CEM

National Air Compliance Training

CEMs

Continuous Emission
Monitoring Systems

NACT 221

Course Overview
CEMs

 CEM implementing
regulations
Continuous Emission Monitoring
 CEM basic theory and
operation
 CEM system components
 System certification
requirements
 Inspection and quality
assurance

Monitoring
Methods
CEMs

VEE
Manual
CEM
Extractive
In-Situ
Predictive

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Purpose of CEMS
CEMs

Regulators View
 Determine emission compliance
 Identify periods of excess emissions
APCD
 Assess control equipment efficiency
 Monitor operating parameters
 Validate emission credits
 Public perception reports
 Haz. Waste Incinerators
 Municipal Waste Combustors

Purpose of CEMS
CEMs

Industry View
 Comply with regulations
 Demonstrate compliance PG&E

 Monitor control equipment

 Monitor process parameters
 Validate emission credits
 Complaint protection
 Plant safety

CEM Systems & NSPS

CEMs

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CEM Systems & NSPS

CEMs

 NSPS for many categories

 NOx, SOx, PM …. PG&E

 Source Testing
 Reference Methods
 CEM Systems

CEM Implementing Regulations

CEMs

 Federal
 NSPS 40 CFR 60, App. B
 RCRA 40 CFR 264 & 266
 CAAA (1990) 40 CFR 75
(Acid Rain Program)
 Credible Evidence Rule
 Compliance Assurance
Monitoring (CAM)

CEM Implementing Regulations

CEMs

 State
 NSPS delegation
 SIP 40 CFR 51, App. P
 Operating Permits
 Discretionary programs
 Implicit programs
 CEM QA Manual
 CEM Guidance Document

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NSPS CEM Requirements

CEMs
(Partial Listing)
 FFFSG (D) - Opacity, SO2, NOx
 Portland Cement Plants (F) - Opacity
 Kraft Pulp Mills (BB) - Opacity, TRS
 Municipal Waste Combustors (Ea) -
Opacity, SO2, NOx, CO
 Part 75 Steam/Electric Generators -
SO2, NOx, Velocity, Opacity

Parameter Monitoring : PEMS

CEMs

 Fuel sensors (consumption)

 Water/fuel ratio (NOx reduction)
 Ambient TPH sensors (heat efficiency)
 Operational & EER Reports Apply
 RATA & PS

 NOx
 SOx
 CO

PEMS
Unit

Graphic Courtesy of
Solar Turbines

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CEMs as Compliance Instruments

CEMs

 Some NSPS Subparts : CEMs are designated as

direct compliance instruments.

 California considers all CEMs at delegated NSPS

sources to be direct compliance instruments.

CEM: Compliance Instruments

Federal Guidance
CEMs

 Standards Setting
 Test Methods
Feds Always Write Simple Rules !!
 Performance Specifications
 40 CFR 60, Appendix B
 40 CFR 75, Appendix A
 Quality Assurance Criteria
 40 CFR 60, Appendix F
 Enforcement Guidance

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Performance Specs : Gauge

CEMs
 PS 1 - Opacity Monitors
 PS 2 - SO2, NOx CEMS
 PS 3 - CO2, O2, CEMS
 PS 4 - CO CEMS
 PS 5 - Total Reduced Sulfur (TRS) CEMS
 PS 6 - Rate (Velocity) Monitors
 PS 7 - Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) CEMS
 PS 8 - VOC CEMS
 PS 9 - Gas Chromatograph CEMS
 PS 11 - PM CEMS
NSPS
 PS 12 - Hg CEMS 40 CFR 60 B
 PS 16 - PEMS (Predictive)

Typical CEM
CEMs
Sources

B&W
Utility
Boiler

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Utility Boiler with

Steam Turbine

Cement Kiln
CEMs

Utility Boiler w/SCR

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Bio Mass Utility Boiler

CEMs

Municipal Solid Waste Boiler

CEMs

Rotary Kiln

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Gas Turbine
Power Plant

CEMs

Kraft Pulp Paper Mill

“FFFSG” CEM Units

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CEMS Monitors
CEMs

 Opacity  VOC
 Sulfur Dioxide  Hydrogen Chloride
 Nitrogen Oxides  Ammonia
 Carbon Dioxide  Total Reduced Sulfur
 Carbon Monoxide  Hydrogen Sulfide
 Oxygen  Gas Velocity
 Mercury

