Sumuk

PES UNIVERSITY
(Established under Karnataka Act No. 16 of 2013)

100-ft Ring Road, Bengaluru – 560 085, Karnataka, India
Report on
‘Optimal Charging Station for Electric Vehicles’
Submitted by
Achanta Sri Shanmukh (PES1UG20EC010)
Akshaj Inturi (PES1UG20EC020)
Manas Arora(PES1UG20EC112)
Shreya D(PES1UG20EC359)
January – May 2023 & August - December 2023
under the guidance of
Prof. Nagaraj L J
Assistant Professor
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
PES University
Bengaluru-560085
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
PROGRAM B. TECH
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Report entitled
‘Optimal Charging Stations For Electric Vehicles’
is a bonafide work carried out by

In partial fulfilment for the completion of 7th semester course work in the Program of Study B.Tech in Electronics and
Communication Engineering under rules and regulations of PES University, Bengaluru during the period Jan – Dec
2023. It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for internal assessment have been incorporated in the
report. The report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of project work.
Signature with date & Seal Signature with date & Seal Signature with date & Seal
Prof.Nagaraj L J Dr. Shikha Tripathi Dr. B. K. Keshavan
Internal Guide Chairperson Dean -Faculty of Engg. and
Technology
Name / Signature of the Examiners:

Names Signature
DECLARATION
We, Achanta Sri Shanmukh, Akshaj Inturi, Manas Arora, Shreya D, hereby declare that the
report entitled, ‘Optimal Charging Stations For Electric Vehicles’, is an original work done by
us under the guidance of Prof. Nagaraj L J,Assistant Professor, Department of ECE, is being
submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for completion of project work in the Program of
Study B.Tech in Electronics and Communication Engineering.
PLACE:
DATE:
NAME AND SIGNATURE OF THE CANDIDATES
1.Achanta Sri Shanmukh
2.Akshaj Inturi
3.Manas Arora
4.Shreya D
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Firstly, we would like to sincerely thank our guides Prof. Nagaraj L J, Assistant Professor , Department of
Electronics and Communication, PES University, For providing guidance to help us think in the right
direction in aiding us in successful completion of our project work.
We extend our heartfelt thanks to Dr. J Suryaprasad, Vice-Chancellor, PES University for his support. We
are also grateful to Dr. Shikha Tripathi, Chairperson, Department of Electronics and communication, PES
University for her support in completing this project.
Finally, we thank our panel members, our parents, our friends and to all the people who were directly or
indirectly involved, for their cooperation and support for guiding and supporting us in completion of this
project work.

ABSTRACT
With the increasing environmental concerns and as people move away from traditional fossil fuels like
petroleum, coal, and diesel, the demand for Electric Vehicles (EV’s) has experienced a significant increase
over the past decade. EV’s stand as a solution offering multiple advantages over Internal Combustion Engine
(ICE) vehicles, significantly reducing pollution by the emission of harmful gases like carbon monoxide and
carbon dioxide. Additionally, they contribute to diminished noise pollution, further adding to the rising need
for EVs. Consequently, the boost of EV’s has led to a correlational demand for efficient and strategically
located EV charging stations.
The Optimal Charging Station Selection for Electric Vehicles project responds to this increasing need by
introducing a systematic approach to find the most suitable charging stations for the user. This method
considers various parameters to user preferences and demands. A website is designed to curate a sorted list of
charging stations, given by user-specified parameters and information such as time, State of Charge (SoC),
orcost. When users indicate their preference, be it time, SoC, or cost, the website dynamically organises a
comprehensive list of charging stations in ascending order by using Directions API and true-way API that
considers the vehicle make and model, along with the current state of charge, to provide a list of charging
stations. The API uses advanced algorithms and geospatial data to analyse optimal charging stations based on
the user's EV requirements. For instance, if time becomes the preference , the platform arranges charging
stations based on the vehicle's range, optimising the list from shortest to longest charging stations durations
using the API's . This method remains consistent across the various parameters, ensuring a user-centric
experience and simplifying the process of selecting the most appropriate charging station.
By addressing the amplifying need of EV’s and their associated infrastructure demands a user-tailored
solution is presented. The initiative aligns with the broader objective of facilitating EV adoption by easing the
process of locating optimal charging stations. As EV’s become increasingly integral to sustainable mobility
solutions, the project underscores the significance of personalised and efficient charging infrastructure to meet
the evolving needs of users and further propel the transition towards cleaner transportation alternatives.
In conclusion the 'Optimal Charging Station for Electric Vehicles’, using a user-friendly website to sort
charging stations by parameters like time, State of Charge (SoC), and cost. This method is moulded to user
preferences, arranges stations in ascending order, simplifying selection based on specific needs. All of this
Aimed at easing EV adoption, the project underscores the significance of personalised and efficient charging
stations in advancing cleaner and sustainable solutions.
Optimal Charging Station For Electric Vehicles
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Session Jan-May & Aug – Dec 2023 7

1. Introduction 12
1.1.Evolution of Electric Vehicles 12
1. Background 13
2. Objectives 14
2. Problem Statement 16
2.1. Goal 16
3. Literature Survey 17
3.1 Paper [1] 17
3.2 Paper [2] 18
3.3 Paper [3] 19
3.4 Paper[4] 20
3.5 Paper [5] 21
3.6 Paper [6] 22
4. Methodology 23
4.1.Application Programming Interface(API) 23
4.2.Approach formation 24
4.3.Sample size determination 25
4.4.Data collection 26
4.5.Block Diagram 30
5. Implementation 31
5.1.External Work 31
5.2.Internal Work 34
5.2.1.First Layer of filtering 34
5.2.2.Distance and Duration Constraints 35
5.2.3.Cost Constraint 36
5.2.4.Dropdown box 39
6.Result 41
6.1.Distance results 41
6.2. Time results 42
6.3. Cost results 44
7. Conclusion 46
8. References 48

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Figure Description Page

No. No.
Fig. 4.4.1 The data collected in excel format 26
Fig. 4.4.2 The data collected in excel format converted 27

to JSON format

to JSON format

to JSON format
Fig. 4.4.5 The Electric vehicle make and their respective 28

submodels
Fig. 4.4.6 The Electric Vehicle submodel with their ranges 29
and battery in terms of KwH
Fig. 4.4.7 The Electric Vehicle submodel with their ranges 29
and battery in terms of KwH
Fig. 5.1.1 The user’s sample location 31
Fig. 5.1.2 The entire outline of the web page 32
Fig. 5.1.3 The list of all the charging stations the EV 32

charge finder API
Fig. 5.1.4 The list of all the charging stations the EV 33

charge finder API when opened
Fig. 5.2.1.1 The list of charging stations that lie within the 34
radius calculated using equation (1)
Fig. 5.2.1.2 The logic part of the first layer of filtering 35
Fig. 5.2.2.1 TrueWay API logic 36

Fig. 5.2.3.1 The logic used to incur the charging cost 38
Fig. 5.2.3.2 How a charge station looks like after all the 39
constraints have been fetched and computed
Fig. 5.2.4.1 Dropdown box logic 40

Fig. 6.1.1 List of filtered charge stations based on 41
Distance
Fig. 6.1.2 Filtered station details (Based on Distance) 41
Fig. 6.1.3 Filtered station details (Based on Distance) 42
Fig. 6.2.1 List of filtered charge stations based on Time 42
Fig. 6.2.2 Filtered station details (Based on Time) 43
Fig. 6.2.3 Filtered station details (Based on Time) 43
Fig. 6.3.1 List of filtered charge stations based on Cost 44
Fig. 6.3.2 Filtered station details (Based on Cost)/ 44
Comparison between cost and distance
Fig. 6.3.3 Filtered station details (Based on Cost)/ 44
Comparison between cost and distance
Fig. 6.4 Filtered station details for comparison between 45
distance and duration
Fig. 6.5 Filtered station details for comparison between 45
distance and duration

