A Simplified and Effective GMPP Tracking Algorithm
for Solar Photovoltaic System
Shwetank Agrawal
Barjeev Tyagi
Vishal Kumar
Pramod Agarwal
Electrical Engineering Department
Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee
Roorkee, India.
Abstract— This paper offers a new simplified and effective
Global Maxima PowerPoint (GMPP) tracking method for a
solar photovoltaic system under partial shading conditions
(PSC). Because the solar radiation changes continuously
throughout the day, it also changes the maximum power point
on the voltage scale of the photovoltaic module. Hence the
tracking of the global peak is important for efficient power
withdrawal from the PV Array. The proposed algorithm
calculates the different duty cycles near to all possible maxima,
which apply to different solar irradiance at different time. Then
select a duty cycle near to the maximum power available at that
time. The Perturb and Observe (P&O) approach is applied at
the selected duty cycle to achieve GMPP. The simulation studies
are performed for different conditions of irradiance. The ideal
single–diode model (ISDM) is used for modeling the photovoltaic
(PV). For the effectiveness of the proposed method, it is
compared with the conventional Perturb and Observe (P&O)
for the different PSCs.
Index Terms—Global Maximum Power Point (GMPP)
Tracking, Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT), Partial
Shading, Perturb and Observe (P&O), Photovoltaic Modeling.
I. INTRODUCTION
Due to the reduced cost of solar photovoltaic (PV) panels
from the last recent years, the PV’s has become an important
source of renewable energy. Solar energy is clean and free
energy, which can be utilized to generate power along with it
also reduce the carbon emission produced by conventional
energy sources. Development of distributed energy sources in
India like countries can be beneficial due to its wide
geographical regions and the availability of solar irradiances.
The distributed energy sources can play an important role in
energy development and can supply power to the remote
locations where the expansion of the transmission line is not
cost-effective. As per the Paris Accord on Climate Change,
India has pledged that by 2030, 40% of installed power
generation capacity shall be based on clean sources. It was
determined that 175 GW of renewable energy capacity will be
installed by 2022 out of which 100 GW will be from solar. So
This work is supported by Department of Science and Technology, India
under MI Smart Grids Scheme, Grant No. DST-1239-EED.
978-1-7281-0407-2/19/$31.00 ©2019 IEEE
Pawan Sharma
Electrical Engineering Department
University of Tromso
Tromso, Norway.
to avail power for all at low cost, an effective system is needed
to be developed which can be expanded easily.
In uniform irradiance, P-V characteristics of PV Array has
only one peak but the solar radiation changes continuously
throughout the day, it also changes the maximum power point
on the voltage scale of the photovoltaic module. Hence for
effective power drawl from the PV’s the maximum power
point tracker (MPPT) is essential. Many MPPT methods are
there like perturb and observe (P&O) [1], hill climbing (HC)
[2] and incremental conductance (IC) [3] which are effective
where solar irradiance condition is uniform for all PV module
[4]. Many other advanced MPPT control technique under
uniform irradiance are proposed like direct duty cycle
controlled MPPT algorithm [5] and adaptive P&O [1].
Whereas multiple peaks occur in P-V characteristics under
partial shading, and the global maximum power point also
changes its location on the voltage scale due to the change in
solar irradiance throughout the day which makes the tracking
of a global peak more difficult. For partial shading condition
some of the proposed algoritm are switched PV Approach [6],
hybrid DEPSO technique [7], HPO technique [8] and many
more but all are either complex or process huge data which
require a good processor to implement. The comperative study
on MPPT techniques are done in [9].
In this paper, the global maximum power point (GMPP)
tracker is proposed, which is simplified and effective for
partial shading condition with continuous change in
irradiance. As the duty cycle can be known for obtaining the
required average voltage, and the power varies according to
the voltage in P-V characteristics. The duty cycle
corresponding to the power of the PV Array can be obtained.
In this paper, different duty cycles are calculated which
corresponds to the different regions, between which the locals
or global maxima can occur. Then the values of duty cycles
are calculated such that these are near to all possible maxima.
The power corresponding to duty cycles are measured and the
points having maximum power value is selected which is near
to the GMPP, and then the P&O approach is applied at the
selected point to reach GMPP.
II. PHOTOVOLTAIC CHARACTERISTICS & IT’S MODELING |𝛽|∆𝑇𝑞
𝑒 𝑁𝑠 𝐾𝑇𝐴 𝐺[𝐼𝑠𝑐 +𝛼∆𝑇]
The PV module operates in a wide range of atmospheric 𝐼𝑜 = 𝑇𝑜 |𝛽|∆𝑇𝑞 (5)
(𝐺𝐼𝑠𝑐 ⁄𝐼𝑟𝑠 +1) 𝑇 −𝑒 𝑁𝑠 𝐾𝑇𝐴
conditions, but the manufacturers provide electrical
parameters at only standard test conditions (STC) in their Where 𝐼𝑟𝑠 is the saturation current at STC and is calculated as
datasheet [10]. The PV models are classified into three main (6) [10], [11], [12], [13].
types. The first is the ideal single-diode model (ISDM) as
shown in Fig. 1(a), the second one is the single-diode model 𝐼𝑠𝑐
𝐼𝑟𝑠 = 𝑞𝑉 (𝑇𝑜 ) (6)
(SDM) as shown in Fig. 1(b) and third is a simplified single- ⁄ ( 𝑜𝑐𝑁𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒 )
[𝑒 𝑠 𝐾𝐴𝑇𝑜 − 1]
diode model (SSDM) as shown in Fig. 1(c) [10]. The basic I-
V characteristic for PV module which has 𝑁𝑠 series-connected
cells are expressed as (1) [10], [11], [12]: III. PROBLEM FORMATION
𝑉+𝑅𝑠 𝐼 The I-V and P-V characteristics of the PV module can be
( ) 𝑉+𝑅𝑠 𝐼
𝐼 = 𝐼𝑝𝑣𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒 − 𝐼𝑜 [𝑒 𝑉𝑡 𝐴 − 1] − (1) plotted (Fig. 2 and Fig. 3) using the manufacture datasheet as
𝑅𝑝
given in the Table I. As the maximum power point varies
Where 𝐼 is solar output current, 𝑉 is solar terminal voltage, depending upon the atmospheric conditions, the maximum
𝐼𝑝𝑣𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒 is the solar-generated current in the module, 𝐼𝑜 is the power point tracking (MPPT) is essential for effective
utilization of PV module. In practical PV array system has
diode saturation current, 𝑉𝑡 = 𝑁𝑠 𝐾𝑇 ⁄𝑞 is the thermal voltage
many PV Modules that are connected in the combination of
of the array, 𝑞, 𝐾, and 𝑇 are the electron charge, Boltzmann
series and parallel. Under this condition, the irradiance is not
constant, and module temperature respectively. The parameter
uniform for the whole day, for the fixed tilt angle of the PV
𝐴 is the diode ideality constant which usually ranges in array. The non-uniform continuous change in irradiance cause
between 1 ≤ 𝐴 ≤ 1.5 [11]. The parameters 𝑅𝑠 and 𝑅𝑝 are the P-V characteristic having local and global maxima, and the
series and parallel resistance respectively. tracking of the highest power point i.e. the global maxima
power point (GMPP) is essential for PV array. Here the PV
array is simulated having eight parallel strings consisting of
I + Rs I + Rs I + four series module in each string as shown in Fig. 4. The three
V V V conditions of irradiance are considered as below:
I ph I ph Rsh I ph
- - -
(a) (b) (c)
TABLE I. PV MODULE PARAMETERS
Fig. 1 Equivalent circuits for PV: (a) ISDM; (b) SDM; (c) simplified single-
diode model (SSDM). Parameter Value