Systems Classifications

Source Monitoring Systems

Extractive Systems In-Situ Systems Predictive Systems

Dilution Non-dilution Point Path

(source level)

In-Stack Out-of-Stack Dry Wet Single Pass Double Pass

CEMs

Extractive & In-Situ

Systems

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Extractive & In-Situ Systems

CEMs

 Extractive Systems
 Gasextracted
 Transported to analyzer
 Concentration of pollutant is measured

 In-Situ Systems
 Point systems
 Path systems

CEMs

Let’s Discuss CEM Opacity Monitors

Opacity
Transmissometer

CEM System -
Opacity Monitoring

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Plume Opacity
CEMs

 OPACITY  The fraction of light that is

attenuated by an optical medium (Op)

 TRANSMITTANCE  The fraction of light

that is transmitted through an optical
medium (Tr)

 Op = 1 - Tr

Plume
Opacity

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Percent Transmission

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Percent Opacity

5 4 3 2 1 0

Ringelmann

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Transmissometer

CEMs

Opacity Transmissometer

CEMs

Opacity
Monitor

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CEMs

Opacity Retro-reflector

Double Pass Transmissometer

CEMs

Purge Air
System

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Dirty
Air
Blower
System

Double Pass
Transmissometer

CEMs

Opacity Monitor Panel

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Performance Specifications (PS1)

CEMs

 Peak & Mean Spectral Responses

 Angle of View
 Angle of Projection
 Optical Alignment Sight
 Simulated Zero & Upscale Calibration
System

Design Specification Verification

CEMs

 Test Each Analyzer

OR

 Obtain
Certificate of Conformance
from Manufacturer

Measurement Locations
CEMs

 Representative Emissions
 Accessible
 Routine Maintenance
 Performance of Calibration Audits & Checks
 Downstream from Control Equipment
 No Condensation near Monitor
 No Presence of Ambient Light

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CEMs Representative
Sample and
Accessibility

Particle Stratification
&
Plane of the Bend

CEMs

Downstream
from CE

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CEMs

Access

Transmissometer Calibration

40 CFR 60
Appendix B

Opacity Performance Specs

CEMs

 Lab Tests
 Cal error < 3% opacity
 Response time < 10 s (0 - 95%)
 Field Tests
 Conditioning period 168 h
 Operational test period 168 h
 24 h zero drift < 2% opacity
 24 h calibration drift < 2% opacity
 Data recorder resolution < 0.5% opacity

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Transmissometer Audit

CEMs
Audit
Filters

Self Calibration
CEMs
Error Check

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CEMs

Let’s Discuss CEM

Flow Monitors

Emission Rate Monitoring

CEMs

 CAAA Sec. 412 : Velocity Monitors  CEMs

 PMR = CS AS VS

 PMR = Pollutant Mass Rate

 CS = Concentration
 AS = Stack Area
Allowance
 VS = Stack Gas Velocity Program
 lbs/hr = (lb/ft3) (ft2) (ft/hr)

Differential Pressure Measuring

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Differential
Pressure
Measuring

Standard
Pitot Tube

Type S
Pitot Tube

Stack Velocity Stratification

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Annubar Used to Determine Flow Rate

Thermal Flow Sensor

Acoustic
Velocity
Measurement

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Flow Monitor
CEMs

CEMs

Let’s Discuss CEM Extractive Systems

CEM Extractive
System

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Extractive Systems
CEMs

 Case by Case : No Best System

 Source Level - Direct Systems
 Cool - Dry
 Hot Wet

 Dilution Systems
 In - Stack
 Out - of - Stack

Extractive Systems
CEMs

 Advantages
 Versatile & Flexibility in Location
 Ease of Maintenance

 Disadvantages
 May Alter Sample
 Response Time May be Slow
 Maintenance Cost & Frequency

CEM Stack Gas Probe Area

CEMs

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Extractive System Components

CEMs

 Probe
 ParticulateFilter
 Moisture Conditioning System
 Pump & Sample Line
 Controller
 Analyzer
 Data Analysis

