_ Weder seleining, here ux seepage less | Eartn Dam £ Conele Darn Flow wil be below thedem 2 Hong this line, the tolal head is ine same 8 There as no head dilferene along this VineTie elev Pele Wicdhe tel fou Fee: BLARD—v Clow cole in acherned Belween 2 Vlow line the flow channel: Mp, 2 2 > cre Slow votes jn each Flow channel —Siagcam Neo, suppose that tne head drops O43 et tb Ngwes 1,2 23 cre WH Ha £ Ho Uni left erginjidcan be rewnilten oie kha - © ad = ths -® Since the figuies 2 £3 are bounded by the same equipatental_ln Ne can see that ha = ha. from @A2G@_ Os= Op. > hom ©,@ 4@) va kh = kB ident that if we draw a Flow net. whereas Any rough each Plow channel 4 the head diops belwe, obals will be the same:particular Flow net contort NF num) ted number of equipotenhal drops lors which. causes the Slow is Wh & the 16 PL permeabibty of soil os k, AEA Mick eee thea i= Belge inoah chase cme. ‘ diep belween each consecubve equipolential lines (hh Bede te bejtieg piece can be represented as fallow allheed is seme tom Sr oe apa : ae ate ae a 5 Sow b 2nd Slekataeeal lane Bn er tote) hee k@= 3x10 % h = Sm Co-3) A PodAndit Np =e Cro of flow chaanet: 4 Equipatential Wd = 4 Cre oF expupeiertih drop reeo Chor im) Bolan Ais 322 Ak cagehe tom Nd 6 Ni ianSeepage moh Flow chennel 2 , Baerm water heigh + \om water height « Dm Cat surface? nn = — ke = 2x 10°F m]s- ae ale of seepage in adem sec tin of joo bh we Nd= de 2 wd ‘ Nhs — apielhepelet icot {hh a JX \OX_Y xivu) rm h = lo- 0 =16 Chead lox) ar) 2 7 27x 3-33 nls xm ae 67x10 ms xe 6-67xX TeiPOSe AG jaf point Bh 25 drops EROS oS .e a on PL Fa | | e a | — < | Be Bt |fee a NoF 22 Prea= Séok© soil sample under differential. head as shown mm tne te below bb sample hea! sat the beltom of he semple = Ch +b). Boxe Bebe beh fal Soi,equa 4 downward * - ical Condition AA This pein, sell 2 Af Ane upeord Verve 15 Increai point, the soil parkdes tend +e. Yelteve & with the direction of the Flow. Thir phenom ssand bailing which leads te piping C path is sendy sail word fs anh Sele nf phenomena \ mostly Occurs in sendy silt. lo cle dhis 3s net common due be the porence of _ ive Feces. _dve to. ee el | al a Be a | iw oe | cond fice s Sas pward fice = downward fucebe | | Be bw Ct) - 6~ \te Corte) - fw Cite) eee te. ie Abbie IG.Gst em Cre). sal wel tfc. Be | | a | | mm | Fy a ae as Es =whic gradient ROE 26 & yoid patio Ae bat J 2 26-1 — jet OF 2F: Vals = pe ot the drag force Is caused by fhe excessive Which will be dissipeled by the tichon within th Meicee onetloce: ee nA Unit: volume delermined as fale SDonk pnbliwel te ch cia engiFd the minimem length of LW cvvidl sand boiling Si: se eng} ol pencheton?ying en impermecible blerkeb, we cain inicase te alene sa he Now Jine which leads fe veduced hydraulic mdi» | Ned ood Coq: cond p41? 