In this paper the ideal single-diode model (ISDM) is used, Open Circuit Voltage (𝑉𝑜𝑐 ) 46.22 V
ISDM includes simplicity, ease of modeling and accuracy Short Circuit Current (𝐼𝑠𝑐 ) 9.47 A
[10]. The model relies on the ideal single-diode model (ISDM)
expressed in (2) Maximum Power Voltage (𝑉𝑚𝑝 ) 39.09 V
𝑞𝑉
( ) Maximum Power Current (𝐼𝑚𝑝 ) 8.8 A
𝐼 = 𝐼𝑝𝑣𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒 − 𝐼𝑜 [𝑒 𝑁𝑠 𝐾𝐴𝑇 − 1] (2)
Maximum Power (𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) 345 𝑊𝑝
The solar-generated current in the module, 𝐼𝑝𝑣𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒 depends
Current Temperature Coefficient (𝛼) +0.66 %/K
on solar irradiance and temperature based on (3) [10], [13].
Voltage Temperature Coefficient (𝛽) -0.36 %/K
𝐼𝑝𝑣𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒 = 𝐺(𝐼𝑠𝑐 + 𝛼∆𝑇) (3)
PV Cell per Module 72 os.
Where 𝐺 is the irradiance (𝑘𝑊 ⁄𝑚2 ), 𝐼𝑠𝑐 is the short circuit
current in STC, ∆𝑇 is the temperature difference between the
module and STC temperature, and 𝛼 is the current temperature
coefficient given in the product datasheet. The open circuit
voltage of the PV module depends on the temperature based as
(4) [10], [13].
𝑉𝑜𝑐𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒 (𝑇) = 𝑉𝑜𝑐𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒 (𝑇𝑜 ) − |𝛽|∆𝑇 (4)
Where 𝑉𝑜𝑐𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒 (𝑇) and 𝑉𝑜𝑐𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒 (𝑇𝑜 ) are the open circuit
voltage at a certain temperature and the temperature at the
STC(𝑇𝑜 ) respectively. The parameter |𝛽| represents the
absolute value of the voltage temperature coefficient given in
the datasheet. The diode saturation current is expressed as (5)
[10].
Fig. 2 I-V characteristics of PV Module: (a) Temperatures: 250C (STC), 500C
and 00C. (b) Irradiance: 1 𝑘𝑊/𝑚2 , 2 𝑘𝑊/𝑚2 and 0.5 𝑘𝑊/𝑚2 .
A. Condition 1: PV Array under STC
In this condition the irradiance of 1 𝑘𝑊/𝑚2 at 250C
(STC) are given to all the modules and P-V curve is obtained
as shown in Fig. 5.
B. Condition 2: PV Array under Partial Shading 1
In this condition, the first two modules of the first string
are given the irradiance of 2 𝑘𝑊/𝑚2 at 250C and later two
modules are given the irradiance of 0.7 𝑘𝑊/𝑚2 at 250C. The
second string first two modules are given 0.7 𝑘𝑊/𝑚2 at 250C
irradiance and the last two are given 0.5 𝑘𝑊/𝑚2 at 250C and
in the remaining string modules the 0.5 𝑘𝑊/𝑚2 at 250C
irradiances are given to them. The P-V curve is obtained as
shown in Fig. 6.
C. Condition 3: PV Array under Partial Shading 2 Fig. 5 PV Array characteristics for condition 1.
In this condition, the first two modules of the first string
are given the irradiance of 0.7 𝑘𝑊/𝑚2 at 250C and later two
modules are given the irradiance of 0.2 𝑘𝑊/𝑚2 at 250C. The
second string first two modules are given 4.5 𝑘𝑊/𝑚2 at 250C
irradiance and the last two are given 0.2 𝑘𝑊/𝑚2 at 250C and
in the remaining string modules the 0.5 𝑘𝑊/𝑚2 at 250C
irradiances are given to them. The P-V curve is obtained as in
Fig. 7.