LIST OF EQUATIONS
Equation Description Page

No. No.
(1) Electric Vehicle Range 24
(2) Battery % - Without 37

considering the Travel battery
drainage to the charging station
(3) Battery %- With the Travel 37
battery drainage to the charging
station
(4) Relation between the vehicle’s 38
mileage and the vehicle’s battery
capacity(conversion to per kWh )
(5) Total cost 38

Chapter 1
Introduction
The initiation of Electric Vehicles (EVs) has caused a significant shift in the automotive sector. The transition
from traditional internal combustion engine vehicles to environmentally friendly electrical vehicles is marked
by the revolutionary innovation that is the electric vehicle (EV).
Electric vehicles are charged at dedicated charging hubs that incorporate various methods of charging such as
AC charging, known as slow charging or DC charging, known as fast charging
which is further classified as Level 1 and Level 2 charging types.
1. Evolution of Electric Vehicles
Late 19th Century-Early 20th Centuries: First charging station was established in 1910 called
“Wattstation”. Electric vehicles existed then but the numbers were minor. During that time the charging was
mostly done at home due to the lack of charging infrastructure.
Late 20th Century-Early 21st Centuries: Public charging stations for electric vehicles were installed in
some areas, and modern infrastructure for charging them started getting into form. Still, there wasn't plenty of
standardisation or coverage of charging stations during this time.
Early to Mid-21st Century:saw the rise of charging connector and protocol standards. To make charging
easier, a number of standards including carbon capture and storage and Tesla's Supercharger network have
been introduced.
Mid-21st Century: A noticeable rise in the infrastructure for public charging, with stations springing up
everywhere from shopping malls to highways to cities. As fast-charging technology gained popularity,
charging times decreased significantly.
Mid-21st Century Onward: Advancements in technology led to the creation of smart charging stations with
network access, allowing for remote payment and monitoring. Charge station integration of renewable energy
sources, such as solar panels, grew.

Ongoing : Current advancements centre on grid integration and smart energy management systems, along
with wireless, ultra-fast, and bidirectional charging (vehicle-to-grid) technology.
2. Background
Optimising is the process of improving and enhancing something to achieve the best possible performance or
outcome within given limitations. It involves maximising efficiency, effectiveness, or functionality while
considering available resources and specific objectives.
The main objective is to find the optimal charging station for electric vehicles(EV’s) by taking the user’s
requirements by using API’s .The main requirement is to make the usage of the customer or the user of
electric vehicles life easy and to also promote the usage of EV’s by keeping all the advantages of EV’s in
mind.
The fundamental context is the hunt to find the perfect charging station for electric vehicles (EV’s).
Developing a successful and well-located charging infrastructures has become crucial and important as the
world's attention turns to cutting carbon emissions and moving toward sustainable mobility.
The history of finding the optimal charging station is based on how the field of electric transport solutions are
changing due to developments in battery technology and the growing variety of EV models with various
charging needs. The growing number of EV owners highlights the pivotal need for easy access, dependable
charging stations to support the growing EV user population.
Furthermore, the significance of creating an effortless approach to stumble upon an optimal charging station is
highlighted by market forces, government regulations, and subsidies supporting renewable energy projects.
The background unifies because we care about the environment, new technology, what people want, and the
rules that are pushing us to find better ways to travel sustainably. We're exploring how all these things connect
to make transportation better for everyone and the planet.

3. Objectives :
1. Network Creation: Establishing a user-friendly forum involves creating an intuitive platform where
EV users can engage and give the required information and seek advice related to electric vehicles
charging stations . It includes developing an interface that specifically operates with the specific
likings of the user base, ensuring ease of navigation and accessibility.
2. Data Collection: Compiling a comprehensive list of available charging stations involves sourcing data
from various reliable sources. The data should include station locations and the charging rates.
3. Input Processing: Assembling user-specific data entails creating a system to collect relevant
information from EV drivers, such as their current state of charge, precise car model, sub-model
specifications, and potentially other preferences or requirements that might affect their charging needs.
4. Sorting: Setting up charging stations requires the usage of different algorithms to rank and evaluate
stations according to how well they match the user's vehicle's specifications. This could be determined
by the state of charge or the distance the vehicle can travel before needing to charge again.
5. Tailored Preferences: Creating a user-friendly interface that allows people to choose depending on
their priorities—such as minimising time, distance, or cost when charging their electric vehicles.
6. Recommendation: Providing optimal charging station recommendations by giving a list of the

charging stations with the user preference .
7. Environmental Impact: Contributing to reducing carbon emissions involves analysing and

highlighting the positive impact of EV adoption and utilisation of clean energy sources for
transportation. This could include quantifying the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions compared to
traditional combustion engine vehicles.
8. Promoting Sustainable Transport: Promoting sustainable practices and making an easy-to-access

charging infrastructure are two important aspects of promoting environmentally friendly

transportation. This could involve cooperation with environmental groups, learning programs, and
advertisements supporting the environmental advantages of electric vehicles.

Chapter 2
Problem statement
The problem of building an effective and user-focused structure for electric vehicle (EV) users is smoothly
integrating various data sources so as to generate an extensive list of charging stations that meets the needs of
individual electric vehicles users. The primary challenge is creating an interface that can efficiently handle
data entered by users, such as car specifications as well as individual preferences, in order to sort and select
the best charging stations using an approach. Extensive system design is required to balance several user
goals, such as limiting charging time, distance, or cost. In order to advance the general growth in
environmentally friendly transportation habits, the platform also encourages sustainability by the
environmental effect of electric vehicle (EV) usage, encouraging the adoption of clean energy, and cultivating
collaboration.
2.1 Goal :
To address the above mentioned requirements the problem statement is defined as follows -
“To find an optimal charging station according to the user preference: A
Multi-Parameter analysis”

Chapter 3
Literature Survey
1. Paper [1]
“[M. Mavrovouniotis, G. Ellinas and M. Polycarpou, "Electric Vehicle Charging Scheduling Using Ant
Colony System," 2019 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC), Wellington, New Zealand,
2019, pp. 2581-2588, doi: 10.1109/CEC.2019.8789989]”[1]
Summary: This Paper [1] talks about the scheduling problem for charging electric vehicles within a station
such that the total tardiness of the problem is minimised.The maximum contracted power and the maximum
power imbalance between the electric feeder's lines are the limits that are taken into account. By creating
effective schedules, the Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) metaheuristic is used to manage the EV charging
process inside the charging station.According to the paper's findings, the ACO performs better than alternative
strategies and is very successful.The report only discusses one charging station and how to maximize charging
at that specific station, which leaves a research gap in our pursuit for a more dynamic approach to problem
solutions.The goals derived from this are to optimize EV scheduling in order to decrease user wait times for
charging.

2. Paper[2]
[N. Wang, C. Wang, Y. Niu, M. Yang and Y. Yu, "A Two-Stage Charging Facilities Planning Method for
Electric Vehicle Sharing Systems," in IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 57, no. 1, pp.
149-157, Jan.-Feb. 2021, doi: 10.1109/TIA.2020.3034557] [2]
Summary: This paper[2] talks about the large scale shared electric vehicle(SEV) charging infrastructure to
maintain the optimal operation.
In order to strike a compromise between the convenience of SEV customers and the economics of SEV
operators, the article employs a two-stage planning process that combines distributed charging piles with SEV
stations.The first section discusses the separation of metropolitan areas, the trip characteristics of SEVs, and
the power consumption of each SEV deployment point. The second stage evaluates SEV customers' unmet
charging demand points using an S-shaped function.Free floating and non-floating SEV systems can be
distinguished based on where the returning cars were found. The automobiles under the free-floating model
can be parked wherever within the coverage region. The application of the Mean Shift Algorithm, which
streamlines the process of solving models, in the planning of charging pile locations is also covered in this
work.The main takeaway is to optimize SEV charging under floating and non-floating models. The research
gaps are that the report exclusively discusses shared electric cars (SEVs) and ignores personal and private
electric vehicles.

