PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2

MAUREEN M. NERI
LEARNING
OBJECTIVE
Uses statistical techniques to
analyze data—study of differences
and relationships limited for
bivariate analysis.
 t-test
❖ is a statistical test that is used to
compare the means of two groups. It
is often used in hypothesis testing to
determine whether a process or
treatment actually has an effect on
the population of interest, or whether
two groups are different from one
another.
 PAIRED
❖ is also known as a dependent sample
t-test.

SAMPLE T- ❖ It is a statistical test used to compare

the means of two samples when each
TEST observation in one sample can be
paired with an observation in the
other sample.
❖ The two sets of observations are
paired because they contain the same
subjects or entities measured twice.
A paired samples t-test is commonly used in two scenarios:
❖ Before and after measurements of the same subject
Example: the academic performance of same group of students before and after a
reading intervention program.
❖ Measurements taken from the same subject at different time
points
Example: the response time of a patient is measured on two different drugs.
❖ Measurements taken from the same subject using different
methods
Example: One group of students were exposed to traditional and technology-based
classroom instruction.
 One-tailed or two-tailed t test?

➢ If you only care whether the two populations are

different from one another, perform a two-tailed t test.
➢ If you want to know whether one population mean is
greater than or less than the other, perform a one-
tailed t test.
The researchers want to know whether a reading
intervention program significantly impacts students’
English performance through a test. To test this, 20
students in a class take a pre-test. Then, each of the
students participate in the reading intervention program
for two weeks. Then, the students take a post-test of
similar difficulty. To compare the difference between the
mean scores on the pre-test and post-test, paired
sample t-test should be used.
Student Pre-test Post-Test Interpretation:
1
2
88
82
91
84
A paired sample t-test was conducted on 20
3 84 88 students to determine if there is a significant
4
5
93
75
90
79
difference in the English performance of
6 78 80 students before and after a reading
7
8
84
87
88
90
intervention program.
9 95 90 The mean score of students in the pre-test is
10 91 96 85.4 while the mean score of students in the
11 83 88
12 89 89 post-test is 87.2.
13 77 81 Results showed that the mean score was
14 68 74
15 91 92 statistically significantly different before and
16 94 93 after the reading intervention program of the
17 95 97
18 88 90 same group of students
19 84 84 [t (19) = -2.78, p = .012)] at a significance level
20 82 80
of 0.05.
Interpretation:
A paired sample t-test was conducted on 20
students to determine if there is a significant
difference in the English performance of students
before and after a reading intervention program.
The mean score of students in the pre-test is 85.4
while the mean score of students in the post-test
is 87.2.
Results showed that the mean score was
statistically significantly different before and
after the reading intervention program of the
same group of students
[t (19) = -2.78, p = .012)] at a significance level of
0.05.
LEARNING TASK 3
Suppose you want to know whether or
not a certain training program is able to
increase the max vertical jump (in
inches) of college basketball players. To
test this, you recruit a simple random
sample of 20 college basketball players
and measure each of their max vertical
jumps. Then, you have each player use
the training program for one month and
then measure their max vertical jump
again at the end of the month.