CEM Gas Sampling Probe

External
Probe
Filters

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Filter Blow Back

Internal Coarse Filter

Inertial Filter

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Let’s Discuss
CEM
Sample Lines

Sample Line : Umbilical

Assembly

CEM
Umbilical
Cord

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Refrigerated
Condensers

Moisture Removal

Jet
Stream
Condenser

Permeation Dryer

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Sampling
Pumps :

Ejector
Pump

Diaphragm Pump

Let’s
Discuss
Dilution
Systems

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CEMs Dilution
Systems

Dilution Systems

Dilution
Probe

Dilution
Probe

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Dilution Probe

Q1 = Dilution Air Rate (Lit/min)

Q2 = Sample Gas Flow Rate (Lit/min)

Dilution
Air
Cleaning
System

CEMs

Let’s Discuss CEM Gas Analysis

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CEM Analytical Techniques

CEMs

 Infrared Methods
 DifferentialAbsorption
 Gas Filter Correlation
 Fourier Transform Infrared

 Ultraviolet Methods
 DifferentialAbsorption
 Second Derivative Spectroscopy
 Visible Light - Opacity Measurement
 Scattering & Absorption

CEM Analytical Techniques

CEMs

 Luminescence Methods
 Fluorescence & CVAFS
 Chemiluminescence
 Flame Photometry
 Electroanalytical Methods
 Polarography
 Electrocatalytic
 Paramagnetism
 Conductivity

Normal Vibration of SO2 Molecules

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Beer-Lambert Law
CEMs

 Absorption of light related to:

 Absorption coefficient dependencies
 Wavelength of light
 Properties of the pollutant molecule

 Number of molecules in light path

 Concentration

 Path length

Simplified Stack Sample System

IO I

Calibration Plot

Calibration Gas #1

Unknown Calibration Gas #2

ln 1/Tr
Concentration
of unknown
Calibration
Gas #3

Gas Concentration (c)

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Non-Dispersive UV Analyzer
I = 285 nm

IO = 578 nm

Fluorescence SO2 Analyzer

Non-Dispersive IR Analyzer

IO

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Let’s Discuss
GFC CO
Analyzer

Gas Filter
Correlation
Analyzer

IO

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Looking Inside
a GFC CO
Analyzer

CEMs

NOx
& CO
Analyzer

Chemiluminescence NOx Analyzer

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CEMs Thermo Environmental

Chemiluminescence NOx Analyzer

Electrocatalytic O2 Analyzer
O2 = 3% O2 = 20.9%

O2 & CO
Analyzer

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CEMs

Sample
Lines

Key New Rules w/PM CEMS

CEMsMeasurement Options or Requirements
• Mercury Air Toxics Standards
(MATS) for Utility Boilers
(Subpart UUUUU)
– Compliance date 4/16/2015
• Portland Cement MACT
– Compliance date 9/9/2015
• Commercial/Industrial
Incinerator MACT (CISWI)
– Compliance date 8/7/2013
• Boiler MACT
– Compliance date 1/31/2016
• Sewage Sludge Incinerator
MACT (SSI)
– Earliest compliance date 3/21/2016

PM CEMS
CEMs • Analytical Techniques
– Beta Attenuation
– Light Scattering
– Hybrid with TEOM

• In Situ or Extractive

• Venders
– Sick Maihak
– ThermoFisher
– M & C Particle Tracker
– PCME
– MSI
– Teledyne-ML
– Altech Beta

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PS11 for PM CEMS

CEMs

Certification Testing
Requirements

– 7-day calibration drift test

– Measurement responses
correlated to RM concentrations

– Correlation source-specific

Key New Rules w/Hg

CEMs Measurement Requirements
• Mercury Air Toxics Standards
(MATS) for Utility Boilers
(Subpart UUUUU)
– Compliance date 4/16/2015
• Portland Cement MACT
– Compliance date 9/9/2015
• Commercial/Industrial
Incinerator MACT (CISWI)
– Compliance date 8/7/2013
• Boiler MACT
– Compliance date 1/31/2016
• Sewage Sludge Incinerator
MACT (SSI)
– Earliest compliance date 3/21/2016