3. Paper [3]
[Y. Zhang, P. You and L. Cai, "Optimal Charging Scheduling by Pricing for EV Charging Station With
Dual Charging Modes," in IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, vol. 20, no. 9, pp.
3386-3396, Sept. 2019, doi: 10.1109/TITS.2018.2876287][3]
Summary: This paper[3] talks about how to effectively utilise the charging capacity to minimise the service
dropping rate is a pressing and open issue for charging stations.
The goal of the study is to create an ideal charging scheme that minimises the service dropping rates of the
charging stations, given that EV owners are price-sensitive when it comes to the charging mode.In order to
analyse the relationship between the service dropping rate and the choice of EVs, they first formulate the
operation of a dual mode charging station, which functions as a queueing network with numerous servers and
a variety of service rates. To minimise customer attrition and lower the quantity of EVs leaving the charging
station uncharged, they secondly define a problem.They suggest using optimal pricing as a means of directing
and coordinating EV charging.One of the research gaps in this work is that it only discusses the cost
optimization of the charging station; it leaves out the cost optimization for an electric vehicle customer. The
two key things to remember were to reduce the amount of EVs leaving a charging station and the rate at
which services diminish.

4. Paper[4]
[J. Liu, G. Lin, S. Huang, Y. Zhou, Y. Li and C. Rehtanz, "Optimal EV Charging Scheduling by
Considering the Limited Number of Chargers," in IEEE Transactions on Transportation
Electrification, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 1112-1122, Sept. 2021, doi: 10.1109/TTE.2020.3033995][4]
Summary: The limited quantity of electric vehicle charging stations poses a challenge to the electrification of
the logistics network.When the quantity of chargers becomes a significant concern, the paper[4] attempts to
investigate the most efficient way to schedule the EV charging power in order to lower the station's operating
costs.A solution that accounts for the time-of-use (TOU) electricity price is put forth to address this
problem.First, a model that charges electric vehicles (EVs) as quickly as possible without control.
Second, an ideal model that accounts for the constrained quantity of chargers.A bilevel programming (BP)
model is used in this paper. The paper's primary research gap was its consideration of just one charging
station, as opposed to several charging stations.Cutting down on EV charging time as well as waiting times at
charging stations was the goal.

5. Paper [5]
[T. Zhang, W. Chen, Z. Han and Z. Cao, "Charging Scheduling of Electric Vehicles With Local
Renewable Energy Under Uncertain Electric Vehicle Arrival and Grid Power Price," in IEEE
Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 63, no. 6, pp. 2600-2612, July 2014, doi: 10.1109/
TVT.2013.2295591][5]
Summary:The article [5] discusses how to minimize the wait time that occurs when arranging an electric
vehicle's (EV) charging at a station with several charging outlets.The charging station has renewable
energy-powered generators installed, and it has the ability to purchase electricity from the nearby power
grid.The paper discusses how grid power price variation, renewable energy, and the uncertain arrival of EVs
are viewed as independent Markov processes.When considering cost as a long-term constraint, the goal is to
minimize the mean waiting time for EVs.We introduce the Markov Decision Process (MDP) framework to
study this problem of constrained stochastic optimization.The charging demand queue length, the charging
demand arrival at the energy level in the renewable energy storage battery, the arrival of the renewable energy,
and the cost of grid power are the system states that are taken into account.The goal of the study is to provide
sets of system states for which optimality is achieved by charging any number of requests or none at all. The
paper's extremely static approach to the issue and its focus on a single charging station rather than the larger
picture of a cluster of charging stations are the research gaps.A few important things to keep in mind are to
minimize the amount of money spent on renewable energy sources, minimize the cost of grid electricity, and
optimize the charging delay of electric vehicles (EVs).

6. Paper [6]
[S. Salam, G. K. Veni, C. Kamale, A. L. Deepika and A. Bruhathi, "Forecasting the Behavior of EV
Charging Using Machine Learning," 2023 9th International Conference on Advanced Computing and
Communication Systems (ICACCS), Coimbatore, India, 2023, pp. 1765-1768, doi: 10.1109/
ICACCS57279.2023.10112731][6]
Summary: The stress that widespread EV deployment places on the power grid infrastructure is discussed in
this research [6].We can enhance scheduling algorithms to understand the behavior of EV charging by
utilizing data-driven tools and machine learning techniques.In order to estimate the length of an EV session
and its energy usage, the article uses previous charging data in conjunction with weather, traffic, and event
data. Popular machine learning methods such as random forest, SVM, XGBoost, and deep neural networks are
employed in this process.An ensemble learning model with SMAPE scores of 9.9% and 11.6% is used in this
work.Research limitations include the fact that while the research discusses energy use during electric car
charging, it ignores customer queueing delays and cost analysis associated with vehicle charging. A few key
things to keep in mind are that machine learning models may be used to historical data to forecast energy
consumption and session time. Seasonal data and other variables, such as automobile information and
charging position, can also be used to anticipate outcomes.

Chapter 4
Methodology
1. Application Programming Interface(API):
APIs use certain definitions and protocols to act as a connection that improves communication between
various software programs. They create a common structure and language that enable smooth communication
across various software ecosystem components. Various API’s are available online but we only use API’s as
per our requirements. The two API’s being used are :
● EV Charge Finder
● True-way Directions API
EV charge Finder : By obtaining vital information, the EV charge finder API completes a crucial function
that makes it possible to locate the best charging stations. It functions by accessing all local charging point
information using latitude and longitude coordinates entered by the user. The information that was obtained
includes a variety of all the charging stations that are located in the vicinity of the given address. This variety
of charging stations makes it possible to organise and manipulate the data, which makes it easier to obtain the
information that is needed. This list of charging stations is further filtered via the True-Way API (which will
be explained later) to determine which charging station is most suited for a certain set of requirements. This
sophisticated procedure guarantees that users get information specific to their requirements, pointing them in
the direction of the best outcome.
True- way Directions API:With the ability to generate routes for many modes of transportation, including
driving, walking, bicycling, and transit, the True-Way Directions API is a powerful tool for planning a route.
It also allows for the use of waypoints to help with multipart directions, providing comprehensive guidance
for intricate routes.
The EV Charge Finder API, which at first offers a full list of charging stations, is interfaced via this API. The
State Of Charge (SOC) of the charging stations is used to filter the list and ensure that the user's vehicle is

compatible. The greatest straight-line distance the car can travel from the user's present position is defined by
a parameter in eq(1), which is used to carry out this filtering.
Consequently, the True-Way Directions API displays a final list that only includes charging stations that are
suitable with the user's SOC. It considers the vehicle's range and realistic road travel factors, going beyond the
first list.
Instead of only providing straight-line distances, the True-Way Directions API uses road networks to estimate
and deliver specific information like distance and estimated journey time after it receives the filtered list. With
this improved feature, users can plan their trips more accurately and conveniently by receiving more exact and
useful navigational information that takes into account actual travel circumstances.
2. Approach formation:
The approach is by taking inspiration from the k-means clustering model in Machine Learning.
K-means clustering is a widely favoured unsupervised machine learning method, functions by partitioning a
dataset into distinct, non-overlapping clusters. The algorithm aims to group similar data points within each
cluster while ensuring dissimilarity to points in other clusters. [4] talks about how K-Means Clustering can be
used to segregate charging stations based on the SOC of a vehicle.
Taking inspiration from this concept we introduce the first layer of filtering where we consider the State of
Charge (SOC) of the Electric Vehicle and shortlist a number of charging stations within a particular radius.
This radius is calculated by using the mathematical equation given below
Range = (SOC) X mileage – eq(1)
The above equation is designed specifically to determine the range the Electric Vehicle can travel before it
runs out of charge which in-turn gives the radius. It must be noted that the above distance is not the distance
by road but the distance in a straight line. The road distance is later given by the True -way directions API.