Fig. 6 PV Array characteristics for condition 2.

Fig. 3 P-V characteristics of PV Module: (a) Temperatures: 250C (STC),

500C and 00C. (b) Irradiance: 1 𝑘𝑊/𝑚2 , 2 𝑘𝑊/𝑚2 and 0.5 𝑘𝑊/𝑚2 .
PV Module

PV Module

PV Module

PV Module
PV Module

PV Module

PV Module

PV Module

Fig. 7 PV Array characteristics for condition 3.

Load

All the above three conditions are then tested in a

continuous manner for the proposed GMPP tracker and also
PV Module

PV Module

PV Module

PV Module

compared with the conventional perturb and observe (P&O)

that how effectively the methods track the GMPP in a
continuous manner.
PV Module

PV Module

PV Module

PV Module

IV. PROPOSED GMPP METHOD

Fig. 4 PV Array configuration having 8 strings consisting 4 series module in
each string.
The Schematic diagram of a 10 kWp solar photovoltaic
system is shown in Fig. 8. When the switch is open, and the
PV array is not supplying any power to the DC Bus. The
voltage across the point AB due to the PV array will be as (7).
 𝑉𝐴𝐵 = 𝑉𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑦 (𝑇) (7) connected module at a given temperature which can be
calculated as (12).
Where 𝑉𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑦 (𝑇) is the open circuit voltage of the PV array
𝑉𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑦 (𝑇) = 𝑚 ∗ 𝑉𝑜𝑐𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒 (𝑇) (12)
at temperature 𝑇. In one cycle average voltage across the
inductance is zero. Hence average voltage across the point AB
START
for the duty cycle 𝑑, due to the PV Array will be as (8):
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔𝐴𝐵 = 𝑉𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑦 (𝑇) ∗ (1 − 𝑑) (8)
Obtain m = total series connected module Apply Duty Cycle d peak and measure
Where 𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔𝐴𝐵 is the average voltage across the point AB, in a string and store in memory power Ppeak .