50) fom boiling wv ve uri) weg2 Ss p> Cheb of sefely)-plane of failure 12 Finike. Boundones Gn be sh urn DW dhe) plime is present free tith end t Dee 4p weigint compnral clung ple soil wil aide. Cwsing Fidon owids sliding, Wecls clorg sefece, g é nis. fee ech ad as blag psf)-{\ : Thiet cele Ihe groundwater level isiat tre sface of Fhe arallel ty the surf, o thet ty can ba igrenoss Beeie t! beer Unit WeightZBsat at setatp tea bes abe fbn caer aoe Fb sat cosa saticled unit weight of exgle of shearing Jesssdence reece A cbp= | hy be mode PE tne Senche of satety ts bh be delamine the safe argyle of fre s)spe eee |e pent ory, ea Sees 2 at 4 perelle\ jy the of the slope = rs Fol 25 ene. 6 2515 tem cen = 2A getos wasal Se f ont ttt cboenkany of feilere sufece her te be brawny midering several shp surfaces wilh varying conver £ mexemple, C1 16 a centre whereas the slip stfeces 1 ieemt to dhe diagram behne belo chaw.s the feces | Gan_be obtained L, varying it's radius fing the Face Ff redely Bi eech surtece ww the minimum Tacky of safely that can bes he given cenhe Obq olan ondihions e 12 tim pres: a pe Che ethos lot dncricl wi. du bab Aa ke] | cu=20Krh 1 Partch 1 e ee A sefety cgoirck sliding. Sliding sechr = 306 kN et en leceeonkieily of em Kom tne cone of pew | | | Bite feckc oF] sefely i Sheded parton i cemoved eet tt | + Scdnedtl.| coll hae ¢ TelPobait dee blz We | a : cely hes Aohion S ay ch Lot: Shaded portion. In practise, this is called BeBe Aah fl tel Ald ioihe 2 beste Soret Wes pe oiel t cafedy of link SetalesicSine — pp FGHK CEoted Ved dime i Mee is Ihe s ) ay | Freie 2 ren Rae. Circles with the some numbers io ct | iS ‘ = Bllowing achvihes axe planned br A single teryPP distibetim clones a Cebning coall: Ln. Nedea peorvek A= ae ; Ae ee pete ® , = 2 reA Whe tokl free or dhuct an thew (perm Sengindcon be found & atthe bottom of the wall: z tn bngin of th10% KN/m* 'm log ky 6hSee rites 1) bychaege—d Vertcal Ualfirm lewd epp\ed an chap Snuerted’ to host ank= [haof well & 1's poich oF copplicah yesknle Blah ectve ued 7 Point of fipplice -? Ka = lasing =_I-sini& L4sing 4S dle Pi ap l= e. = oS23xe 75m high feleins| ot cohestoniess) sail “The dy 2m of tne Bi hes a emit wegnt of See ahthenyed hay a anit veignt of Tre prarvce Sis tbstron ein diitea Sb) oss dne feeeeypaetH cing (eke Ne thet on ‘the well i ISokm ay Bhi oh the welt ist fs keep the fice on the wall within allextle “EFL the top helt of 4H Neptn Ti temove| — ub tre cinder are used cur beckHl) | eee height, whet addifonet height ty he | aa Bieman eta Aw oc ds be Waal Velae 2 The unit weight of cindect ta mene Gratton cyte Br aor the seme = het b be Netive deen erClo xe) of x2n2) + 2x4) + [+ 2 ‘ 60 + 125K + +80 3 ee OO + ie B Beziene 7)cos Ut Vees* =e: fy VI OIF 2 Ae Fiichon bedewon el) L spre soil. fs ehen int Ee Oyo Ka, just hes yor ba dhe prectere et & a ec #28 4 “i ths. sti rene ab x guen pnt ephn) = Kath -2 ee ee = 356-6Jour). order 4: do thet, we shard determine the res Nace on the Attdeston of Ky t RH meet the bared oun deter. Depriing on Ins \ecation We con culegpCon be tin either Noettanne? | © + eceembicity. Abe point shald ackally be on the bet, = ltée BR B Resullent Moment =) A = Ke silted Moment ct beseeM) Used 2 Coniders rondence proaded by rock Cornder shuctvral feiluce Occeu duc th moment beeing l weight Uphia Sxcor Nike im uundations Pi GonrideceS in Piping oc Send borhing- things te condor in dne Gurecede ye use entire theory. ,i} con be applied ly da < bern he crip if b> h tem (4-4) then Sly Rent th eo Loh ae te bsSrecrewrehale 4 > Veriable AchsnQs concidered foe Weight 0) Vb is Kevavectte for ctiding ob ik 48 BS bond consclec the Seuouredhe detians cee Qcceun) nem ov 5) , only. Unfevecrable ec