The primary reason for not using K-means clustering is due to the issue with locating a distinct cluster head in
the dataset. Rather, the emphasis is moved to taking into account the user's location later on, since identifying
the cluster head is challenging. However, we use the cluster-making ideology from this, minus the cluster
heads.
The idea was inspired by [2], which highlights the shifting character of cost fluctuations over time, to make it
easier for electric vehicle (EV) users to locate charging stations while taking their cost preferences into
account. By implementing a system that enables cost differentiation between peak and off-peak hours, our
approach focuses on satisfying user preferences. Peak hours are times when consumption is at its highest, for
example, during heavy traffic at charging stations, which raises prices. On the other hand,
off-peak hours imply periods of lower demand and, thus, cheaper charging rates. In order to make this easier,
we suggested creating a forum where EVs are listed according to their State of Charge (SoC), which helps
users find the best charging stations that fit their budgets. The most important realisation was that prices
varied, which made it increasingly necessary to create a strategy for finding reasonably priced charging
stations. This framework is to improve user convenience and encourage affordable charging options for
off-peak hours.
3. Sample size determination:
The Electric Vehicle Charging Stations sample is collected by calling the “EV charge finder” API from Rapid
APIs. It gives a list of all charging stations in and around Bangalore City.

4. Data collection :
The data was collected by rigorous research on the part of the team by contacting various charging stations in
Bangalore to determine the off-peak and peak hours energy per unit kilo-watt hour (kWh) cost of charging an
electric vehicle. It is shown in the figures 4.4.2, 4.4.3, 4.4.4 below
The data collected in excel format in figure 4.4.1 has been converted into JSON format in figures 4.4.2, 4.4.3,
4.4.4 respectively.
Fig. 4.4.1

Fig. 4.4.2
Fig. 4.4.3

Fig. 4.4.4
The Electric vehicle make and their respective submodels are shown in the figure 4.4.5 below.
Fig. 4.4.5

The Electric Vehicle submodel with their ranges and battery in terms of KwH are shown in the figures 4.3.6
and 4.4.7 respectively below.
Fig. 4.4.6 Fig 4.4.7

5. Block Diagram :

Chapter 5
Implementation
1. External Work:
The first step of the procedure begins when the system determines the exact location of the user. The
geographical coordinates, such as latitude and longitude, are extracted straight from the user's device to do
this. Based on the user's current location, the system can customise its services or offer region-specific
recommendations thanks to the geographical data that forms the basis of later stages. The system's
location-based functions operate more accurately and efficiently when geospatial data is used.
The user’s sample location is shown in the figure 5.1.1 below
Fig. 5.1.1
The user’s location lies between the above two mentioned latitudes and longitudes.
An API called the EV charge finder works in the background and takes the user location in terms of latitudes
and longitudes as shown in Figure 5.1.1 and fetches a list of all the charging stations around that region.For
example if we are trying to search for the charge station while currently present in bangalore then in fetches
all the charging station present in bangalore and keeps the entire list ready.The list can be seen in Figure 5.2.3
After determining the user location we take the car make and model, the SOC of the car as inputs from the
user .The user is then shown another dropdown menu with three options to choose from: distance, time, and
cost.
When the user clicks on the submit button the user's selected preference is reflected in the list's curated
arrangement of items in ascending order. The system offers a customised and user-focused experience,
regardless of the user's preference for cost-effectiveness, time efficiency, or limiting trip distance. This allows
the user to make an informed decision and choose the best charging station according to their specific
constraints.

The entire outline of the page is Shown in Figure 5.1.2 below.
Fig 5.1.2
The list of all the charging stations the EV charge finder API is shown below in the figure 5.1.3 and when
opened it is as shown in figure 5.1.4
Fig 5.1.3

Fig 5.1.4
The above figure 5.1.4 displays all the charging stations fetched from the EV charge finder API after it is fed
with the user’s location.

2. Internal Work:
2.1. First Layer of filtering-
This is the first step that takes place on clicking the submit button.
The maximum range the car can travel is calculated using the equation (1) and this maximum range is
compared with the distances of all the charging stations the EV charge finder API has fetched.
Only the charging stations that have met the criteria or condition are filtered and a new list is kept ready aside.
The figure 5.2.1.1 below shows the list of charging stations that lie within the radius calculated using equation
(1).
Fig. 5.2.1.1
The above list is in a random order and has not yet been sorted according to the users preference.
The logic part of the first layer of filtering which helps us shortlist a certain number of charging stations that
lie within the radius calculated using the SOC of the user vehicle is shown below in figure 5.2.1.2

Fig 5.2.1.2
2.2. Distance and Duration Constraints-
To transform the straight line distance from the user's position to the chosen charging station into the road
distance by using the TrueWay API, which is retrieved via Rapid APIs. The TrueWay API really helps us
overcome this obstacle by providing us with road distances as well as the time that will elapse for the user to
reach the desired location. The straight line distance cannot be taken into consideration because roads are

rarely straight, which may result in the road distance being greater than the straight line distance. The
TrueWay API allows us to extract the duration and distance to the charging stations that have been shortlisted,
as seen in figure 5.2.2.1 below.
Fig. 5.2.2.1
The figure 5.2.2.1 shown above indicates how the data fetched is stored in the form of arrays for each of the
parameters - Distance, time and cost respectively.It can be seen that three arrays namely distances, times and
costs have been initialised. These arrays fill up for the stations that have been filtered previously using the
first layer of filtering in section 5.2.1.
2.3. Cost Constraint-
Calculating the cost of charging an electric car requires an intricate method which involves a number of
factors. First, we get current local time straight from the user's device. In order to differentiate between peak
and non-peak hours and to calculate the appropriate pricing rates, this time data is essential. The system can
precisely determine the cost of using power during these various times by lining up with these time intervals.
This distinction is crucial because utility providers frequently use different pricing systems, offering less
Session Jan-May
expensive tariffs&during
Aug – off-peak 36 our method
Dec 2023hours and higher rates during peak demand hours. Moreover,

includes not only the cost of power but also the expense incurred in travelling to the designated charging
station.
Implementing an extensive strategy ensures that the ultimate cost computation accounts for both the energy
usage and the extra costs(travel cost to the charging stations) spent when recharging the vehicle.
The cost calculation process is made dynamic and responsive by using local time as the reference point. This
methodology guarantees flexibility in response to fluctuating power rates during the day, coordinating the
charging procedure with economically advantageous windows wherever feasible. Furthermore, including the
battery loss that was experienced while travelling to the charging station gives the cost assessment an
additional degree of accuracy. This element gives consumers a more complete picture of the total cost
associated with recharging their electric car by accounting for the energy used en route to the charging station.
By combining these components with the cost estimate. Through the integration of these components into the
cost determination procedure, our goal is to provide a precise and clear summary that will enable users to
make well-informed choices about their billing practices. The logic part can be seen in fig 5.2.3.1
The equations given below are used to find the total cost to charge the car taking into consideration the battery
percentage it loses while travelling to the station..
Equation (2) gives the battery percentage the user has to fill from his current location.
Equation(3) takes the battery that is depleted while travelling to the station.

