Describe the OSI model?
Transport Layer: Functions of transport layer:
There are seven OSI layer. Each layer has two different function.A List seven layer are given below.
Physical layer: Functions of physical layers
a>line configuration:It defines the way how two or More devices can be connected physically.
b>Data Transmission: It defines the transmission mode wheather It is simplex, half duplex or full duplex mode
between the two connected device.
c> Topology: It defines the way how networks devices are arranged
d>Signal : It determines the type of signal is used to transmitting the infromation.
Advantages: Transmits raw binary data over the physical medium.
It provides a standarized medium for tansmitting bits and signal
Data link Layer: Functions of data link layer:
a>Framing: Framing is a function of data link layer.It provides way for a sender to transmit the sets of bits that
are meaningful to the reciver. This can b accomplished by attaching special bit patterns to the begining and end
of the frame.
b>Error control: The data link provides the mechanism of error control in which it detect and retransmit the
damage or lost frames.
c>flow control: The data rate must be constant on both side else the data may got corrupted thus with flow
control coordinates the amount of data can be sent to before receiving an acknowledgment.
d>Access Control: When a single communication channel is shared by multiple device the MAC sublayer of the
data link layers helps to determine which device has come over the channel at a given time.
e>Physical Addressing. After executing frames the data link layer add physical address (mac address) of the
sender and for receiver to the begining and end of the frame.
Advantages: Provides error free transmission over the data frames between node.
Performs framing error deletion and correction and flow control.
Network Layer: Functions of network layer:
a>Internetworking: An internetworking is the main responsibility of the network layer.It provides a logical
connection between different devices.
b>Routing: Routing is the major component of network layer and it determine the best optimal path out of the
multiple paths from source to destination.
Advantages: Enables the creation and management of logical paths.
Performs routing and forwarding of packets accross multiple network.
a>Segmentation and Reassembly: This layer accepts the message from session and the breaks them down into
smaller units.Each of the segment produced has a header associated with it.The transport layer at the
destination layer reassemble the message.
b>Service Point Addressing: To deliver the message to the correct process the transport layer includes a type of
addressing called service point addressing thus by specifying this process the transport layer makes sure that
the message is delivered to the correct process.
Advantages: Ensure reliable and orderly data transfer between end to end connections.
Support connection oriented(TCP) and connectionless(UDP) protocol.
Session Layer: Functions of Session Layer :
a> Session Establishment and Maintenance: This layer allows two processes to establish use and terminate a
connection.
b>Synchronisation: This layer allow to add checkpoints that are considered synchronisation points in the data
These synchronisation point help to identify the error so that the data is re-synchrized properly and ends of the
messages are not cut prematurely and less is avoided.
c>Dialogue Controller: The session layer allows two systems to start communication and recovery of data in
case of faliures.
Advantages: Manages the dialogues or session between different applications.
supports checkpointing and recovery of data incase of faliures
Presentation Layer: The functions of presentation layer:
a>Translation: The process in two system exchange theinformation in the form of character, string,nunbers and
so on.Different computers use different encoding methods;the presentation layer handles the interoperability
between the different encoding methods.
b>Encryption: Data encryption translates the data into another form or code.The encrypted data is known as
cliphertent and the decrypted data is known as the plain text.
c>Compress: Reduces the number of bits that are need to be transmitted on the network.
Advantages: Handles data representation and encryption for secure connection.
Deals with data syntax,formal conversation and encryption/decryption.
Application Layer: Functions of application layer:
a>File transfer access management: An application allows a user to access the files in a remote computer , to
retrieve the files from a computer and to manage the files in a remote computer.
b>Mail service: An application provides the facilit for email forwarding and storage.
c>Directory service: The application layer provides distributed data source and is used to provide that global
information about various object.
Advantages: Provides a user interface for accessing network services.
Supports various applications such as email ,web browsing and file transfer.