5.2 The.-5.2 The Spanish Colonial Government in The Philippines and The Malolos Government-01

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Unit‌‌5:‌‌The‌‌Evolution‌‌of‌‌Philippine‌‌Politics‌ ‌
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Lesson‌‌5.2‌ ‌
The‌‌Spanish‌‌Colonial‌‌Government‌‌in‌‌the‌‌Philippines‌‌
and‌‌the‌‌Malolos‌‌Government‌ ‌
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Contents‌ ‌
Introduction‌ 1‌ ‌
Learning‌‌Objectives‌ 2‌ ‌
Explore‌ 3‌ ‌
Discover‌ 4‌ ‌
The‌‌Spanish‌‌Colonization‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Philippines‌ 4‌ ‌
The‌‌Spanish‌‌Colonial‌‌Government‌ 5‌ ‌
Colonial‌‌Life‌‌in‌‌the‌‌Philippines‌‌under‌‌Spain‌ 7‌ ‌
Philippine‌‌Nationalism‌‌and‌‌the‌‌1896‌‌Philippine‌‌Revolution‌ 9‌ ‌
Philippine‌‌Independence‌‌and‌‌the‌‌Malolos‌‌Republic‌ 11‌ ‌
The‌‌1899‌‌Malolos‌‌Constitution‌‌and‌‌Republic‌ 12‌ ‌
Wrap-Up‌ 15‌ ‌
Try‌‌This!‌ 16‌ ‌
Challenge‌‌Yourself‌ 18‌ ‌
Reflect‌‌on‌‌This‌ 20‌ ‌
Bibliography‌ 20‌ ‌
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Lesson‌‌5.2‌ ‌
The‌‌Spanish‌‌Colonial‌‌Government‌‌in‌‌
the‌‌Philippines‌‌and‌‌the‌‌Malolos‌‌
Government‌ ‌
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Introduction‌ ‌
The‌ ‌Philippines‌ ‌was‌ ‌part‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌first‌ ‌wave‌ ‌of‌ ‌colonization‌ ‌by‌ ‌European‌ ‌empires‌ ‌from‌ ‌the‌‌
15th‌ ‌to‌ ‌the‌ ‌18th‌ ‌century.‌ ‌Following‌ ‌Ferdinand‌ ‌Magellan’s‌ ‌arrival‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌ ‌Philippine‌‌
archipelago‌ ‌in‌ ‌1521‌ ‌and‌ ‌the‌ ‌subsequent‌ ‌creation‌ ‌of‌ ‌colonial‌ ‌government‌ ‌institutions‌‌
starting‌‌in‌‌1565,‌‌the‌‌country‌‌experienced‌‌333‌‌years‌‌of‌‌colonization‌‌by‌‌Spain.‌‌Ironically,‌‌such‌
colonization‌ ‌can‌ ‌be‌ ‌argued‌ ‌to‌ ‌be‌ ‌responsible‌ ‌for‌ ‌the‌ ‌creation‌ ‌of‌ ‌our‌ ‌nation—“the‌‌
Philippines”—from‌‌what‌‌was‌‌previously‌‌a‌‌random‌‌group‌‌of‌‌islands‌‌occupied‌‌by‌‌a‌‌diverse‌‌set‌‌
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5.2.‌T
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‌ overnment‌i‌ n‌t‌ he‌P
‌ hilippines‌a
‌ nd‌t‌ he‌M
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‌ overnment‌‌ ‌ 1‌
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of‌‌ethnic‌‌groups.‌‌ ‌
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It‌ ‌was‌ ‌only‌ ‌a‌ ‌matter‌ ‌of‌ ‌time‌ ‌until‌ ‌the‌ ‌colonized‌ ‌inhabitants—“the‌ ‌Filipinos”—developed‌‌
national‌ ‌consciousness‌ ‌and‌ ‌felt‌ ‌the‌ ‌need‌ ‌to‌ ‌liberate‌ ‌themselves.‌ ‌In‌ ‌1896,‌‌Filipinos‌‌started‌‌
the‌ ‌Philippine‌ ‌Revolution‌ ‌against‌ ‌Spain‌ ‌that‌ ‌would‌ ‌eventually‌ ‌lead‌ ‌to‌ ‌the‌ ‌creation‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌‌
independent‌ ‌First‌ ‌Philippine‌ ‌Republic‌ ‌(i.e.,‌ ‌the‌ ‌“Malolos‌ ‌Republic”)‌ ‌in‌ ‌1899.‌ ‌However,‌ ‌the‌‌
independence‌ ‌and‌ ‌the‌ ‌Republic‌ ‌were‌ ‌short-lived‌ ‌as‌ ‌American‌ ‌and‌ ‌Japanese‌ ‌forces‌‌
subsequently‌‌took‌‌over‌‌the‌‌land.‌‌ ‌
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In‌‌this‌‌lesson,‌‌we‌‌will‌‌study‌‌politics‌‌and‌‌governance‌‌under‌‌the‌‌Spanish‌‌colonial‌‌government‌‌
in‌ ‌the‌ ‌Philippines‌ ‌and‌ ‌the‌ ‌First‌ ‌Philippine‌ ‌Republic.‌ ‌We‌ ‌will‌ ‌look‌ ‌at‌ ‌their‌ ‌respective‌‌