Equation(4) converts it into Kwh as our dataset we have is with respect to charge per Kwh.
Equation(4) converts it into Kwh as our dataset we have is with respect to charge per Kwh.
Equation(5) multiplies this with the cost per Kwh (be it off or on peak which is obtained from the current local
time) and finds the total cost the user has to spend to charge his vehicle to full.
The logic used to incur the charging cost is shown in figure 5.2.3.1 below
Session Jan-May & Aug – Dec 2023 Fig. 5.2.3.1 39

The figure 5.2.3.2 below shows how a charge station looks like after all the constraints have been fetched and
computed.(The cost, distance and duration computed from the user location can be seen)
Figure 5.2.3.2
2.4. Dropdown box
Given that user preference is the paramount aspect of the project, it is captured through a user-friendly
dropdown box. Within this selection box, users have the flexibility to choose from three critical factors: cost,
time, and distance. Once the user makes a selection, the charging stations are then presented in ascending
order, aligning with the user's chosen criterion.
In instances where a charging station exhibits a higher cost compared to others on the list, yet boasts the
shortest distance, this station is considered the optimal choice for the user, specifically if distance is the user's
preferred criterion. This nuanced approach ensures that the system not only respects the user's initial choice
but also takes into account additional factors, creating a well-rounded and tailored recommendation based on
the unique preferences expressed by the user. This is shown in the figure 5.2.4.1

Fig. 5.2.4.1
Based on the user's selection the charging stations are sorted and re-rendered on the page.

Chapter 6
Results
1. Distance results
Fig. 6.1.1
From the above figure when we expand into the details as shown in Fig 6.1.2 and Fig 6.1.3 we can see that the
distances are sorted in ascending order. Note that the distances here are in metres and not in Kms .These
distances are the road distances fetched from the TrueWay directions API.
Session Jan-May & Aug – Dec 2023 Figure 6.1.2 42

Figure 6.1.3
2. Time results
Fig. 6.2.1
durations are sorted in ascending order. Note that the duration here is in seconds.

Fig. 6.2.2
Fig.6.2.3

3. Cost results -
Fig. 6.3.1
costs are sorted in ascending order.
Fig.6.3.2 Fig.6.3.3
It can be closely noted from the above figures that even though the distance to station in fig 6.3.2 is more, the
cost to charge to full is lesser than the station in fig 6.3.3.This is due to the cost variations in different
charging stations.

Another similar case can be seen in terms of distance and duration from Fig 6.4 and Fig 6.5
Fig.6.4
Fig 6.5
It can be seen here that the distance to the Station in fig 6.4 is lesser than the station in fig 6.5 but the time it
takes to reach the station in fig 6.5 is lesser than the station in fig 6.4.
If time is the constraint then the user is advised to go to the station in Fig 6.5 and if the distance is the
constraint then he is advised to go to the station in Fig 6.4.

Chapter 7
Conclusion
In response to the increasing market for electric vehicles (EVs) and the resulting need for effective charging
infrastructure, the "Optimal Charging Station for Electric Vehicles" project was developed strategically using
API's. This project aims to tackle the changing needs of electric vehicle (EV) consumers by developing a
systematic way for locating the best charging stations.
This initiative's main hub is an easy-to-use page that serves as a central platform for classifying and
displaying charging stations according to a number of important criteria. When choosing a charging station,
customers may rank their choices based on these characteristics, which include cost, time, and State of Charge
(SoC).
This project stands apart due to the fact that it uses geospatial data and advanced algorithms to dynamically
arrange a curated list of charging stations based on the user's specific needs. The website uses APIs like the
Directions API and true-way API to analyse various factors like the vehicle's make and model, current state of
charge, and geographical location. Based on this analysis, the platform generates a customised and extensive
list of charging stations that correspond to the user's preferences.
The page will, for instance, prioritise the list of charging stations from shortest to longest charging durations
based on the vehicle's range. In the same way, it modifies its sorting algorithm in response to other factors
such as pricing or distance to assure a constant user-centric experience.
The importance of this idea goes beyond its usefulness; it is essential to promoting the wider use of electric
vehicles. The concept facilitates the process of identifying the best charging stations, making electric vehicles
more appealing and accessible as a mode of transportation. Additionally, it highlights how crucial
personalised and effective charging infrastructure is accelerating the shift to greener and more sustainable
transportation alternatives.

Simply put, to sum up, the "Optimal Charging Station for Electric Vehicles" project is a creative and
user-centred endeavour that greatly advances the larger objective of developing a greener and more
sustainable transportation surroundings while also streamlining the process of determining charging stations.

Chapter 8
References
1. [M. Mavrovouniotis, G. Ellinas and M. Polycarpou, "Electric Vehicle Charging Scheduling Using
Ant Colony System," 2019 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC), Wellington, New
Zealand, 2019, pp. 2581-2588, doi: 10.1109/CEC.2019.8789989]
2. [N. Wang, C. Wang, Y. Niu, M. Yang and Y. Yu, "A Two-Stage Charging Facilities Planning Method
for Electric Vehicle Sharing Systems," in IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 57, no. 1,
pp. 149-157, Jan.-Feb. 2021, doi: 10.1109/TIA.2020.3034557]
3. [Y. Zhang, P. You and L. Cai, "Optimal Charging Scheduling by Pricing for EV Charging Station
With Dual Charging Modes," in IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, vol. 20,
no. 9, pp. 3386-3396, Sept. 2019, doi: 10.1109/TITS.2018.2876287]
4. [J. Liu, G. Lin, S. Huang, Y. Zhou, Y. Li and C. Rehtanz, "Optimal EV Charging Scheduling by
Considering the Limited Number of Chargers," in IEEE Transactions on Transportation
Electrification, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 1112-1122, Sept. 2021, doi: 10.1109/TTE.2020.3033995]
5. [T. Zhang, W. Chen, Z. Han and Z. Cao, "Charging Scheduling of Electric Vehicles With Local
Renewable Energy Under Uncertain Electric Vehicle Arrival and Grid Power Price," in IEEE
Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 63, no. 6, pp. 2600-2612, July 2014, doi: 10.1109/
TVT.2013.2295591]
6. [S. Salam, G. K. Veni, C. Kamale, A. L. Deepika and A. Bruhathi, "Forecasting the Behavior of EV
Charging Using Machine Learning," 2023 9th International Conference on Advanced Computing
and Communication Systems (ICACCS), Coimbatore, India, 2023, pp. 1765-1768, doi: 10.1109/
ICACCS57279.2023.10112731]

6
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Internal
Optimal Combustion
Charging Engine
Station For Electric Vehicles
ORIGINALITY REPORT
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SIMILARITY
3% 3% 3%
INTERNET PUBLICATION STUDENT PAPERS
INDEX SOURCES S
PRIMARY SOURCES
www.researchgate.net
Internet Source 1%
2
Michalis Mavrovouniotis, Georgios Ellinas, Marios
Polycarpou. "Electric Vehicle Charging
1%
Scheduling Using Ant Colony System", 2019
IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation
(CEC), 2019
Publication
trid.trb.org
Internet Source 1%
scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu
Internet Source <1 %
5
Tian Zhang, Wei Chen, Zhu Han, Zhigang Cao. <1 %
"Charging Scheduling of Electric Vehicles With
Local Renewable Energy Under Uncertain
Electric Vehicle Arrival and Grid Power Price",
IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology,
2014
Publication
export.arxiv.org
Internet Source
<1 %
Submitted to NCC Education
7 Student Paper <1 %
Yongmin Zhang, Pengcheng You, Lin Cai.
8
"Optimal Charging Scheduling by Pricing for <1 %
EV Charging Station With Dual Charging
Modes", IEEE Transactions on Intelligent
Transportation Systems, 2019
Publication
pd ox.com
9 Internet Source <1 %
Submitted to Coventry University
10
Student Paper <1 %
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ff
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OptimalChargingSt
ationforElectric
Vehicles
Achanta Sri Shanmukh, Akshaj Inturi,
Manas Arora, Shreya D
Project Guide : Prof. Nagaraj LJ
MOTIVATION THEORY
ANALYSIS
The increasing demand of The charging station When the user inputs distance as a
EVs data is collected by parameter the True Ways API gives
calling the EV Charge charge stations sorted in ascending
Finding API from Rapi order of the distance
The need for efficient APIs When time is the constraint the API
charging means The user location is gives charge stations in ascending
and infrastructure determined order of time
geospatially and fed to Cost is calculated by extracting time
from device
EV is an up and coming the API to determine and looking for peak and off peak
technology the charging stations hours
with a lot of scope True Ways API is The selected parameter is
crucial in finding road preferred over other parameters
distance and further when output is displayed
giving charge stations
according to user
IMPLEMENTATION
The website works as
follows-
The user location
is fetched using
geospatial means
and fed to EV
charge finder API.
The API returns an
array of charging Figure 3: Coordinates of the
stations along with Figure 1: The main page of
peak and off peak cost the website charging stations
per unit with drop down boxes
The user is presented
with drop down boxes
to fill in his details and
preferences
Based on the user’s input
preferences
a list of charging stations

is presented
RESULTS AND
CONCLUSION
in ascending order. The user input
The True Ways was
API gives road considered
distance and duration. and the list of
charging
Figure 2: Representation of user’s stations was
location mapped back
accordingly..