Hg CEMS
CEMs
• Measure gaseous Hg
– Elemental (Hg0)
– Oxidized (Hg2+)

• Almost all convert

oxidized Hg to
elemental Hg for
measurement of total
gaseous Hg

• Calibrate using NIST-traceable

mercury gas
generators or cylinders

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PS12A for Hg CEMS

CEMs

Certification Testing
Requirements

– 7-day calibration drift test --

with Hg0 or Hg2+

– Measurement error test --

3 levels with Hg0 and Hg2+

– Relative accuracy against a

RM

Sorbent Trap Monitoring System Background

CEMs

• Integrated sample
measures total
gaseous Hg

• For post-PM control

locations

• Paired traps, in-stack

w/3 sections

• Proportional sampling

PS12B for Sorbent Trap

CEMs Monitoring Systems
• Sampling/analytical
requirements
– Sampling train and
operations
– Sampling/sample QA
• Certification testing
requirements
– Spike recovery study
• Sorbent capture capability
• Analytical capability
– Relative accuracy against a
RM

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Appendix F, Procedure 5
CEMs

• For Hg CEMS
– Daily calibrations -- with Hg0 or Hg2+
– Weekly system integrity check with Hg2+
– Quarterly RAA or 3-level gas audit with Hg0 and Hg2+
– Annual relative accuracy test audit (RATA)

• For sorbent trap monitoring systems

– Annual RATA
– PS12B, not Procedure 5, specifies routine QA/QC
(leak checks, calibrations, paired train agreement,
spike recovery, breakthrough)

Control Panel

CEMs

Let’s Discuss CEM Data Acquisition

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CEM Data Acquisition System

CEMs

CEM
DAS

CEMs

CEM
System
Interface

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ROLLING
CEMs
AVERAGES

3 Hour Block and Rolling Averages

3-HOUR ROLLING AVERAGE

HOUR 1 NO AVERAGE
HOUR 2 NO AVERAGE
HOUR 3 AVERAGE OF HOURS 1, 2 & 3
HOUR 4 AVERAGE OF HOURS 2, 3 & 4
HOUR 5 AVERAGE OF HOURS 3, 4 & 5

HOUR n AVERAGE OF HOURS

n-2, n-1 & n

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Subpart Da
30 Day
Rolling
Average

US EPA ARB

Emissions Air Districts

Reporting

Emission Data Summary

CEMs

 Duration of excess emission reporting period

due to:
 Startup& shutdown
 Control equipment problems
 Process problems
 Other known causes
 Unknown causes

 Total duration of excessive emissions divided

by the source operating time x 100 = __%

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Monitoring System Performance Report

CEMs

 CEM performance summary

 Monitor equipment malfunctions
 Non-monitor equipment malfunctions
 QA calibrations
 Other known causes
 Unknown causes

 Total CEM downtime divided by the the total

source operating time X 100 = % downtime

CEMs

Let’s Discuss CEM Gas Calibration

CEM
Dilution
System
Calibration

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Probe Calibration Gas Points

Extractive Systems

Calibration Drift (Error) Test

CEMs

 The tests examine the CEM system’s ability

to hold its calibration over a period of time.

 40 CFR 60 Appendix B : Calibration Drift

Test

 40 CFR 75 Appendix A : Calibration Error

Test (NIST Ref. Material gases)

PST Calibration Drift Test

CEMs

 Zero and high level drift

tests examine a
CEM’s ability to hold
calibration over a
period of 168 hours with
more than 50% of normal
plant load

 Evaluated @ 24-hr intervals

for 7 consecutive days

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Calibration Drift Criteria

CEMs

Cylinder gas reference value - Monitor value

CD = Span value X 100

 Calibration drift is calculated as a %

 CEM system may not exceed the drift
specifications for any one of the
7 days of the test
 Zero (low-level) drift
 Span (high-level) drift

Performance Drift Specs

CEMs

PS GASES CAL DRIFT

2 SO2, NOX 2.5% of span value

3 O2, CO2 0.5% of gas reference value
4 CO 5% of span for 6 of 7 test days
5 TRS 5% of span for 6 of 7 test days
7 H2S 5% of span for 6 of 7 test days
8 VOC 2.5% of span value

