Emission

Source
(Stationary)
Protocols, Sampling and Analysis

Engr. Walter G. Fiesta

QA/QC Manager
What to expect from this presentation?

To learn the…
• existing protocols, regulations or policies
• standard and NESSAP parameters
• regulated methods of sampling and analyses
• necessary preparations before the conduct of
stack testing
Which is which?
What is what?
Who is who?
Stack Testing
Ambient and Noise Monitoring
Working Environment Measurement
Stationary Source Emission Testing
Synonyms
- Stack Testing
- Emission Test
Definition
(a) procedure for sampling a gas stream
(b) from a single sampling location
(c) at a facility, unit, or pollution control
equipment

Purpose
(a) to determine a pollutant emission rate,
concentration, or parameter
(b) while the facility, unit, or pollution control equipment is
operating
(c) at conditions that result in the measurement of
the highest emission or parameter values (prior to any control device)

http://www.stacktesting.com.au/
 Clean Air Act
Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 (RA 8749)

• Air Pollutant
Smoke, dust, soot, cinder,
fly ash, solid particles,
gases, fumes, chemical
mists, contaminated steam,
radioactive substances…

• NESSAP
National Emission Standards for Source
Specific Air Pollutants
(Table 2; Part VII, Rule XXV)
 Clean Air Act
Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 (RA 8749)

• Existing Source
Erected/installed/operated
prior to November 25, 2000

• New Source
Erected/installed/operated
after to November 25, 2000
 DENR Memorandum Circular Nos.
2007-003, 2009-004, 2009- SO2
CLASSIFICATION OF STACKS
STACK DIESEL
BOILER OTHERS FREQUENCY
CLASSIFICATION GENERATOR

LARGE ≥ 251 hp ≥ 1,250 kW* ≥ 100 tonnes/year Semi-annual

MEDIUM ≥ 100 hp ≥ 600 kW ≥ 30 tonnes/year

Annual
≤ 250 hp ≤ 1,249 kW < 100 tonnes/year

SMALL ≥10 tonnes/year Once on the first year

≤ 99 hp ≤ 599 kW
< 30 tonnes/year and biennial thereafter

BFO/Sulfur using -using Bunker Fuel Oil,

sources -blended fuels involving Bunker Fuel Oil, or Semi-annual**
-fuels with a sulfur content of 1% or more

Other existing Not required testing

sources < 50 hp < 300 kW < 10 tonnes/year for permitting
purposes
*Annually, provided (1) Used as standby genset and (2) potential emission is < 100 tonnes/year
**Requires ambient SO2 monitoring
USEPA Methods 40 CFR 60
http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?collectionCode=CFR

Method 1 Sample and Velocity Traverses for Stationary Sources

Method 1A Sample and Velocity Traverses for Stationary Sources with Small Stacks or Ducts

Method 2 Determination of Stack Gas Velocity and Volumetric Flow Rate (Type S Pitot Tube)

Method 3 Gas Analysis for the Determination of Dry Molecular Weight

Method 4 Determination of Moisture Content in Stack Gases

Method 5 Determination of Particulate Matter Emissions from Stationary Sources

Method 6 Determination of Sulfur Dioxide Emissions from Stationary Sources

Method 7 Determination of Nitrogen Oxide Emissions from Stationary Sources

Method 8 Determination of Sulfuric Acid Mist and Sulfur Dioxide Emissions from Stationary Sources

Method 10 Determination of Carbon Monoxide Emissions from Stationary Sources

Method 6/8 Determination of Sulfur Oxides Emissions from Stationary Sources

PARAMETER
-characteristic or feature
-constant or variable
-rule or limit
-measurable factor

"para" meaning "beside, subsidiary" "metron"

meaning "measure“

In stack testing…
these are the specific pollutants we test!
A. Standard Stack Parameters40 CFR 60
the four typical parameters or air pollutants monitored

TEST SAMPLING ANALYSIS ANALYSIS

PARAMETER
REFERENCE EQUIPMENT METHOD EQUIPMENT

Particulates USEPA Isokinetic

Gravimetric Analytical
(Particulate Methods 1 to Metering Console
Method Balance
Matter) 5 (among others)