government‌‌structures,‌‌political‌‌problems,‌‌and‌‌contributions‌‌to‌‌the‌‌evolution‌‌of‌‌politics‌‌and‌‌
governance‌‌in‌‌the‌‌Philippines.‌ ‌
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Learning‌‌Objectives‌ ‌ DepEd‌‌Learning‌‌Competencies‌ ‌
At‌t‌ he‌e
‌ nd‌o
‌ f‌t‌ his‌l‌esson,‌y
‌ ou‌s‌ hould‌b
‌ e‌a
‌ ble‌t‌ o‌d
‌ o‌‌
In‌‌this‌‌lesson,‌‌you‌‌should‌‌be‌‌able‌‌to‌‌do‌‌the‌‌ the‌f‌ ollowing:‌ ‌
following:‌ ‌ ● Relate‌t‌ he‌e
‌ volution‌o
‌ f‌P
‌ hilippine‌p
‌ olitics‌a
‌ nd‌‌
governance‌‌(‌ HUMSS_PG12-If-g-19)‌.‌‌ ‌
● Explain‌‌politics‌‌and‌‌governance‌‌
● Describe‌t‌ he‌d
‌ ifferent‌s‌ tages‌i‌n‌t‌ he‌e
‌ volution‌‌
in‌‌the‌‌Philippines‌‌during‌‌the‌‌ of‌t‌ he‌P
‌ hilippine‌p
‌ olitics‌a
‌ nd‌g
‌ overnance‌‌
Spanish‌‌colonization‌‌and‌‌the‌‌ (HUMSS_PG12-If-g-20).‌‌ ‌
● Analyze‌t‌ he‌e
‌ volution‌o
‌ f‌P
‌ hilippine‌p
‌ olitics‌‌
First‌‌Philippine‌‌Republic.‌‌ ‌
and‌g
‌ overnance‌(‌ HUMSS_PG12-If-g-21).‌‌ ‌
● Analyze‌‌the‌‌contribution‌‌of‌‌the‌‌ ‌
Spanish‌‌colonization‌‌and‌‌the‌‌
First‌‌Republic‌‌in‌‌the‌‌evolution‌‌of‌‌
Philippine‌‌politics‌‌and‌‌
governance.‌ ‌
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5.2.‌T
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Explore‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌
‌ Paint‌‌Me‌‌a‌‌Picture!‌ ‌ 15‌‌minutes‌
Instructions‌
1. The‌‌class‌‌will‌‌be‌‌divided‌‌into‌‌groups‌‌of‌‌five.‌ ‌
2. For‌‌each‌‌round,‌‌the‌‌teacher‌‌will‌‌choose‌‌and‌‌announce‌‌one‌‌word‌‌or‌‌concept‌‌from‌‌the‌‌
table‌‌below.‌‌ ‌
3. After‌‌the‌‌word‌‌or‌‌concept‌‌is‌‌announced,‌‌the‌‌groups‌‌will‌‌quickly‌‌form‌‌their‌‌respective‌‌
tableaux‌ ‌(motionless‌ ‌scenes‌ ‌where‌ ‌the‌ ‌members‌ ‌are‌ ‌frozen‌ ‌while‌ ‌acting‌ ‌a‌ ‌certain‌‌
scenario)‌ ‌depicting‌ ‌their‌ ‌understanding‌‌or‌‌impression‌‌of‌‌the‌‌word‌‌or‌‌concept.‌‌They‌‌
will‌‌hold‌‌their‌‌poses‌‌for‌‌ten‌‌seconds,‌‌which‌‌will‌‌start‌‌when‌‌the‌‌teacher‌‌counts.‌‌ ‌
4. When‌‌the‌‌time‌‌is‌‌up,‌‌a‌‌representative‌‌from‌‌each‌‌group‌‌must‌‌step‌‌out‌‌of‌‌the‌‌tableau‌‌
and‌‌explain‌‌his‌‌or‌‌her‌‌group's‌‌tableau‌‌to‌‌the‌‌class.‌‌ ‌
5. For‌ ‌each‌ ‌round,‌ ‌the‌ ‌most‌ ‌accurate,‌ ‌insightful,‌ ‌and‌ ‌creative‌ ‌tableau‌ ‌as‌ ‌per‌ ‌the‌‌
teacher’s‌‌judgment‌‌will‌‌be‌‌given‌‌a‌‌point.‌‌ ‌
6. After‌‌five‌‌rounds,‌‌the‌‌group‌‌with‌‌the‌‌highest‌‌number‌‌of‌‌points‌‌wins.‌‌ ‌
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Paint‌‌Me‌‌a‌‌Picture‌‌of…‌ ‌
the‌‌KKK‌‌(Katipunan)‌ ‌ the‌‌Philippine‌‌Revolution‌ ‌ the‌‌Propaganda‌‌Movement‌ ‌
the‌‌Malolos‌‌Republic‌ ‌ pueblos‌ ‌ ilustrados‌ ‌
friars‌ ‌ indios‌ ‌ peninsulares‌ ‌
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Guide‌‌Questions‌ ‌
1. Which‌‌word‌‌or‌‌concept‌‌is‌‌the‌‌most‌‌familiar‌‌to‌‌you?‌‌What‌‌do‌‌you‌‌know‌‌about‌‌it?‌ ‌
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5.2.‌T
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2. Based‌ ‌on‌ ‌the‌ ‌performance‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌class,‌ ‌what‌ ‌do‌ ‌you‌ ‌think‌ ‌is‌ ‌the‌‌most‌‌memorable‌‌
and‌‌distinct‌‌aspect‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Spanish‌‌colonial‌‌period?‌ ‌
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3. What‌‌do‌‌the‌‌words‌‌or‌‌concepts‌‌say‌‌about‌‌politics‌‌and‌‌governance‌‌during‌‌the‌‌Spanish‌‌