which will be equivalent to the average voltage across the PV

array, 𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑦 (𝑇) at temperature T as (9): Calculate different value of d as (13) and Vary d peak by d as per P&O
store in memory. method. Obtain Pgmpp and store in
Initialize variables memory.
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑦 (𝑇) = 𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔𝐴𝐵 (9) i  1, Pgmpp  0, Ppeak  0,
define d and start GMPP scan
Equation (8) and (9) can further rearrange as (10).
Keep Applying P&O and
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑦 (𝑇)
measure Power Pmeasure .
𝑑 = (1 − ) (10) Apply Duty Cycle d.
𝑉𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑦 (𝑇)

L
Diode Measure Power P Is
A No
Pgmpp  Pmeasure  
.
PV Module

PV Module

PV Module

PV Module

Yes
No
Is P  Ppeak .
Reset variable and start
Yes GMPP scan
PV Module

PV Module

PV Module

PV Module

Ppeak  P,
Switch

d peak  d
C in
DC BUS

i  i 1
PV Module

PV Module

PV Module

PV Module

PWM

No
Is i  m .

Yes
PV Module

PV Module

PV Module

PV Module

Fig. 9 Flowchart for the proposed GMPP Method.

PV Array
Vavgarray
I avgarray
No. of series
connected Module
Fig. 8 Schematic of the system.
Based on [14], the current in each step of I-V characteristic is
almost constant (Fig. 5, Fig. 6 and Fig. 7) until the beginning
point of the next step and the starting point of each step of I-V
curve are in near left neighborhood of the multiple of
𝑉𝑜𝑐𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒 , hence it can be concluded that the local and global
maxima will be the left of the multiple of 𝑉𝑜𝑐𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒 . As the
local maxima points are in the neighborhood of the integer
multiple of 0.8 ∗ 𝑉𝑜𝑐𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒 [14], [15]. The average for
obtaining the nearest point to local maxima can be written as
(11) [14], [15].
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑦 (𝑇) = 𝑛 ∗ 0.8 ∗ 𝑉𝑜𝑐𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒 (𝑇)
Where 𝑛 = 1, 2, … , 𝑚 and 𝑚 is the total number of the series
connected module. As open circuit voltage across the PV array
will equal to the sum of the voltages across the series
Hence from (10), (11) and (12), the duty cycle for the nearest
point of local maxima will be as (13)
B 𝑛∗0.8
𝑑 = (1 − ) (13)
𝑚
MPPT Controller and To keep the distance from zero voltage point and to protect
Drive Circuit
PV array from the flow of short circuit current the maximum
value of duty cycle can be calculated by using 𝑛 = 0.5 which
will cause the voltage equivalent to 0.5 ∗ 0.8 ∗ 𝑉𝑜𝑐𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒 (𝑇)
[14]. Fig. 9 shows the flowchart for the proposed GMPP
method. The calculation of different duty cycles can be
obtained as (13) and are applied to measure the corresponding
PV powers. The measured power is compared among them,
and maximum power is obtained. The duty cycle of the
maximum obtained power is applied and for further tuning,
the P&O method is applied to reach the GMPP.
V. SIMULATION RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
To analyze the tracking efficiency of the proposed
algorithm and compare with the conventional P&O method
(11) three different irradiance conditions are observed, in which
condition 1 is the uniform iraadiance condition, Condition 2 is
the partial shading condition and condition 3 is also the partial
shading condition but having it's global peak shifted in the
voltage scale. For m=2 the calculated duty cycles from (13)
are 0.8, 0.6, 0.4 and 0.2. In proposed GMPP tracker, the
calculated duty cycles are used at the starting of the PV system
or when the last tracked GMPP power deviates from the
specified limit. Fig. 10, Fig. 11 and Fig. 12 shows the location
of calculated duty cycles on the voltage scale in condition 1,
condition 2 and condition 3 respectively.
Fig. 10 Different duty cycles at the multiple of 0.8 ∗ 𝑉𝑜𝑐𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒 in condition 1.
Fig. 11 Different duty cycles at the multiple of 0.8 ∗ 𝑉𝑜𝑐𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒 in condition 2.
Fig. 12 Different duty cycles at the multiple of 0.8 ∗ 𝑉𝑜𝑐𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒 in condition 3.
Tracked
Condition 2
Tracked
Condition 1
