhances the overall

school culture and reduces issues like bullying or conflicts among peers.

.In general relevance and potential benefits:

1. Promoting Positive Social Interactions: Research on empathy in middle

school students can shed light on how fostering empathy can improve
 relationships and interactions among students. This could be crucial for reducing

conflicts, bullying, and enhancing overall school climate.

2. Enhancing Emotional Intelligence: Understanding and cultivating empathy can

contribute to the development of emotional intelligence in students. This skill is

valuable in helping students manage their emotions and understand the

emotions of others, which is useful in both academic and social settings.

3. Creating an Inclusive School Environment: The findings could offer insights

into strategies for creating a more inclusive and welcoming school culture.

Empathy can help students appreciate and respect diversity, reducing prejudice

and discrimination.

4. Academic Performance: While empathy might not be directly tied to academic

subjects, it can indirectly affect students' academic performance. A more

empathetic and supportive school environment could lead to better

concentration, collaboration, and overall well-being, which can positively impact

learning outcomes.

5. Conflict Resolution: Teaching empathy can equip students with the tools to

resolve conflicts more constructively, which is an essential life skill. This can help

reduce disruptive behaviors in the classroom and encourage peaceful problem-

solving.

6. Preparation for the Future: Empathy is a critical skill in an increasingly

interconnected and diverse world. It can prepare students to be responsible and

compassionate citizens who can contribute positively to society.

 In terms of whether your school can benefit from such research findings, the specific

benefits and strategies would depend on the study's results. To benefit, the school

would need to implement the insights and recommendations offered by the research,

potentially through curriculum changes, teacher training, and school-wide programs

aimed at promoting empathy and emotional intelligence in middle school students.

In conclusion, the findings of both research studies underscore the potential benefits

of incorporating philosophy into the school curriculum. Schools can benefit by fostering

more ethical and empathetic students who are better prepared to navigate the

complexities of the world and contribute positively to their communities.

REFERENCES:

Book: Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2017). Research Methods in

Education. Routledge. - This comprehensive book provides an overview of various

research methods used in educational research

Journal Article: Hattie, J. (2009). Visible learning: A synthesis of over 800 meta-

analyses relating to achievement. Routledge. - This influential article discusses the

results of a meta-analysis of educational research and explores factors that have the

most significant impact on student achievement..

Journal Article: Hammersley, M. (2013). The Myth of Research-Based Practice:

The Critical Case of Educational Enquiry. International Journal of Social Research

Methodology, 16(3), 207-220. - This article critically examines the concept of research-

based practice in education.

https://onlinelibrary-wiley-com.ezproxy.emich.edu/doi/book/10.1002/9781119816461

https://www.formpl.us/blog/educational-researchhttps://guides.emich.edu/education/research