colonial‌‌period?‌‌ ‌
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Discover‌ ‌
‌The‌‌Spanish‌‌Colonization‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Philippines‌ ‌
For‌ ‌the‌ ‌Spanish‌ ‌empire,‌ ‌the‌ ‌Philippines‌ ‌was‌ ‌a‌ ‌crucial‌‌ ‌
W
‌ ords‌‌to‌‌Remember‌
asset‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌ ‌competition‌ ‌for‌ ‌“God,‌ ‌gold,‌ ‌and‌ ‌glory”‌‌
● colony‌‌‌–‌‌
during‌ ‌the‌ ‌Age‌ ‌of‌ ‌Exploration‌ ‌(15th–18th‌‌century).‌‌The‌‌
possession,‌‌
small‌ ‌native‌ ‌Filipino‌ ‌groups‌ ‌were‌ ‌feasible‌ ‌subjects‌ ‌for‌‌
dominion‌ ‌
Christian‌ ‌indoctrination.‌ ‌The‌ ‌archipelago‌ ‌was‌ ‌rich‌ ‌in‌‌
● centralized‌‌‌–‌‌under‌‌
spices‌ ‌and‌ ‌other‌ ‌valuable‌ ‌products‌ ‌that‌ ‌would‌ ‌give‌‌
a‌‌single‌‌authority‌‌ ‌
tremendous‌ ‌wealth‌ ‌to‌ ‌the‌ ‌empire.‌ ‌Furthermore,‌‌
● ecclesiastical‌‌‌–‌‌
possession‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌islands‌ ‌was‌ ‌a‌ ‌strategic‌ ‌geopolitical‌‌
religious,‌‌relating‌‌to‌‌
advantage.‌ ‌With‌ ‌333‌ ‌years‌ ‌of‌ ‌Spanish‌ ‌subjugation‌‌and‌‌
the‌‌church‌‌ ‌
exploitation,‌ ‌the‌ ‌political,‌ ‌economic,‌ ‌and‌ ‌sociocultural‌‌
lives‌ ‌of‌ ‌precolonial‌ ‌Filipino‌ ‌ancestors‌ ‌had‌ ‌drastically‌‌
changed.‌‌ ‌
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5.2.‌T
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What‌‌are‌‌the‌‌characteristics‌‌of‌‌politics‌‌and‌‌governance‌‌
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in‌ ‌the‌ ‌Philippines‌ ‌during‌ ‌the‌ ‌Spanish‌ ‌colonization‌ ‌and‌‌

the‌‌Malolos‌‌Republic?‌‌ ‌
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The‌S
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‌ overnment‌ ‌
Around‌‌four‌‌decades‌‌after‌‌the‌‌arrival‌‌of‌‌Ferdinand‌‌Magellan‌‌and‌‌his‌‌death‌‌during‌‌the‌‌Battle‌‌
of‌‌Mactan‌‌in‌‌1521,‌‌the‌‌Spanish‌‌empire‌‌formally‌‌claimed‌‌the‌‌Philippines.‌‌Spanish‌‌settlement‌‌
began‌‌with‌‌the‌‌founding‌‌of‌‌Cebu‌‌in‌‌1565‌‌and‌‌Manila‌‌in‌‌1571‌‌and‌‌the‌‌succeeding‌‌placement‌‌
of‌ ‌numerous‌ ‌barangays‌ ‌under‌ ‌the‌ ‌central‌ ‌authority‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌King‌ ‌of‌ ‌Spain‌.‌ ‌Formally,‌ ‌the‌‌
Philippines‌ ‌was‌ ‌claimed‌ ‌as‌ ‌a‌ ‌colony‌of‌‌Spain‌‌and‌‌controlled‌‌under‌‌a‌‌‌centralized‌‌colonial‌‌
government‌ ‌composed‌ ‌of‌ ‌Spanish‌ ‌envoys‌ ‌and‌ ‌a‌ ‌few‌ ‌elite‌ ‌natives‌ ‌who‌ ‌were‌ ‌given‌ ‌local‌‌
positions.‌ ‌The‌ ‌Spanish‌ ‌colonial‌ ‌government,‌ ‌while‌ ‌separate‌ ‌from‌ ‌the‌ ‌Church‌ ‌in‌ ‌terms‌ ‌of‌‌
personnel,‌ ‌was‌ ‌highly‌ ‌influenced‌ ‌by‌ ‌ecclesiastical‌ ‌leaders‌ ‌(i.e.,‌ ‌friars)‌ ‌from‌ ‌the‌ ‌Catholic‌‌
Church‌ ‌especially‌ ‌when‌ ‌it‌ ‌came‌ ‌to‌ ‌economic‌ ‌regulations‌ ‌like‌ ‌taxation.‌ ‌In‌ ‌addition,‌‌
separation‌ ‌of‌ ‌powers‌ ‌among‌ ‌the‌ ‌government‌ ‌offices‌ ‌was‌ ‌absent‌ ‌as‌ ‌the‌ ‌king‌ ‌ruled‌‌
autocratically,‌ ‌and‌ ‌several‌ ‌officials‌ ‌possessed‌ ‌assorted‌ ‌combinations‌ ‌of‌ ‌powers‌ ‌that‌ ‌are‌‌
normally‌ ‌split‌ ‌into‌ ‌today’s‌ ‌democratic‌ ‌regimes.‌ ‌For‌ ‌example,‌ ‌gobernadorcillos‌,‌ ‌as‌ ‌heads‌‌of‌‌
their‌‌pueblos,‌‌had‌‌both‌‌economic‌‌and‌‌judicial‌‌responsibilities.‌ ‌