Mons coil le account eee For -e-4. Nddihon Rv, generated by @ clit mat be Kble tne adSihenel Ku cconted bey © 21 of__pecka Fecher ore weed. bel nak ait 4 Cooobinat 7 precede £, there ote 3 Je0gr gn epproech | hich. Re aa sare Leompnicte fer tre AMforerce in Beheor tracnied 5 Me dertel proportions oe sneered AR anes =lev = 2ts.2em to Pome F Dib cam poren\ gene echooe mullhprsed gc bd ane A Variable achon, We Jeke 3b into aecount ° Verable actions ms errehe condilions by ys we calcu lete eo Peed ca ler. Morel comparen + Bre sec beseWeight to broncble ni £ he orc Urfreucchle hy + elo *gxs) + G AL ASS =) ERA ASVAS 504 FS == x) \e z (ey) 35) Caxias xv5. Pormemet rehome x by hs = CQospias)+ Wo = 2a fs shcmutela(s (+ a) suas) eas a = 546.7 5,4 (lox 20875)x\ > Ld 2"wy P incteers den f intoues _esing => ka lasing ireke Sh rightlowoy a xsyis a x3 Bred = [ctoxe-O~s] +Coursmsx $) Ee Fa Lo 6 Fsnding = Ti+ 364 01-25 2S 2h Mulhpled by 13 because 2) 8:25 ten20 Ate o-Gs sPe reidecad oR cherges naw be 25x lt Cor 2s) %)3: 215-25 + G25 234-5amicel 4 yrehe wth = height Sim he de ceight beceme ML be large. L Wadd Nbns/ uel eHe? roche height move then #m, achiral shengih 6 required Conerele Retaining Walls. pplication of scinkucenonls Pease Swell slender an_reech hetghls of dhe wal) bat 2) Ger ole be limited sine bd : eighk _ +n ‘resisted by tne action of bolh self weight £ the weight fest on the canbleveved base Cup 7m? wh F lebnel pectin § 6 Stern pracccneite rece the backfill height, the moments 1 Ane stem of tne wall is subjected ee a shuctcal stability 2 bare 5 We intduce component known cs counlerfat -Fobbl= Meron gih 6 required Retaining Walls. application of veinfcements Breese slenclos srecch heightshaw ee nacdovic | pia Mobi Mehl tier ule A Uni) ~ pHs ag 2 taTAPRRaRTetere ic es Lecter tle, sinn'V4y Incremse 1 peteaeil then fot es oo plese te Helm the sikece »Anta Ape at mwemedt Gi 2 6d Define te lyner Der — 5 Phe tres Drae—> Uebel Belted Poel 10k ee | Defnc —* Sip site's 09 Be 2 rae | Ho bhy 2 LA 5 nor ccktle Go p Bhool sie} ~ Upsrece-Date teary Seleck ede tee & ee shows sap. g© fsa. TTe fed Mich 9¢ necator spray br —Cechyalermod. Pier Cnt L chee » 2 Ore bck nec bh Becta AT: Ate, et Jnr ane Lrcl ingot Legum dr 2 Dig iare Mad ear nh ven fads ¥ leh Sif, \ | Te td frossye wlee clrg mse, | Chih Graph teen shes * wy Nera bere preare, MW ete presse WSs Diler Hederiols : = Medel Selatd ei Hos 2 Sete | 4 X Gdibily 9 535 Ck Jim medi a 3 we (tick Ae & lich ee r Bandy ne Broy tet fp dlsenbecr ey Dre). aPel WweA doxegers rs seghest Dilaece : Jin tr Bishi De De eee prc Ss pate 41M Cosaity, 2 lich 4 vai aaa SS elat Weer fotet hed | Dee 2 MEP pape J : Dre Grbe = Werth inee| Pe ln ple SL chics ak Aly9 iYydyaulic eh — Heheriel Model § Cliet None? Hece Yas inpeorPeob le: 2x ort le SWnaled X — Corde tly byre Sahixk Vel er nla Compromsbilly © 2° teeny ms SE tege> v0 there by connect the 2 ow aeodin x by anit dhen fll seate 2) Skelch—slines Point 1) 0,0 th 2oe Point 2 Oi Chek aa gid 209m gum tn Sem Nive te Mh Wren Dracingaes 8 E Py = 1 xis x3 2 Bee: Ved she, = 32-4 = 3.0 Yo Ugainde ay Yi Feclor f shel CWE Safety Ry ten © yi Fedor ae oo Ovetuning. ? fost cee Tilure* Renton § Re = ax2x2y Wer) FO 5 XIX3x2thie SEkN | Dokrbing Moment s 27x! suche Moment | well #01 raps] 24 = Iokn. © 27 kn. C Disturbing force)” Vio tan 25° BB 4kw benectne the base. Vou en 27kNm = Raw 2 creel = Gauna) + Cex)ee re [? Benung coped, of si ZOn =e 264. 