Out-of-Control Conditions
CEMs

 40 CFR 60 Appendix F
 Eitherthe low or high level calibration
check result is greater than 2 times the
PS drift for 5 consecutive days or 4 times
the drift for any one day

 40 CFR 75
 System is out of control if the drift exceeds 2
times the PS drift

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Calibration Gas Hierarchy

Calibration
Gases

Cal Gas Certificate Points

CEMs

 Cylinder ID number  Reference standard data

 Certified  Statement of procedures
concentration  Lab and analyst ID
 Balance gas  Gas analyzer ID and cal date
 Cylinder pressure  Analyzer readings & calc
 Certification date used
 Expiration date  Chronological cert record

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Cal. Gas
Certification

Expired Calibration Gas

Calibration Gases

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Bird
Nest ??

Let’s Discuss CEM Quality Assurance

CEM QA Program

A Total CEM System

Quality Assurance Program

Procurement Installation & Continuing Record

Quality Control Certification Operation Keeping

Preventive Corrective Audits

Maintenance Maintenance

System Agency Performance

Audits Audits Audits

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40 CFR 60.8 & 60.13

Test Time Frame

PST Pretest Meeting

CEMs

 Plant operation at test time

 Control equipment status
 CEM operational status
 Test schedule
 Test procedures & cal gas used
 Exceptions
 Test report requirements
 Plant tour

QA Program :
40 CFR 60 App. F & 40 CFR 75 App. B
CEMs

 CEM system calibration and QC checks

 Calibration drift determination and system
adjustment
 Preventative maintenance of system including
spares
 Data recording, calculations, and reporting
 Accuracy audit procedures including sampling
and analysis methods
 System malfunction corrective actions.

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CEMs

CEM AUDITS
CEMs

 Systems Audit
 Qualitative Evaluation

 Performance Audit
 Quantitative Evaluation

 Relative Accuracy Test Audit (RATA)

 Cylinder Gas Audit (CGA)
 Relative Accuracy Audit (RAA)

Cylinder Gas Audit (CGA)

CEMs

 Required once per quarter

 One audit gas (NIST traceable) 20 - 30% of span
 The other gas (NIST traceable) 50 - 60% of span
 Challenge the CEM system 3 times with each
gas

 CEM relative accuracy  15% (40 CFR 60)

 CEM relative accuracy  5% (40 CFR 75)

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Relative Accuracy Test Audit

Relative Accuracy Test

CEMs

 Most important part of Performance Specs.

 Most expensive to perform
 Coordination is important

 RATA conducted to determine :

 if CEM system will give data
 that can be compared with data obtained
using EPA Reference Methods

Relative Accuracy Test

Audit (RATA) vs. CEM

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Typical
Source
Test

CEM RATA Test

CEM
Shelter

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Relative Accuracy
CEMs

RA = | d | + | CC |
x 100
RM *

*Or applicable subpart standard

RATA Procedure
CEMs

 Min. of 9 data sets obtained

 Each set of data : 30 - 60 min.
 12 data sets might be taken
 Tester may reject 3 data sets
 Rejected data must be reported

 See Handout for RATA Calculations

Part 60 RATA Specs

CEMs
PS GASES RELATIVE ACCURACY

2 SO2, NOX 20% of RM value in units of the standard

10% of applicable standard ( >130 ng/J)
15% of applicable standard ( >86 <130 ng/J)
20% of applicable standard (<86 ng/J)

3 O2, CO2 20% of RM value or 1.0% (whichever is greater)

4 CO 10% of RM mean value in units of the standard

5% of app. emission standard (whichever is greater)

5 TRS 20% of RM mean value in units of the standard

10% of app. emission standard (whichever is greater)

7 H 2S 20% of RM mean value in units of the standard

10% of app. emission standard (whichever is greater)

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CEM  Probe
Inspection  Umbilical
 Conditioning
 Dilution Air
 Calibration Gas
 Analyzers
 DAS & Audits
 Data & Records

Enforcement Using CEMs

CEMs

 Emission violations
 Percentage reduction
violations
 Data capture violations
 Operation and maintenance
violations
 Procedural and reporting
violations

CEMs

Thank
You

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