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Prior‌ ‌to‌ ‌the‌ ‌independence‌ ‌of‌ ‌Mexico‌ ‌(another‌ ‌former‌ ‌Spanish‌ ‌colony)‌ ‌in‌ ‌1821,‌ ‌Spain’s‌‌
colonies‌ ‌were‌ ‌ruled‌ ‌by‌ ‌the‌‌‌Viceroyalty‌‌of‌‌New‌‌Spain‌‌on‌‌behalf‌‌of‌‌the‌‌king.‌‌When‌‌Mexico‌‌
gained‌ ‌independence‌ ‌in‌ ‌1821,‌ ‌however,‌ ‌the‌ ‌viceroyalty‌ ‌was‌ ‌abolished‌ ‌and‌‌the‌‌Philippines‌‌
became‌ ‌ruled‌ ‌by‌ ‌the‌ ‌governor-general‌.‌ ‌The‌ ‌governor-general‌ ‌acted‌ ‌as‌ ‌the‌ ‌king’s‌‌
representative‌ ‌and‌ ‌the‌ ‌highest-ranking‌ ‌official‌‌in‌‌the‌‌Philippines.‌‌He‌‌was‌‌appointed‌‌by‌‌the‌
king‌‌and‌‌exercised‌‌executive,‌‌legislative,‌‌judicial,‌‌and‌‌military‌‌powers‌‌in‌‌the‌‌country.‌‌ ‌
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While‌ ‌the‌ ‌governor-general‌ ‌was‌ ‌the‌ ‌highest‌ ‌official‌ ‌in‌‌the‌‌Philippines,‌‌there‌‌were‌‌auxiliary‌‌
officials‌‌or‌‌bodies‌‌that‌‌helped‌‌the‌‌king‌‌oversee‌‌the‌‌governor-general‌‌and‌‌his‌‌administration‌‌
of‌ ‌the‌ ‌country.‌ ‌There‌ ‌existed‌ ‌the‌ ‌Council‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌Indies‌ ‌(a.k.a.‌ ‌Overseas‌ ‌Council‌ ‌or‌‌
Ministry‌ ‌of‌ ‌Colonies‌)‌ ‌that‌ ‌would‌ ‌regularly‌ ‌send‌ ‌a‌ ‌visitador‌ ‌(i.e.,‌ ‌an‌ ‌envoy‌ ‌who‌ ‌would‌‌
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5.2.‌T
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observe‌‌the‌‌governor-general‌‌and‌‌report‌‌to‌‌the‌‌king.‌‌In‌‌addition,‌‌there‌‌was‌‌the‌‌‌residencia‌,‌‌a‌‌
special‌‌court‌‌tasked‌‌to‌‌investigate‌‌the‌‌governor-general’s‌‌performance.‌‌ ‌
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Aside‌‌from‌‌the‌‌governor-general,‌‌a‌‌‌Real‌‌Audiencia‌‌
composed‌ ‌of‌ ‌judges,‌ ‌prosecutors,‌ ‌wardens,‌‌
servants,‌ ‌and‌ ‌other‌ ‌officials‌ ‌was‌ ‌also‌ ‌established‌‌
in‌‌the‌‌country‌‌to‌‌act‌‌as‌‌the‌‌supreme‌‌court‌‌and‌‌an‌‌
advisory‌‌body‌‌to‌‌the‌‌governor-general.‌‌As‌‌a‌‌court,‌‌
it‌‌tried‌‌cases‌‌of‌‌appeals‌‌(r‌ evista‌)‌‌from‌‌lower‌‌courts‌‌
in‌ ‌the‌ ‌provinces‌ ‌and‌ ‌criminal‌ ‌cases‌ ‌in‌ ‌Manila.‌ ‌In‌‌
some‌‌cases,‌‌its‌‌decisions‌‌could‌‌be‌‌appealed‌‌to‌‌the‌‌
Council‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Indies.‌‌ ‌
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Local‌ ‌governments‌ ‌were‌ ‌also‌ ‌established.‌‌
Provinces‌ ‌(p
‌ rovincias/alcaldías‌)‌ ‌were‌ ‌ruled‌ ‌by‌‌
alcalde-mayores‌ ‌who‌ ‌managed‌ ‌the‌ ‌day-to-day‌‌
operations‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌provincial‌ ‌government‌ ‌and‌‌
supervised‌ ‌the‌ ‌collection‌ ‌of‌ ‌taxes‌ ‌and,‌‌in‌‌return,‌‌
were‌ ‌allowed‌ ‌to‌ ‌participate‌ ‌in‌ ‌trade.‌ ‌Meanwhile,‌‌
some‌ ‌provincial‌ ‌districts‌ ‌were‌ ‌classified‌ ‌as‌‌
corregimientos‌ ‌and‌ ‌were‌ ‌ruled‌ ‌by‌ ‌corregidores‌ ‌who‌ ‌were‌ ‌both‌ ‌civil‌ ‌and‌ ‌military‌ ‌leaders‌.‌‌
Corregimientos‌ ‌were‌ ‌different‌ ‌from‌ ‌other‌ ‌districts‌‌as‌‌these‌‌were‌‌under‌‌the‌‌direct‌‌authority‌‌
of‌‌the‌‌crown‌‌and‌‌thus‌‌were‌‌not‌‌administered‌‌to‌‌by‌‌natives.‌ ‌
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Provinces‌ ‌were‌ ‌subsequently‌ ‌divided‌ ‌into‌ ‌municipalities‌ ‌or‌ ‌pueblos‌ ‌ruled‌ ‌by‌‌
gobernadorcillos‌ ‌assisted‌ ‌by‌ ‌several‌ ‌additional‌ ‌officials.‌ ‌Compared‌ ‌to‌ ‌higher‌ ‌positions,‌‌
members‌‌of‌‌the‌‌local‌‌Filipino‌‌elite‌‌class‌‌(i.e.,‌‌the‌‌‌principalias‌)‌‌were‌‌allowed‌‌to‌‌hold‌‌office‌‌as‌‌