64:6 Ru = Wee 'e\Wrewe + Wee Bl+ 4 ras 2s 2s kn Rae ( thet (ests xs = eee SEB aie. hece veh -erhechlesebens enh OmsS2st ashents * bob as Cembaning treet ; ae ar@ Disburbing Hornet 7s« $ 12 Shum we | ¥ Resisting Homen| — Dy she “Manel isi yong dale RAP pray @ +. calFy Establish design values of round roperis and veslancos T heel up col Deine int hat must a be ‘3 exceeded (6.9, bearing resistance) t Perform relevant geotechnical analysis | ‘Show, by calculation, that limit wil not be exceeded zi dered in the design proces: EQU: the loss of equilibrium of the structure or the supporting ground when considered as a rigid body and where the internal strengths of the structure and the ground do not provide resistance This limit state is satisfied ifthe sum of the design values of the effects of destabilizing actions (Edst; d) is less than or equal to the sum of the design values of the effects of the stabilizing actions (Estb; d) together with any contribution through the resistance of the ground around the structure (Td) GEO: failure or excessive deformation of the ground, where the soil or rock is significant in providing resistance, This limit state is satisfied if the design effect of the actions (Ed) is less than or equal to the design resistance (Rd), |. STR: failure or excessive deformation of the structure, where the strength of the structural material is significant in providing resistance. As with the GEO limit state, the STR is satisfied if the design effect of the actions (Ed) is less than or equal to the design resistance (Rd), |. UPL: the loss of equilibrium of the structure or the supporting ground by vertical uplift due to water pressures (buoyancy) or other actions This limit state is verified by checking that the sum of the design permanent and variable destabilizing vertical actions (Vdst; d) is aree ced excavation. This limit state is verified by | total pore ey pressure (udst; d) or seepage force (Sdst; a) atthe base soil ants under investigation is less ve (a) Overturning; rigid foundation (©) Overtuming; soil foundation (c) Bearing failure (EQU mit state ir (eo ime (GEO limit state) (GEO limit state) — (©) Forward sliding (@) Ground failure (GEO limit state) (GEO timit state) Limit states for earth retaining structures. fh arena 400 0a] “ or “ ™ ™ mu mL 1= 3x mls ot dam = Bom Died Hine secpeye los pee doy wn al \dey = 2t4 hee alee 4 2x Me Q ric NE Nd= we \ ce NE) 2194 2uher- 236 Auer | eet (3) x120 mums | 5 3 ob hill fe 002404 ]s. = 0102904 % 3€n00 | i 25°40 |day si ssareheeh = Toit Wed Z nok dups(pecd ine Bon dep) Be aa Ft mn {AR (ie | + z 4. tal + ++ btPresmue heed = H2- pte YZ 2m heecs Cm*) y lo. 13 is 20 = 13 ¥a)m® 10 Rel >i Bi |=! howe dm Find the Lichen of safe i the dae fe wets 2 Lbs & t Pilea eas win, X Slice | Yan dn @ a w cos | Mu de Cm) | 4 (2) » (Behn is2, lods.| so¢F | aoa 5 1406 1 so3F 0-23 24 2'0 266 |0:13} 1o¢-4o A o-252] 30 Po 4 | 4-9i2 | \40-le¢ | a3 sie 3S any ler | 6 s.wol |onbel lo- eae is-75 | 30-3 32-6 () te ae MG. Fej2zy| 25-4 Bas i 2 25-0 weaslbe a ud elt | wessw- ul LS uf ies 4 6 |