USEPA Isokinetic
Barium-Thorin Laboratory
Sulfur Oxides Methods 6 or Metering Console
Titration Method Glass Wares
8 (among others)
Phenol-
USEPA Method 7 disulfonic Acid Spectro-
Nitrogen Oxides
Method 7 Sampling Train Colometric photometer
Method
Non-Dispersive
Carbon USEPA Method 10
Infra-Red NDIR Sensor
Monoxide Method 10 Sampling Set
(NDIR) Method
 Maximum Permissible Limits (Standards)
PHILIPPINE STANDARDS (CAA) -
PARAMETER MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE LIMITS
(mg/Nm3)
Fuel Burning Urbana and Industrial Areab 150
Equipment Other Areac 200
Particulates (Particulate
Cement Plants (kilns, etc.) 150
Matter)
Smelting Furnaces 150
Other Stationary Sourcesd 200
Mfg of H2SO4 Acid and Sulfonation Process 2,000[1]
Existing Sources Fuel Burning Equipment 1,500[2]
Other Stationary Sources 1,000[1]
Sulfur Oxides
Mfg of H2SO4 Acid and Sulfonation Process 1,500[1]
New Sources Fuel Burning Equipment 700[2]
Other Stationary Sources 200[1]
Manufacture of Nitric Acid 2,000[3]
Fuel Burning Existing Source 1,500[4]
Steam Coal-fired 1,000[4]
New Source
Generators Oil-fired 500[4]
Nitrogen Oxides
Diesel-powered electricity generators 2,000[4]
Any source Existing Source 1,000[4]
other than listed
New Source 500[4]
above
Carbon Monoxide Any industrial source 500
[1]as SO3 | [2]as SO2 | [3]as acid & NO2, calculated as NO2 | [4]as NO2
B. Other NESSAP Parameters (1/2)40 CFR 60
the parameters or air pollutants stipulated in the National Emission Standards for Source Specific Air Pollutants less the standard or typical
parameters
TEST ANALYSIS
PARAMETER SAMPLING EQUIPMENT ANALYSIS METHOD
REFERENCE EQUIPMENT

Isokinetic Metering SPADNS Zirconium

Hydrofluoric Acid and USEPA Method Spectro-
Console Lake Colorimetric
Fluoride Compounds 13A photometer
(among others) Method

USEPA Method Method 11 Sampling Cadmium Sulfide Laboratory

Hydrogen Sulfide
11 Set Method Glass Wares

Antimony Hydride Generation

[and its Compounds] AASh

Silver diethyldithio-
Arsenic
carbamate (SDDC)
[and its Compounds]
Spectrophotometry Atomic
Isokinetic Metering
USEPA Method Absorption
Cadmium Console
29 Spectro-
[and its Compounds] (among others)
photometer
Copper
Flame AASh
[and its Compounds]
Lead
[and its Compounds]
Mercury
Cold Vapor AASh
[and its Compounds]
Maximum Permissible Limits (Standards)
PHILIPPINE STANDARDS (CAA) -
PARAMETER MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE LIMITS
(mg/Nm3)

Hydrofluoric Acid and Fluoride Any source other than manufacture

50[5]
Compounds of Aluminum from Alumina

Geothermal power plants e, f

Geothermal Exploration and Well g

Hydrogen Sulfide
Testing
Any source other than listed above 7[6]
Antimony
10[7]
[and its Compounds]
Arsenic Any source 10[8]
[and its Compounds]
Cadmium
10[9]
[and its Compounds]
Copper
Any industrial source 100[10]
[and its Compounds]
Lead
Any trade, industry or process 10[11]
[and its Compounds]
Mercury
Any source 5[12]
[and its Compounds]
[5]as HF | [6]as H2S | [7]as Sb | [8]as AS | [9]as Cd | [10]as Cu | [11]as Pb | [12]as elemental Hg
B. Other NESSAP Parameters (2/2)40 CFR 60
the parameters or air pollutants stipulated in the National Emission Standards for Source Specific Air Pollutants less the standard or typical
parameters

TEST SAMPLING ANALYSIS

PARAMETER ANALYSIS METHOD
REFERENCE EQUIPMENT EQUIPMENT

Nickel
[and its Compounds
Flame AASh
except Nickel
Carbonyli]
Atomic
Isokinetic Metering
USEPA Method Absorption
Console Vanadomolyb-
Phosphorus 29 Spectro-
(among others) dophosphoric Acid
Pentoxide photometer
Colorimetry