gobernadorcillos‌.‌‌Pueblos‌‌were‌‌further‌‌divided‌‌into‌‌‌barangays‌‌‌ruled‌‌by‌‌‌cabezas‌‌de‌‌barangay‌.‌‌
Like‌ ‌gobernadorcillos‌,‌ ‌most‌ ‌cabezas‌ ‌de‌ ‌barangay‌ ‌were‌ ‌local‌ ‌Filipino‌ ‌principalias‌ ‌and‌‌former‌‌
datus‌ ‌who‌ ‌surrendered‌ ‌and‌ ‌agreed‌‌to‌‌conspire‌‌with‌‌the‌‌Spanish‌‌government‌‌(Caoili‌‌2006,‌‌
250).‌‌ ‌
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5.2.‌T
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Several‌ ‌negative‌ ‌features‌ ‌marked‌ ‌the‌ ‌Spanish‌ ‌colonial‌ ‌government.‌ ‌One‌ ‌of‌ ‌them‌ ‌was‌‌the‌‌
pervasive‌ ‌clientelism‌ ‌or‌ ‌the‌ ‌use‌ ‌of‌‌government‌‌institutions‌‌to‌‌reward‌‌cronies‌‌and‌‌groups‌‌
that‌ ‌served‌ ‌in‌ ‌favor‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌colonial‌ ‌government‌ ‌(Rebullida‌ ‌and‌ ‌Serrano‌ ‌2006,‌ ‌228).‌ ‌Public‌
offices,‌ ‌for‌ ‌example,‌ ‌were‌ ‌granted‌ ‌as‌ ‌a‌ ‌reward‌ ‌from‌ ‌the‌ ‌king‌ ‌to‌ ‌local‌ ‌principalias‌ ‌who‌‌
conspired‌ ‌with‌ ‌the‌ ‌government.‌ ‌These‌ ‌local‌ ‌principalias‌ ‌would‌ ‌soon‌ ‌be‌‌the‌‌progenitors‌‌of‌‌
infamous‌ ‌caciques‌ ‌or‌ ‌political‌ ‌bosses‌ ‌and‌ ‌political‌ ‌dynasties‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌ ‌country.‌ ‌In‌ ‌addition,‌‌
friars‌ ‌and‌ ‌church‌ ‌officials‌ ‌exercised‌ ‌sweeping‌ ‌political‌ ‌influences‌ ‌on‌ ‌the‌ ‌appointment‌ ‌of‌‌
officials,‌‌tax‌‌collection,‌‌local‌‌law‌‌implementation,‌‌justice‌‌system,‌‌and‌‌education‌‌policies.‌‌ ‌
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Colonial‌L
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Fig.‌‌2.‌‌‌A‌‌painting‌‌of‌‌1972‌‌Manila.‌‌Elite‌‌status‌‌was‌‌marked‌‌by‌‌resident’s‌‌proximity‌ ‌
to‌‌the‌p
‌ ueblo’s‌‌‌parish‌‌(b
‌ ajo‌‌de‌‌la‌‌campana‌s‌ ystem).‌‌ ‌
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The‌ ‌Spanish‌ ‌colonial‌ ‌forces‌ ‌implemented‌ ‌a‌ ‌system‌ ‌of‌ ‌dividing-and-conquering‌ ‌the‌‌
preexisting‌ ‌groups‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌ ‌Philippines‌ ‌(i.e.,‌ ‌splitting‌ ‌them‌ ‌and‌ ‌taking‌ ‌over‌ ‌their‌ ‌territories).‌‌
Many‌ ‌barangays‌ ‌and‌‌communities‌‌were‌‌broken‌‌apart‌‌and‌‌resettled‌‌through‌‌the‌‌‌reduccion‌‌
system.‌ ‌This‌ ‌system‌ ‌enabled‌ ‌the‌ ‌Spaniards‌ ‌to‌ ‌consolidate‌‌their‌‌power‌‌over‌‌the‌‌natives‌‌by‌‌
placing‌ ‌them‌ ‌in‌ ‌a‌ ‌settlement‌ ‌where‌ ‌the‌ ‌former‌ ‌could‌ ‌easily‌ ‌impose‌ ‌their‌ ‌authority.‌ ‌The‌‌
reduccion‌ ‌system‌ ‌can‌ ‌be‌ ‌seen‌ ‌in‌ ‌how‌ ‌the‌ ‌old‌ ‌towns‌ ‌and‌ ‌cities‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌ ‌Philippines‌ ‌were‌‌
geographically‌ ‌organized.‌ ‌The‌ ‌church,‌ ‌government‌‌offices,‌‌and‌‌houses‌‌of‌‌the‌‌elite‌‌were‌‌all‌‌
within‌‌the‌‌vicinity‌‌of‌‌the‌‌public‌‌plaza‌‌where‌‌life‌‌can‌‌be‌‌said‌‌to‌‌move‌‌according‌‌to‌‌the‌‌sound‌‌
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5.2.‌T
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of‌ ‌the‌ ‌church‌ ‌bells.‌‌The‌‌system‌‌enabled‌‌the‌‌colonial‌‌government‌‌to‌‌split‌‌abandoned‌‌lands‌‌
into‌ ‌encomiendas‌ ‌and‌ ‌award‌ ‌them‌ ‌to‌ ‌encomenderos‌ ‌(usually‌ ‌government‌ ‌officials‌ ‌and‌‌
church‌ ‌officials)‌ ‌who‌ ‌charged‌ ‌taxes‌ ‌and‌ ‌abused‌ ‌their‌ ‌encomiendas’‌ ‌inhabitants‌ ‌for‌ ‌forced‌‌