Research gaps in charging
methods for electric vehicles
Utilize APIs strategically to create the
"Optimal Charging Station for Electric
Vehicles" project.
Central platform designed for easy
user interaction based on key
Figure 4: Distance, criteria: cost, time, and State of
Charge (SoC)
Cost and Time Output displayed taking user
parameters results preference into consideration.
respectively

Optimal Charging Station For Electric Vehicles - A

Multi-parameter Analyisis
Achanta Sri Shanmukh, Akshaj Inturi, Manas Arora, Shreya D and Nagaraj LJ
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, PES University, Bengaluru 560085, India
Emails :shanmukhachanta1@gmail.com,akshajinturi11@gmail.com,manaslko2012@gmail.com,
svd.shreya48@gmail.com,nagaraj@pes.ed
Abstract—Electric vehicles are carving the path for the is easy to use and navigable, integrating smoothly with the
future of transportation, triggering a surge in the demand for choices of the user. Simultaneously, building an exhaustive
electric charging stations.To address this,we have created a database of charging stations requires careful data gather-
user-focused website using state-of-the-art APIs to meet this
demand. This platform customizes a list of charging stations
ing from trustworthy sources, including station locations and
according to user preferences, including cost, time, and State of charging costs to support well-informed decision-making.
Charge (SoC). Our objective is to streamline and expedite the Secondly, the procedure calls for the collection of user-
station selection process by dynamically aligning stations with specific data, necessitating the development of a system
specific objectives, including vehicle range or charge duration. that elicits pertinent data from electric vehicle drivers. This
The goal of this project is to make it easier for people to
contains information on the vehicle’s exact model, current
embrace electric vehicles (EVs) while emphasizing the critical
role that individualized and effective charging infrastructure charging level, and any preferences that could affect how
plays in improving environmentally friendly and sustainable much power it requires to run. The stations are then
transportation choices while also accommodating users’ categorized and assessed using different algorithms
evolving demands and preferences. according to how well they meet the requirements of the
I. I NTRODUCTION users’ vehicles, taking into account things like the vehicle’s
level of charge and how far it can drive before needing to
The automotive landscape is undergoing a profound trans- be charged again. In addition, customization through an
formation with the surge of Electric Vehicles (EVs), marking intuitive user interface enables users to rank time, distance,
a pivotal shift towards environmentally sustainable or cost as top priorities when choosing charging stations,
transportation and reduction of the use of non-renewable resulting in a more individualized and effective charging
resource solutions. Accompanying this revolution is the experience.
burgeoning demand for efficient and strategically located This strategy highlights how important it is to encourage
electric charging stations. This evolution in charging environmentally friendly transportation methods and lower
infrastructure, delineated across historical milestones from carbon emissions at the same time and use of non-renewable
rudimentary setups to today’s sophisticated networks, reflects resources. Essential components include analysis and
the remarkable progress within the realm of EVs. promo- tion of the favorable environmental impact of EV
The quest for the optimal charging station stands as a adoption, emphasizing the use of clean energy sources for
testament to the dynamic evolution of electric transport solu- transportation. The message that promotes the environmental
tions. As battery technologies advance and diverse EV advantages of switching to electric vehicles is amplified
models emerge, each with distinct charging requisites, the through cooperation with environmental organizations,
quest for streamlined and user-centric charging educational initiatives, and focused advertising efforts. This
infrastructures becomes paramount. The escalating number integrated approach promotes a cleaner and more
of EV users underscores the critical necessity for easily sustainable transportation environment by advancing
accessible and reliable charging stations, pivotal in environmentally aware mobility options in addition to
supporting this expanding user base. optimizing charging station choices.
This study emphasizes how important it is to develop a
simple way to find the best charging stations, recognizing II. APPROACH FORMATION :
how market forces, laws, and environmental concerns all The approach is by taking inspiration from the k-means
work together to force the use of sustainable mobility clustering model in Machine Learning. K-means clustering
solutions. is a widely favoured unsupervised machine learning method,
Firstly, Creating the best possible electric vehicle (EV) functions by partitioning a datasets into distinct, non-
charging infrastructure requires a complex strategy that overlapping clusters. The algorithm aims to group similar
priori- tizes both environmental sustainability and user data points within each cluster while ensuring dissimilarity
satisfaction. primarily, developing an intuitive platform that to points in other clusters.[4] talks about how K-Means
meets the unique needs of electric vehicle users is Clustering can be used to segregate charging stations based
imperative to building a user-friendly network. This entails on the SOC of a vehicle. Taking inspiration from this
creating an interface that concept we introduce the first layer of filtering where we
consider the State of

III. P ROPOSED M ETHOD
A. Application Programming Interface(API)
APIs use certain definitions and protocols to act as a
connection that improves communication between various
software programs. They create a common structure and
language that enable smooth communication across various
software ecosystem components. Various API’s are available
online but we only use API’s as per our requirements. The
two API’s being used are :
EV Charge Finder: By obtaining vital information, the
EV charge finder API completes a crucial function that
makes it possible to locate the best charging stations. It
functions by accessing all local charging point information
using latitude and longitude coordinates entered by the user.
The information that was obtained includes a variety of all
the charging stations that are located in the vicinity of the
Fig. 1. Evolution Of Electric Vehicles given address. This variety of charging stations makes it
possible to organise and manipulate the data, which makes
it easier to obtain the information that is needed. This list
Charge (SOC) of the Electric Vehicle and shortlist a number of charging stations is further filtered via the True-Way API
of charging stations within a particular radius.This radius is (which will be explained later) to determine which charging
calculated by using the mathematical equation given below station is most suited for a certain set of requirements. This
sophisticated procedure guarantees that users get
Range = (SOC) ∗ mileage information specific to their requirements, pointing them in
(1) The above equation is designed specifically to the direction of the best outcome.
determine
the range the Electric Vehicle can travel before it runs out True-way Directions API: With the ability to generate
of charge which in-turn gives the radius. It must be noted routes for many modes of transportation, including driving,
that the above distance is not the distance by road but the walking, bicycling, and transit, the True-Way Directions API
distance in a straight line. The road distance is later given is a powerful tool for planning a route. It also allows for the
by the True -way directions API. The primary reason for not use of way-points to help with multipart directions,
using K-means clustering is due to the issue with locating a providing comprehensive guidance for intricate routes. The
distinct cluster head in the datasets. Rather, the emphasis is EV Charge Finder API, which at first offers a full list of
moved to taking into account the user’s location later on, charging stations, is interfaced via this API. The State Of
since identifying the cluster head is challenging. However, Charge (SOC) of the charging stations is used to filter the
we use the cluster-making ideology from this, minus the list and ensure that the user’s vehicle is compatible. The
cluster heads. greatest straight-line distance the car can travel from the
user’s present position is defined by a parameter in eq(1),
The idea was inspired by [2], which highlights the shifting which is used to carry out this filtering. Consequently, the
character of cost fluctuations over time, to make it easier for True-Way Directions API displays a final list that only
electric vehicle (EV) users to locate charging stations while includes charging stations that are suitable with the user’s
taking their cost preferences into account. By implementing SOC. It considers the vehicle’s range and realistic road
a system that enables cost differentiation between peak and travel factors, going beyond the first list. Instead of only
off-peak hours, our approach focuses on satisfying user providing straight-line distances, the True-Way Directions
preferences. Peak hours are times when consumption is at API uses road networks to estimate and deliver specific
its highest, for example, during heavy traffic at charging information like distance and estimated journey time after it
stations, which raises prices. On the other hand, off-peak receives the filtered list. With this improved feature, users
hours imply periods of lower demand and, thus, cheaper can plan their trips more accurately and conveniently by
charging rates.In order to make this easier, we suggested receiving more exact and useful navigational information
creating a forum where EVs are listed according to their that takes into account actual travel circumstances.
State of Charge (SoC), which helps users find the best
charging stations that fit their budgets. The most important B. Customized Charging Station Selection Procedure
realisation was that prices varied, which made it increasingly When a user visits the website, they’re prompted to grant
necessary to create a strategy for finding reasonably priced access to their current location. If permission is given, the
charging stations. This framework is to improve user website collects the latitude and longitude data, utilizing this
convenience and encourage affordable charging options for information to query the EV Charge Finder API. This API
off-peak hours. retrieves a comprehensive list of all available charging
stations in the vicinity of the user’s location.