Zinc
[and its Flame AAS
Compounds]

USBM IC Ringelmann
Opacity -- --
8333 Chart
Maximum Permissible Limits (Standards)
PHILIPPINE STANDARDS (CAA) -
PARAMETER MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE LIMITS
(mg/Nm3)

Nickel
[and its Compounds except Nickel 20[13]
Carbonyli]
Any source
Phosphorus Pentoxide 200[14]

Zinc
100[15]
[and its Compounds]

Not darker than shade 1

Opacity Any source
nor exceed 20% opacity

[13]as Ni | [14]as P2O5 | [15]as Zn

C. Other Parameters CFR 60
other significant air pollutants not specified in the NESSAP

PARAMETER TEST REFERENCE SAMPLING INSTRUMENT ANALYSIS METHOD ANALYSIS INSTRUMENT

Indophenol Colorimetry
Ammonia MASA Method 401 Method 401 Sampling Set Spectrophotometer
Method
BTEX (Benzene,
Gas Chromatography -
Toluene,
OSHA 7 OSHA 7 Sampling Set Flame Ionization Detector Gas Chromatograph
Ethylbenzene,
(GC-FID)
Xylene)
Gas Chromatography /
Isokinetic Metering Console Gas Chromatograph / Mass
Dioxin and Furan USEPA Method 23 Mass Spectrophotometry
(among others) Spectrophotometer
(GC/MS)

Hydrogen Chloride USEPA Method 26 Method 26 Sampling Set Ion Chromatography (IC) Ion Chromatography

Beryllium
[and its Compounds]

Chromium
[and its Compounds]
Flame AASh
Cobalt Isokinetic Metering Console Atomic Absorption Spectro-
USEPA Method 29
[and its Compounds] (among others) photometer

Manganese
[and its Compounds]

Selenium
Hydride Generation AASh
[and its Compounds]
 Stack Testing Procedure

3x1=5
3 test runs per source
1 hour sampling per run
5 hours sampling
Sampling of PollutantsCFR 60

General Rule!
Isokinetic Sampling for Particulates (e.g., PM)

Non-isokinetic Sampling for Gaseous Pollutants (e.g., CO, NOx)

Isokinetic sampling
For representative sampling of particulates

Sampling Velocity = Gas Velocity

 Prerequisites for Stack Sampling40 CFR
What do I need to prepare?

1. Porthole Installation
- Portholes serve as sample collection points.
- Ports must be located at least 4 feet but not more than 5 feet
above the work platform floor.

D < 6.5 feet D ≥ 6.5 feet

Number of ports* 2 4
Port Internal Diameter ≥ 3”
Port Length 2” ≤ C ≤ 6”
Ports Circular Distance* 90°

D ≥ 12”
A B
Ideal Port Location* ≥ 2D ≥ 8D
Minimum Port Location* 0.5D 2D
*for circular stacks only of ≥ 12” in diameter. Other designs apply for circular
stacks of < 12” in diameter and for rectangular stacks.
STACK SAMPLE 1

STACK SAMPLE 2
What do they have in
common?
Prerequisites for Stack Sampling40 CFR
What do I need to prepare?

2. SAFETY PLATFORM, ACCESS

AND CLEARANCES
Imagine this stack
without a
platform...

It’s hard!
Prerequisites for Stack Sampling40 CFR
What do I need to prepare?

3. POWER SOURCE
- 220 VAC, 60 Hz
- located on the ground near the stack
 RMethod 5 Sampling Train

Isokinetic Metering Console

Cold Box Hot Box

RMethod 5 Schematic Diagram
Actual
Set up
Sampling Probe Marking (M2)
Preliminary Traverse/ Cyclonic Flow
Check ( M2)
Flue Gas Extraction ( M3)
Moisture Determination ( M4)
Sampling Train Leak Check
Sample Extraction
Monitoring/ Recording
Sample Recovery
AQM Equipment
AQM EQUIPMENT
 REFERENCES
Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 (RA 8749)
DENR Memorandum Circular No. 2000-81 (CAA IRR)
DENR Memorandum Circular No. 2007-003
DENR Memorandum Circular No. 2009-004
DENR Memorandum Circular No. 2009-SO2
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)
Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Title 40, Part 60
Methods of Air Sampling and Analysis, 3rd Ed. by James P. Lodge, Jr.