labor.‌‌Many‌‌of‌‌these‌‌‌encomiendas‌‌‌would‌‌later‌‌develop‌‌into‌‌agricultural‌‌estates‌‌or‌‌‌haciendas‌‌
that‌‌would‌‌fuel‌‌the‌‌rise‌‌of‌‌the‌‌first‌‌Filipino‌‌landed‌‌elites‌‌and‌‌oligarchs.‌‌ ‌
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Colonization‌ ‌also‌ ‌resulted‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌ ‌formation‌ ‌of‌ ‌racial‌ ‌and‌ ‌socioeconomic‌ ‌inequality‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌‌
society.‌ ‌The‌ ‌most‌ ‌privileged‌ ‌and‌ ‌richest‌‌back‌‌then‌‌were‌‌the‌‌‌peninsulares‌‌‌or‌‌pure-blooded‌‌
Spanish‌‌born‌‌in‌‌Europe,‌‌followed‌‌by‌‌the‌‌‌insulares‌‌‌or‌‌the‌‌pure-blooded‌‌Spanish‌‌born‌‌in‌‌the‌‌
Philippine‌‌islands.‌‌Beneath‌‌the‌‌two‌‌classes‌‌were‌‌the‌‌‌mestizos‌‌de‌‌español‌‌‌or‌‌inhabitants‌‌of‌‌
mixed‌ ‌Spanish‌ ‌and‌ ‌Malay‌ ‌ancestries,‌ ‌the‌ ‌mestizos‌ ‌de‌ ‌sangley‌ ‌or‌ ‌inhabitants‌ ‌with‌ ‌mixed‌‌
Chinese‌‌and‌‌Malay‌‌ancestries,‌‌and‌‌‌tornatras‌‌‌or‌‌inhabitants‌‌with‌‌mixed‌‌European,‌‌Chinese,‌‌
and‌‌Malay‌‌ancestries.‌‌Lowest‌‌in‌‌the‌‌social‌‌hierarchy‌‌were‌‌the‌‌‌sangleys‌‌‌or‌‌the‌‌pure‌‌Chinese,‌‌
the‌ ‌indios‌ ‌or‌ ‌the‌ ‌pure‌ ‌Malays,‌ ‌and‌ ‌the‌ ‌Negritos‌ ‌or‌ ‌the‌ ‌pure‌ ‌Aetas.‌ ‌Meanwhile,‌ ‌native‌‌
Filipinos‌‌who‌‌fled‌‌to‌‌the‌‌mountains‌‌to‌‌resist‌‌living‌‌in‌‌Spanish-controlled‌‌pueblos‌‌were‌‌called‌‌
remontados‌.‌‌ ‌
‌ Much‌‌of‌‌indigenous‌‌culture‌‌was‌‌also‌‌wiped‌‌out‌‌
‌ by‌ ‌the‌ ‌Spanish,‌ ‌especially‌ ‌by‌ ‌the‌ ‌friars.‌ ‌Many‌‌
‌ precolonial‌ ‌leaders‌ ‌like‌ ‌the‌ ‌datus‌ ‌and‌ ‌the‌‌
‌ babaylans‌ ‌(religious‌ ‌leaders)‌ ‌were‌ ‌persecuted‌‌
‌ and‌ ‌forced‌ ‌to‌ ‌conspire‌ ‌with‌ ‌the‌ ‌colonial‌‌
‌ government.‌ ‌Precolonial‌ ‌beliefs,‌ ‌art,‌ ‌and‌‌
‌ literature‌ ‌were‌ ‌also‌ ‌replaced‌ ‌by‌ ‌Christianity.‌‌
‌ Natives‌ ‌were‌ ‌indoctrinated‌ ‌to‌ ‌these‌ ‌new‌‌
‌ colonial‌ ‌beliefs‌ ‌that‌ ‌justified‌ ‌the‌ ‌friars’‌ ‌abuses‌‌
‌ like‌ ‌enormous‌ ‌tariffs,‌ ‌forced‌ ‌labor,‌ ‌land‌‌
‌ grabbing,‌ ‌and‌ ‌the‌ ‌perpetuation‌ ‌of‌ ‌gender‌‌
‌ discrimination‌‌through‌‌religious‌‌doctrines.‌ ‌
‌
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Fig.‌‌3.‌‌‌A‌‌painting‌‌of‌‌typical‌m
‌ estizos‌‌de‌‌
español‌ ‌
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Check‌‌Your‌‌Progress‌ ‌
How‌ ‌was‌ ‌the‌ ‌Spanish‌ ‌colonial‌ ‌government‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌ ‌Philippines‌‌
‌
organized?‌ ‌
______________________________________________________________________‌
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‌
Philippine‌‌Nationalism‌‌and‌‌the‌‌1896‌‌Philippine‌‌Revolution‌ ‌
The‌ ‌Filipino‌ ‌natives,‌ ‌however,‌‌did‌‌not‌‌take‌‌the‌‌oppression‌‌by‌‌the‌‌colonial‌‌government‌‌and‌‌
the‌ ‌church‌ ‌passively.‌ ‌As‌ ‌early‌ ‌as‌ ‌the‌ ‌1620s,‌ ‌revolts‌ ‌in‌ ‌resistance‌ ‌to‌ ‌Christianity‌ ‌had‌ ‌been‌‌
recorded,‌‌usually‌‌led‌‌by‌‌datus‌‌and‌‌babaylans‌‌(e.g.,‌‌Tamblot’s‌‌revolt‌‌in‌‌1621,‌‌Datu‌‌Bankaw’s‌‌
revolt‌ ‌in‌ ‌1622).‌ ‌There‌ ‌were‌ ‌also‌ ‌frequent‌ ‌local‌ ‌revolts‌ ‌regarding‌ ‌forced‌ ‌labor‌ ‌and‌‌
encomenderos‌ ‌(e.g.,‌ ‌Basi‌ ‌revolt‌ ‌by‌ ‌Ilocanos‌ ‌in‌ ‌1807)‌ ‌and‌ ‌the‌ ‌unfair‌ ‌practices‌ ‌of‌‌friars‌‌(e.g.,‌‌
Dagohoy’s‌ ‌revolt‌ ‌in‌ ‌1744).‌ ‌Most‌ ‌of‌ ‌these‌ ‌revolts,‌ ‌however,‌ ‌were‌ ‌local‌ ‌and‌ ‌were‌ ‌not‌‌