Subsequently, the user is asked to input specific details This methodology aims to streamline the process of iden-
regarding their electric vehicle. This includes the car model, tifying suitable charging stations for an electric vehicle
sub-model, and its current State of Charge (SOC). This input based on the user’s vehicle details and specific preferences,
assists in determining the maximum distance the vehicle can offering a more tailored and convenient charging station
travel in a straight line from its current position.Using the selection experience.
calculated maximum distance, the EV Charge Finder API
filters and generates a shortlist of charging stations within IV. I MPLEMENTATION
this range. This compilation ensures that the displayed A. External Work:
charging stations are ones that the user’s electric vehicle can
reach based on its current charge capacity and capabilities. The first step of the procedure begins when the system
determines the exact location of the user. The geographical
coordinates, such as latitude and longitude, are extracted
straight from the user’s device to do this. Based on the
user’s current location, the system can customise its services
or offer region-specific recommendations thanks to the
geographical data that forms the basis of later stages. The
system’s location- based functions operate more accurately
and efficiently when geo-spatial data is used. An API called
the EV charge finder works in the background and takes the
user location in terms of latitudes and longitudes as shown in
Figure 5.1.1 and fetches a list of all the charging stations
around that region.For example if we are trying to search for
the charge station while currently present in Bangalore then
in fetches all the charging station present in Bangalore and
keeps the entire list ready.The list can be seen in Figure
5.2.3 After determining the user location we take the car
make and model, the SOC of the car as inputs from the
user .The user is then shown another drop-down menu with
three options to choose from: distance, time, and cost. When
the user clicks on the submit button the user’s selected
preference is reflected in the list’s curated arrangement of
items in ascending order. The system offers a customised
and user-focused experience, regardless of the user’s
preference for cost-effectiveness, time efficiency, or limiting
trip distance. This allows the user to make an informed
decision and choose the best charging station according to
Fig. 2. Flowchart
their specific constraints.
B. Internal Work:
Following this, the user is presented with a drop-down
menu allowing them to select their preferences. The options 1) First Layer of filtering:: This is the first step that
typically include choices related to distance, cost, or time. takes place on clicking the submit button. The maximum
The True Way API is activated once the user submits their range the car can travel is calculated using the equation
selection.The True Way API leverages the selected (1) and this maximum range is compared with the
preference to gather road distances and directions for the distances of all the charging stations the EV charge finder
previously shortlisted charging stations. This step is crucial API has fetched. Only the charging stations that have met
as it provides the necessary information for sorting the the criteria or condition are filtered and a new list is
charging stations according to the user’s specified kept ready aside.
preference. 2) Distance and Duration Constraints:: To transform
Upon submission, the website generates an ordered list of the straight line distance from the user’s position to the
charging stations based on the user’s chosen preference: If chosen charging station into the road distance by using
the user prefers distance, the list showcases charging stations the TrueWay API, which is retrieved via Rapid APIs. The
sorted from the nearest to the farthest based on road TrueWay API really helps us overcome this obstacle by
distance. Opting for time preference results in a list ordered providing us with road distances as well as the time that
from the lowest to the highest time required to reach each will elapse for the user to reach the desired location. The
charging station. In the case of cost preference, the website straight line distance cannot be taken into consideration
factors in local time and compares it to peak and off-peak because roads are rarely straight, which may result in the
hour prices obtained from a collected dataset. It calculates road distance being greater than the straight line distance.
the per-unit cost at the current time and displays an ordered The TrueWay API allows us to extract the duration and
list of charging stations from lowest to highest cost. distance to the charging stations that have been shortlisted

3) Cost Constraint:: Calculating the cost of charging an compared to others on the list,
electric car requires an intricate method which involves a
number of factors. First, we get current local time straight
from the user’s device. In order to differentiate between
peak and non-peak hours and to calculate the appropriate
pricing rates, this time data is essential. The system can
precisely determine the cost of using power during these
various times by lining up with these time intervals. This
distinction is crucial because utility providers frequently
use different pricing systems, offering less expensive
tariffs during off-peak hours and higher rates during peak
demand hours. Moreover, our method includes not only
the cost of power but also the expense incurred in
travelling to the designated charging station.
Implementing an extensive strategy ensures that the
ultimate cost computation accounts for both the energy
usage and the extra costs(travel cost to the charging
stations) spent when recharging the vehicle. The cost
calculation process is made dynamic and responsive by
using local time as the reference point. This methodology
guarantees flexibility in response to fluctuating power
rates during the day, coordinating the charging procedure
with economically advantageous windows wherever
feasible. Furthermore, including the battery loss that was
experienced while travelling to the charging station gives
the cost assessment an additional degree of accuracy. This
element gives consumers a more complete picture of the
total cost associated with recharging their electric car by
accounting for the energy used en route to the charging
station. By combining these components with the cost
estimate. Through the integration of these components
into the cost determination procedure, our goal is to
provide a precise and clear summary that will enable users
to make well-informed choices about their billing
practices. The equations given below are used to find the
total cost to charge the car taking into consideration the
battery percentage it loses while travelling to the station.
This is designed to restore the colour in the images
BF = [100 − SOC/100] ∗ V ehicleMileage (2)

where BF means Battery To Fill
BFTS = BF + StationDistance
(3)
where BFTS means Battery To Fill after Travel to Station
BT (kWh) = [BFTS ∗ TV BC]/V ehiclemileage
(4)
wheremeans
kWh TVBCkilowatt
means Total
hour vehicle battery capacity and
Totalcost = BT ∗ CostperkWh (5)

