Psychology of Learners
Week 4 Reviewer
Self-Concept
-set of attributes, abilities, attitudes, and
values that an individual believes defines
who he or she is.
Foundations of Self-Concept
• Preschoolers’ self-concept are
concrete.
-Usually, they mention observable
characteristics such as name,
physical appearance, possessions,
and everyday behaviors.
• By age 3 1/2, children also describe
themselves in terms of typical
beliefs, emotions, and attitudes.
• Nevertheless, preschoolers cannot
yet combine their separate self-
descriptions into an integrated self-
portrait.
-And they do not yet make explicit
reference to psychological
dispositions
Self-Esteem
- The aspect of self-concept that involves
judgments about one’s own worth and the
feelings associated with those judgments.
Emergence of Self-Esteem
• Young children distinguish how
well others like them from how
“good” they are at doing things.
• Preschoolers’ high sense of self-
esteem is adaptive during a
period in which they must master
so many new skills, and it
contributes greatly to their sense
of initiative.
Emotional Self-Regulation
-strategies for adjusting our
emotional state to a comfortable
level of intensity.
Self-Conscious Emotions
- emotions that involve injury to or
enhancement of the sense of self
such as shame, envy, guilt and
pride.
Emotional Understanding
-children are likely to explain
emotion by making reference to
internal states rather than physical
events.
-Children realize that they can
experience more than one
emotion at a time.
Psychology of Learners
Secure attachment: Baby may or may not
cry when mother leaves, but when she returns,
the baby wants to be with her and if the baby is
crying, it stops.
Avoidant attachment: The baby is not
upset when the mother leaves and, when she
returns, may ignore her by looking or turning
away.
Resistant Attachment: The baby is upset
when the mother leaves and remains upset or
even angry when she returns, and is difficult to
console
Disorganized(disoriented) attachment:
The baby seems confused when the mother
leaves and when she returns, as if not really
understanding what's happening
Functional Play – play that involves
simple, repetitive activities typical of
three-year-olds.
–are simple and repetitive motor
movements with or without objects
such as running, going up and down a
flight of stairs, and throwing a ball back
and forth each other.
Constructive Play – play in which
children manipulate objects to produce
or build something.
– This is s type of play where children
create or construct something like
building things with blocks, putting
Week 4 Reviewer
together a puzzle and working on
an art activity
Parallel Play – action in which
children play with similar toys, in a
similar manner, but do not interact
with each other.
– is a form of limited social
participation where children play
near each other but does not
interact with one another or
children do not try to influence
each other’s behavior.
Onlooker Play – action in which
children simply watch others at
play but do not actually participate
themselves
–Non-social Activity/Solitary play
Associative Play – play in which
two or more children interact by
sharing or borrowing toys or
materials although they do not do
the same thing
–This is one form of true social
participation wherein children play
near each other and may interact
by exchanging toys but are
engaged in separate activities.
Cooperative Play – play in which
children genuinely interact with
one another, taking turns, playing
games, or devising contests.
Psychology of Learners
–Another form of true social
participation or a more advanced
type of interaction where children
are engaged toward a common
goal.
–Children play together to
accomplish the same thing such
as building sand castles or moving
together like a train.
Make-believe play–This type of
play engages children in acting out
everyday or imaginary roles like
playing teacher or acting out a
movie or television character.
• physical transition to adulthood
passes through dramatic and
momentous changes.
• Within a few years the body of a
school-aged child is transformed
into a full-grown adult.
• The body reaches the capacity for
sexual reproduction.
• Some changes involve height and
weight as well as changes in fat
and muscle content.
• is the short period in between late
childhood and adolescence.
• It comes from the Latin word
“pubescere” which means “to
grow hairy”.
Week 4 Reviewer
• By the time an adolescent reaches
the end of their teen years of life
they look much different, their
bodies function differently and the
body is now biologically ready for
sexual reproduction.
>>Deviant Maturers
– children whose sexual
maturation occurs a year or more
from the norm for their sex.
>>Early Maturers
– children who mature sexually
earlier than their sex group.
>>Late Maturers
– children who mature sexually
later than their sex group.
>>Rapid Maturers
– children who require less than
the normal time for their sex group
to complete the maturational
process
>>Slow Maturers
– children who need more than the
normal time.
-Hormones regulate physiological
function that causes for puberty to
occur.
Psychology of Learners
Week 4 Reviewer

-The pituitary gland releases the growth

hormone and stimulates the other glands
to produce hormones that act on the
body tissues.
-Another function of the pituitary gland is
the production of the gonadotropin-
releasing hormone which causes the
gonads to increase their production.
-Both boys and girls have estradiol and
testosterone of about the same level
during childhood but this balance
changes during puberty.

- are triggered with the increase of the

sex hormone production during
puberty.
- The primary sex characteristics are
those directly related to reproduction.
- Breast development for girls and
growth of facial hair for boys qualify as
primary sex characteristics.
- Menarche which is the scientific name
for menstruation appears. Girls are
born with all the eggs they will have in
their lifetime.
- On the other hand boys are not born
with their sperm in their testes. Sperm
is produced during puberty. During
spermarche, a boy’s first ejaculation,
sperm is produced in astonishing
quantities.