underpinned‌‌by‌‌the‌‌development‌‌of‌‌a‌‌Filipino‌‌national‌‌identity.‌‌ ‌
‌
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Fig.‌‌4.‌‌T
‌ he‌‌GOMBURZA‌‌were‌‌three‌‌Filipino‌‌priests‌‌executed‌‌for‌‌subversion.‌‌ ‌
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The‌ ‌most‌ ‌important‌ ‌catalysts‌ ‌for‌ ‌the‌ ‌development‌ ‌of‌ ‌a‌ ‌Filipino‌ ‌national‌ ‌identity‌ ‌and‌‌
nationalism‌‌were‌‌the‌‌‌ilustrados‌‌‌or‌‌the‌‌wealthy‌‌class‌‌of‌‌Filipinos‌‌(usually‌‌‌mestizos‌)‌‌who‌‌were‌‌
able‌‌to‌‌study‌‌in‌‌Europe‌‌and‌‌who‌‌introduced‌‌liberal‌‌democratic‌‌values‌‌in‌‌the‌‌country.‌‌Many‌‌
of‌ ‌them,‌ ‌like‌ ‌Jose‌ ‌Rizal,‌ ‌Marcelo‌ ‌del‌ ‌Pilar,‌ ‌and‌ ‌Graciano‌ ‌Lopez‌ ‌Jaena,‌ ‌formed‌ ‌the‌‌
Propaganda‌ ‌Movement,‌ ‌which‌ ‌helped‌‌in‌‌raising‌‌awareness‌‌for‌‌a‌‌Filipino‌‌national‌‌identity‌‌
and‌ ‌articulated‌ ‌the‌ ‌rights‌ ‌of‌ ‌Filipinos‌ ‌to‌ ‌the‌ ‌government‌ ‌in‌ ‌Spain.‌ ‌They‌ ‌also‌ ‌wrote‌‌
publications‌ ‌exposing‌ ‌and‌ ‌criticizing‌ ‌the‌ ‌abuses‌ ‌of‌ ‌government‌ ‌officials‌ ‌and‌ ‌friars‌ ‌(e.g.,‌‌
Rizal’s‌ ‌Noli‌ ‌Me‌ ‌Tangere‌ ‌and‌ ‌El‌ ‌Filibusterismo‌).‌‌Some‌‌of‌‌them,‌‌however,‌‌campaigned‌‌only‌‌for‌‌
reformation‌ ‌in‌ ‌Spain’s‌ ‌policies‌ ‌and‌ ‌administration‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌Philippines‌ ‌and‌ ‌not‌ ‌for‌ ‌its‌ ‌full‌‌
independence.‌‌ ‌
‌
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Fig.‌‌5.‌‌T
‌ he‌i‌lustrados‌‌‌in‌‌Europe,‌‌including‌‌Jose‌‌Rizal,‌‌formed‌‌the‌‌Propaganda‌‌Movement.‌ ‌
‌
Inspired‌‌by‌‌the‌‌Propaganda‌‌Movement,‌‌the‌‌‌Kataastaasang‌‌Kagalang-galang‌‌na‌‌Katipunan‌‌
ng‌‌mga‌‌Anak‌‌ng‌‌Bayan‌‌(K
‌ atipunan‌‌or‌‌‌KKK‌)‌‌took‌‌the‌‌forefront‌‌and‌‌facilitated‌‌the‌‌country’s‌‌
armed‌‌struggle‌‌for‌‌national‌‌independence.‌‌The‌‌Katipunan‌‌‌was‌‌a‌‌secret‌‌revolutionary‌‌society‌‌
founded‌‌in‌‌1892‌‌by‌‌the‌‌likes‌‌of‌‌Andres‌‌Bonifacio,‌‌Teodoro‌‌Plata,‌‌and‌‌Ladislao‌‌Diwa.‌‌In‌‌1896,‌‌
it‌ ‌was‌ ‌discovered‌ ‌by‌ ‌Spanish‌ ‌authorities,‌ ‌leading‌ ‌to‌ ‌the‌ ‌famous‌ ‌“Cry‌ ‌of‌ ‌Balintawak”‌ ‌that‌‌
marked‌‌the‌‌beginning‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Philippine‌‌Revolution.‌‌ ‌
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Following‌ ‌American‌ ‌attacks‌ ‌on‌ ‌Manila‌ ‌brought‌ ‌by‌ ‌the‌ ‌Spanish-American‌ ‌War‌ ‌and‌ ‌after‌‌
gaining‌ ‌control‌ ‌of‌ ‌key‌ ‌areas‌ ‌nationwide,‌ ‌the‌ ‌Katipunan,‌ ‌led‌ ‌by‌ ‌Emilio‌ ‌Aguinaldo,‌ ‌declared‌‌
Philippine‌‌independence‌‌on‌‌June‌‌12,‌‌1898‌‌and‌‌established‌‌a‌‌revolutionary‌‌government.‌‌On‌‌
September‌ ‌15,‌ ‌1898,‌ ‌the‌ ‌Malolos‌ ‌Congress‌,‌ ‌composed‌ ‌of‌ ‌appointees‌ ‌by‌ ‌Aguinaldo‌ ‌and‌‌
several‌ ‌revolutionaries,‌ ‌convened‌ ‌to‌ ‌write‌ ‌the‌ ‌Malolos‌ ‌Constitution,‌ ‌which,‌ ‌upon‌ ‌its‌‌
ratification‌ ‌on‌ ‌January‌ ‌21,‌ ‌1899,‌ ‌formally‌ ‌established‌ ‌the‌ ‌First‌ ‌Philippine‌ ‌Republic‌ ‌or‌ ‌the‌‌
Malolos‌ ‌Republic.‌ ‌Katipunan‌ ‌leader‌ ‌Emilio‌ ‌Aguinaldo‌ ‌served‌ ‌as‌ ‌the‌ ‌president‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌‌
Republic.‌‌ ‌
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Fig.‌‌6.‌‌‌Members‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Katipunan‌‌ ‌
‌
Philippine‌‌Independence‌‌and‌‌the‌‌Malolos‌‌Republic‌ ‌