4) Drop-down box:: Given that user preference is the
paramount aspect of the project, it is captured through a
user- friendly drop-down box. Within this selection box,
users have the flexibility to choose from three critical
factors: cost, time, and distance. Once the user makes a
selection, the charging stations are then presented in
ascending
Session order,&aligning
Jan-May Aug – with
Dec the
2023user’s chosen criterion. In 57
instances where a charging station exhibits a higher cost
yet boasts the shortest distance, this station is
considered the optimal choice for the user,
specifically if distance is the user’s preferred
Optimal Charging
criterion. Station
This nuanced For Electric
approach Vehicles
ensures that the
system not only respects the user’s initial choice
but also takes into account additional factors,
creating a well-rounded and tailored
recommendation based on the unique
preferences expressed by the user
V. RESULTS
A. Distance Results
When we expand the Fig 5.1 we get Fig 5.2
and 5.3. we can see from these two figures that
the distances are sorted in ascending order.
Note that the distances here are in metres and not
in Kilometers .These distances are the road
distances fetched from the True-Way directions
API.
Fig.5.1
Fig.5.2 Fig.5.3
B. Time Results
When we expand the Fig 5.4 we get Fig 5.5
and 5.6 . We can see from these two figures that
the time required to travel to the stations are
sorted in ascending order. Note that the duration
here is in seconds.
Fig.5.4
Fig.5.5 Fig.5.6

C. Cost Results consumers by developing a systematic way for locating the
When we expand the Fig 5.7 we get Fig 5.8 and 5.9 . We best charging stations.This initiative’s main hub is an easy-
can see from these two figures that the cost to charge to full to-use page that serves as a central platform for classifying
after considering the battery percentage lost while travelling and displaying charging stations according to a number of
to the stations are sorted in ascending order. Note that the important criteria. When choosing a charging station,
cost here is in rupees. customers may rank their choices based on these
characteristics, which include cost, time, and State of Charge
(SoC).This project stands apart due to the fact that it uses
geospatial data and advanced algorithms to dynamically
arrange a curated list of charging stations based on the
user’s specific needs. The website uses APIs like the EV
charge Finder API and trueway API to analyse various
factors like the vehicle’s make and model, current state of
charge, and geographical location. Based on this analysis,
the platform generates a customised and extensive list of
Fig.5.7 charging stations that correspond to the user ’s
preferences.The page will, for instance, prioritise the list of
charging stations from shortest to longest charging duration
based on the vehicle’s range. In the same way, it modifies
its sorting algorithm in response to other factors such as
pricing or distance to assure a constant user-centric
experience. The importance of this idea goes beyond its
usefulness; it is essential to promoting the wider use of
electric vehicles. The concept facilitates the process of
identifying the best charging stations, making electric
vehicles more appealing and accessible as a mode of
transportation. Additionally, it highlights how crucial
Fig.5.8 Fig.5.9 personalised and effective charging infrastructure is
accelerating the shift to greener and more sustainable
D. Webpage transportation alternatives.Simply put, to sum up, the ”
Optimal Charging Station for Electric Vehicles” project is a
The final user-friendly Webpage outline is as shown in the creative and user-centred endeavour that greatly advances
Figure 5.10. The user can choose his preferences from the the larger objective of developing a greener and more
dropdown box and the results are displayed in ascending sustainable transportation surroundings while also
order accordingly. streamlining the process of determining charging stations.
VII. F UTURE S COPE

Fig.5.10 Expanding User Preferences: By include criteria such as
charging station amenities, fast charger accessibility,
If we look closely at the figures 5.1 and 5.4 we can see environmental effect, and user evaluations in addition to
that ID number 6 in Fig 5.1(Distance Results) is same as ID distance, cost, and time preferences. Including New Models:
number 8 in Fig 5.4(Time results). This shows that even if The approach may be made more comprehensive and
the distance to the station is less the time required to reach flexible by expanding the variety of automobiles in the
that station might take more. database or by adding more thorough vehicle specifications.
Similarly from Figures 5.8 and 5.9 we can see that even if Adding information about recently launched electric vehicle
the distance to the station is more the cost required to charge models to the database on a regular basis to make sure users
the Electric vehicle to full might be lesser(more with the newest automobiles are supported.
economical).
REFERENCES
VI. C ONCLUSION [1]M. Mavrovouniotis, G. Ellinas and M. Polycarpou, ”Electric Vehicle
Charging Scheduling Using Ant Colony System,” 2019 IEEE
In response to the increasing market for electric vehicles Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC), Wellington, New
(EVs) and the resulting need for effective charging infras- Zealand, 2019, pp. 2581-2588, doi: 10.1109/CEC.2019.8789989.
tructure, the ”Optimal Charging Station for Electric [2]N. Wang, C. Wang, Y. Niu, M. Yang and Y. Yu, ”A Two-Stage Charging
Vehicles” project was developed strategically using API’s. Facilities Planning Method for Electric Vehicle Sharing Systems,” in
IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 149-
This project aims to tackle the changing needs of electric 157, Jan.-Feb. 2021, doi: 10.1109/TIA.2020.3034557
Session Jan-May
vehicle (EV) & Aug – Dec 2023 [3]Y. Zhang, P. You and L. Cai, ”Optimal Charging59 Scheduling by
Pricing for EV Charging Station With Dual Charging Modes,” in
IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, vol. 20, no.
9, pp. 3386-3396, Sept. 2019, doi: 10.1109/
TITS.2018.2876287

[4]J. Liu, G. Lin, S. Huang, Y. Zhou, Y. Li and C. Rehtanz, ”Optimal
EV Charging Scheduling by Considering the Limited Number of
Chargers,” in IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification,
vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 1112-1122, Sept. 2021, doi: 10.1109/
TTE.2020.3033995
[5][T. Zhang, W. Chen, Z. Han and Z. Cao, ”Charging Scheduling of
Electric Vehicles With Local Renewable Energy Under Uncertain
Elec- tric Vehicle Arrival and Grid Power Price,” in IEEE
Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 63, no. 6, pp.
2600-2612, July 2014, doi: 10.1109/TVT.2013.2295591
[6]S. Salam, G. K. Veni, C. Kamale, A. L. Deepika and A. Bruhathi, ”
Forecasting the Behavior of EV Charging Using Machine
Learning,” 2023 9th International Conference on Advanced
Computing and Com- munication Systems (ICACCS), Coimbatore,
India, 2023, pp. 1765- 1768, doi: 10.1109/
ICACCS57279.2023.10112731

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PES UNIVERSITY

(Established under Karnataka Act No. 16 of 2013)

‘Optimal Charging Station for Electric Vehicles’

January – May 2023 & August - December 2023

under the guidance of

‘Optimal Charging Stations For Electric Vehicles’

is a bonafide work carried out by

Name / Signature of the Examiners:

Study B.Tech in Electronics and Communication Engineering.

NAME AND SIGNATURE OF THE CANDIDATES

1.Achanta Sri Shanmukh

Achanta Sri Shanmukh (PES1UG20EC010)

Session Jan-May & Aug – Dec 2023 7

Session Jan-May & Aug – Dec 2023 8

Figure Figure Description Page

Fig. 4.4.2 The data collected in excel format converted 27

Fig. 4.4.3 The data collected in excel format converted 27

Fig. 4.4.4 The data collected in excel format converted 28

Fig. 4.4.5 The Electric vehicle make and their respective 28

Fig. 5.1.2 The entire outline of the web page 32

Fig. 5.1.3 The list of all the charging stations the EV 32

Fig. 5.1.4 The list of all the charging stations the EV 33

Fig. 5.2.1.2 The logic part of the first layer of filtering 35

Fig. 5.2.2.1 TrueWay API logic 36

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Fig. 5.2.3.1 The logic used to incur the charging cost 38

Fig. 5.2.4.1 Dropdown box logic 40

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Equation Description Page

(2) Battery % - Without 37

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1. Evolution of Electric Vehicles

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6. Recommendation: Providing optimal charging station recommendations by giving a list of the

7. Environmental Impact: Contributing to reducing carbon emissions involves analysing and

8. Promoting Sustainable Transport: Promoting sustainable practices and making an easy-to-access

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Range = (SOC) X mileage – eq(1)

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3. Sample size determination:

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Fig. 4.4.6 Fig 4.4.7

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The entire outline of the page is Shown in Figure 5.1.2 below.

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2.1. First Layer of filtering-

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