Tracked
Condition 3
Fig. 13 Tracked power under different conditions by proposed GMPP tracker.
Tracked Condition 2
Tracked Condition 3
Tracked Condition 1
Fig. 14 Tracked power under different conditions by conventional P&O
tracker.
All the three conditions are applied in a single simulation
run to analyze how efficiently the tracker tracks the GMPP, if
the irradiance is changed continuously. Condition 1 is taken as
a starting irradiance condition where Fig. 10 shows that the
GMPP point is at around 11 kW for this condition. The
proposed algorithm and Conventional P&O tracks GMPP for
the condition 1 as shown in Table II, and can be verified by
Fig. 13 and Fig. 14 respectively. Now condition 2 is applied
at 1.5 second. From Fig. 11 the GMPP point for condition 2 is
around 5.6 kW, where the proposed and the conventional
algorithm tracks the GMPP. Next and last condition 3 is
applied at 3 second, where around 6 kW is the GMPP as
shown in Fig. 12. In this last condition 3, the proposed tracker
efficiently tracks the GMPP to 6.09 kW whereas the
conventional P&O fails to track the GMPP, and tracks only
4.5 kW. From the result obtained it can also be analyzed that
the conventional P&O tracker continues to hovers around that
peak, which was obtained in the starting on the voltage scale.
The conventional P&O method works on the principle of
changing the duty cycle in steps and then measuring the
corresponding power, If the change in power is positive the
duty cycle is changed in the same direction otherwise it will
hover around the peak, hence the conventional P&O method
get trapped in the first obtained peak, whereas in proposed
GMPP algorithm, solves the problem of trapping by selecting
the appropriate region. The proposed GMPP algorithm
effectively tracks the GMPP under uniform as well as in
different partial shading pattern condition.
TABLE II. GMPP TRACKER COMPARISON IN ONLINE MODE
Proposed GMPP Conventional P&O
Tracker Tracker
Condition
Power (W) GMPP Power (W) GMPP
Tracked Tracked Tracked Tracked
Condition 1 11020 Yes 11027 Yes
Condition 2 5630 Yes 5639 Yes
Condition 3 6090 Yes 4505 No
VI. CONCLUSION
In this paper, a new GMPP tracker method is proposed
which perform well under partial shading condition. In
uniform irradiance condition, the conventional P&O method
works well as uniform iraadiance condition has only one peak
in P-V Characteristic of PV Array, but in partial shading
condition, conventional P&O method gets trapped due to the
occurrence of multiple peaks. As the irradiance pattern
changes, the GMPP shifts to the different voltage level on the
voltage scale in P-V characteristics. In online mode, the
conventional P&O method does not scan the whole PV
characteristic which causes the conventional P&O method to
be trapped in the first obtained maxima. The proposed GMPP
method solves the problem which comes in partial shading
condition of conventional P&O method. The proposed method
calculates the all possible region where GMPP can occur and
then applies the calculated duty cycle where the possible
maximum power can occur. The power corresponding to duty
cycles are measured and the point having maximum power
value is selected which is near to the GMPP. For further
tuning in the last stage, the P&O method is used which also
takes care of the small changes in the irradiance and
temperature to keep the tracker always at GMPP. Hence the
new tracker can efficiently track the GMPP in comparison
with conventional P&O where irradiance condition changes
throughout the day continuously, due to which the GMPP
points move to a different point in voltage scale.
The further work will be in continuation for the hardware in
loop testing of proposed GMPP method and its effectiveness
on the real hardware to implement fast, low cost, less complex
and effective GMPP tracker.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The work is done under the project entitled “Design and
Development of Hybrid Renewable Energy Microgrid with
Value Chain Applications for Agriculture Dairy Farm”
supported by Department of Science and Technology (DST),
Govt. of India under MI Smart Grids Scheme. The partner
Institutes are Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India,
Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra, India, and University
of Tromso, Norway.
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