Air Pollution

Laws and Regulations

Republic Act no. 8749, Clean Air Acts

Department Administrative Act no. 14
 National Emission Standards for Source
Specific Air Pollutants (NESSAP)
MAXIMUM
STANDARD APPLICABLE PERMISSIBLE
POLLUTANT TO SOURCE LIMITS (mg/Ncm) METHOD OF ANALYSISa
Antimony and its Any source 10 as Sb AASb or per sampling
Cmpds. method
Arsenic and its Any source 10 as As AASb or per sampling
Cmpds. method
Cadmium and its Any source 10 as Cd AASb or per sampling
Cmpds. method
Carbon Any industrial source 500 as CO Orsat Analysis or NDIR
Monoxide
Copper and its Any industrial source 100 as Cu AASb or per sampling
Cmpds. method
Hydrofluoric Acid Any source other than manufacture of 50 as HF As per sampling method
and Fluoride Aluminum from Alumina
Compounds
Hydrogen Sulfide i) Geothermal power plants c, d Cadmium Sulfide Method
ii) Geothermal Exploration And Well or
Testing e per sampling method
iii) Any source other than (i) and (ii) 7 as H2S
Lead Any trade, industry or process 10 as Pb AASb or per sampling
method
Mercury Any source 5 as elemental Hg AASb / Cold-Vapor
Technique or Hg Analyzer
Nickel and its Any source 20 as Ni AASb or per sampling
Cmpds. Except method
Nickel Carbonylf
Phosphorus Any source 200 as P2O5 Spectrophotometry
Pentoxidek or per sampling
method

Sulfur Oxides 1)Existing Sources 2,000 as SO3 As per sampling

a) Manufacture of Sulfuric Acid 1,500 as SO2 method
and Sulf(on)ation Process 1,000 as SO3
a) Fuel Burning Equipment 1,500 as SO3
b) Other Stationary Sourcesl 700 as SO2
2)New Sources 200 as SO3
a) Manufacture of Sulfuric Acid
and Sulf(on)ation Process
a) Fuel Burning Equipment
b) Other Stationary Sourcesl

Zinc and its Any source 100 as Zn AASb or per sampling

Compounds method

NOx 1)Manufacture of Nitric Acid 2,000 as acid & NO2 Phenol-disulfonic

2)Fuel burning steam generators calculated as NO2 acid Method or per
a) Existing Source 1,500 as NO2 sampling method
b) New Source 1,000 as NO2
I) Coal-fired 500 as NO2
II) Oil-fired 2,000 as NO2
3)Diesel-powered electricity generators 1,000 as NO2
4)Any source other than (1), (2) and (3) 500 as NO2
a) Existing Source
b) New Source
Particulates 1)Fuel Burning Equipment 150 Gravimetric per
a) Urbang and Industrial Areah 200 sampling method
b) Other Areai 150
2) Cement Plants (kilns, etc.) 150
3) Smelting Furnaces 200
4) Other Stationary Sourcesj
Exhaust Emission Limits of Gaseous Pollutants for Cars and Light Duty
Motor Vehicles (Reference No. ECE Reg. 15-04)

Reference Mass CO HC + NOx

(kg) g/test g/test

Conformity of Type Conformity of

Type I Test Type Approval Production Approval Production
750 58 70 19.0 23.8
751 – 850 58 70 19.0 23.8
851 – 1020 58 70 19.0 23.8
1021 – 1250 67 80 20.5 25.6
1251 - 1470 76 91 22.0 27.5
1471 – 1700 84 101 23.5 29.4
1701 – 1930 93 112 25.0 31.3
1931 – 2150 101 121 26.5 33.1
2150 110 132 28.0 35.0
All Motor Vehicles Maximum Concentration of CO at end of last urban cycle = 3.5%
Type II Test

All Motor Vehicles Type No Crankcase Emissions Permitted

III Test
 Exhaust Limits of Gaseous Pollutants for Medium and Heavy Duty Motor Vehicles
Equipped with Compression-Ignition Engines (Reference No. ECE Reg. 49-01)

CO HC NOx
(g/kWh) (g/kWh) (g/kWh)

11.2 2.4 14.4

Smoke Emission Limits Under Steady State Conditions for Heavy Duty Motor Vehicles
Equipped with Compression-Ignition Engines (Reference No. ECE Reg. 24-03)

Nominal Flow Absorption Coefficient

(liters/second) (m-1)
42 2.26
100 1.495
200 1.065
 Composition of Gases in the Atmosphere

Nitrogen (N2), Oxygen (O2), Argon (Ar), Water

Vapor, Carbon Dioxide, Neon (Ne), Krypton (Kr),
Methane, Helium (He), Ozone (O3), Zenon (Xe),
Dinitrogen Oxide (N2O), Carbon Monoxide,
Hydrogen, Ammonia, Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2),
Nitrogen Oxide (NO), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2),
Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)
 Source of Air Pollutants
Name of Pollutants: CO, Particulates, SOx,
HC, NOx

Transportation
Fuel Combustion
Industrial Processes
Solid Waste Disposal
Miscellaneous
 4 Important Ways in Heat
Transfer in Atmosphere
1. Greenhouse Effects
Solar energy absorbed by the earth is converted to heat energy and emitted into
space as long wave.
2. Evaporation Condensation Cycle
Evaporation is expenditure of energy
Condensation is absorption of energy
3. Conduction
Air move downward, take heat from warmer ground and take heat from the earth
into the atmosphere
4. Convection
The process of the rising of warm air to atmosphere and the sinking of cold air
to earth
 Pressure System in Atmosphere

High Pressure
- clear skies, light winds, and atmospheric
stability, relative uniformity of air masses,
pollutants likely to build up
Low Pressure
- cloudy skies, gusty winds, atmospheric
instability, and the formation of fronts
 Fronts
Frequently two masses of air develop sharp
boundaries with respect to temperature.
When air masses having different properties
come together, they do not mix readily.
Warmer, less dense air tends to override the
coler denser air. The sloping wedge-shape
zones of transition between two air masses of
different density is called FRONT.
 Types of Fronts
Warm Fronts
Warm air advances, while cold air retreats.

Cold Fronts
Cold air advances on a cell of warmer air, the
resulting weather system is called cold front.
 Winds
Wind any air in motion.
Anemometer measuring device to measure
wind. Instrument of 3 or 4 hemispherical cups
arranged around vertical axis.
Wind Rose – a graphic representation of data
of wind showing direction, frequency, velocity
in particular location.
 Relative Humidity
Amout of water vapor present in the
atmosphere
The higher the temperature the more water
vapor it can hold before it is saturated
Relative humidity is measured by a
psychrometer
 Engineering System for Air Pollution
Control
Atmospheric Cleaning by rainfall, by
adsorption of clouds
Dilution by tall stack (above air has high
pressure, diluted with cleaner air)
SOURCE REDUCTION
Gravitational Settlers
Wet Scrubber
Electrostatic Precipitator
Fabric Filtration (Baghouse Filter)