The‌ ‌Malolos‌ ‌Republic‌ ‌was‌ ‌short-lived‌‌and‌‌was‌‌not‌‌formally‌‌recognized‌‌by‌‌colonial‌‌powers.‌‌
For‌ ‌instance,‌ ‌in‌ ‌December‌ ‌1898,‌ ‌the‌ ‌Treaty‌ ‌of‌ ‌Paris‌ ‌facilitated‌ ‌Spain's‌ ‌turnover‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌‌
Philippines‌ ‌to‌ ‌the‌ ‌United‌ ‌States.‌ ‌In‌ ‌1901,‌ ‌the‌ ‌US‌ ‌forces‌ ‌captured‌ ‌Emilio‌ ‌Aguinaldo.‌‌
Nevertheless,‌ ‌the‌ ‌Malolos‌ ‌Republic‌ ‌was‌ ‌famous‌ ‌for‌ ‌being‌ ‌the‌ ‌first‌ ‌constitutional‌ ‌and‌‌
democratic‌‌republic‌‌in‌‌Asia,‌‌with‌‌clear‌‌democratic‌‌elements‌‌like‌‌‌separation‌‌of‌‌church‌‌and‌‌
state‌ ‌and‌ ‌accountability‌ ‌of‌ ‌executive‌ ‌officials‌ ‌to‌ ‌a‌ ‌national‌ ‌assembly‌.‌ ‌Reflecting‌ ‌the‌‌
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liberal‌ ‌education‌ ‌of‌ ‌its‌ ‌drafters,‌ ‌the‌ ‌Malolos‌ ‌Constitution‌ ‌stipulated‌ ‌an‌ ‌extensive‌ ‌bill‌ ‌of‌‌
rights‌ ‌akin‌ ‌to‌ ‌the‌ ‌1789‌ ‌French‌ ‌Declaration‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌Rights‌ ‌of‌ ‌Man‌ ‌and‌ ‌the‌ ‌Citizen.‌ ‌The‌‌
Republic‌ ‌was‌ ‌also‌ ‌remarkable‌ ‌for‌ ‌its‌ ‌constitutional‌ ‌stipulation‌ ‌of‌‌‌popular‌‌sovereignty‌,‌‌or‌‌
that‌‌sovereignty‌‌rested‌‌with‌‌the‌‌Filipino‌‌people‌‌and‌‌not‌‌with‌‌any‌‌colonial‌‌authorities‌‌in‌‌the‌‌
country.‌‌ ‌
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Fig.‌‌7.‌‌‌The‌‌Malolos‌‌Congress‌‌in‌‌Bulacan‌ ‌
‌
The‌1
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The‌ ‌1899‌ ‌Malolos‌ ‌Constitution‌ ‌established‌ ‌a‌ ‌parliamentary‌ ‌system‌ ‌of‌ ‌government‌,‌‌
meaning‌ ‌the‌ ‌powers‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌executive‌ ‌and‌ ‌the‌ ‌legislative‌ ‌branch‌ ‌were‌ ‌intertwined.‌ ‌The‌‌
president‌‌and‌‌his‌‌cabinet‌‌were‌‌elected‌‌by‌‌and‌‌responsible‌‌to‌‌the‌‌members‌‌of‌‌the‌‌National‌‌
Assembly‌‌(legislative),‌‌which‌‌back‌‌then‌‌was‌‌‌unicameral‌,‌‌meaning‌‌it‌‌was‌‌only‌‌composed‌‌of‌‌a‌‌
single‌ ‌chamber.‌ ‌As‌ ‌such,‌ ‌the‌ ‌National‌ ‌Assembly‌ ‌was‌ ‌envisioned‌ ‌to‌ ‌be‌ ‌superior‌ ‌over‌ ‌the‌‌
executive‌‌branch‌‌(Agoncillo,‌‌1996).‌‌ ‌
‌
The‌ ‌Malolos‌ ‌Republic‌ ‌also‌ ‌had‌ ‌local‌ ‌governments.‌ ‌Article‌ ‌82‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌Malolos‌ ‌Constitution‌‌
called‌ ‌for‌ ‌the‌ ‌establishment‌ ‌of‌ ‌provincial‌ ‌and‌ ‌popular‌ ‌assemblies‌ ‌with‌ ‌lawmaking‌ ‌and‌‌
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taxation‌‌powers.‌‌In‌‌addition,‌‌there‌‌were‌‌attempts‌‌at‌‌foreign‌‌relations‌‌with‌‌Emilio‌‌Aguinaldo‌‌
writing‌ ‌to‌ ‌the‌‌Sultanate‌‌of‌‌Sulu‌‌to‌‌communicate‌‌the‌‌Republic’s‌‌claim‌‌on‌‌Sulu‌‌(“Evolution‌‌of‌‌
the‌‌Revolution”,‌‌n.d.).‌ ‌
‌
Many‌ ‌factors‌ ‌contributed‌ ‌to‌ ‌the‌‌demise‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Malolos‌‌Republic,‌‌the‌‌most‌‌crucial‌‌of‌‌which‌‌
was‌ ‌the‌ ‌involvement‌ ‌of‌ ‌American‌ ‌colonial‌ ‌forces‌ ‌that‌ ‌defeated‌ ‌the‌ ‌Republic‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌‌
Philippine-American‌ ‌War‌‌and‌‌forced‌‌Aguinaldo‌‌to‌‌issue‌‌a‌‌proclamation‌‌of‌‌surrender‌‌to‌‌the‌‌
United‌ ‌States‌ ‌in‌ ‌1901.‌ ‌The‌ ‌absence‌ ‌of‌ ‌international‌ ‌support‌ ‌was‌ ‌also‌‌a‌‌huge‌‌factor‌‌in‌‌the‌‌
Republic’s‌‌demise‌‌(Escalante‌‌1998,‌‌453).‌‌ ‌
‌
In‌ ‌addition,‌ ‌internal‌ ‌factors‌ ‌also‌ ‌played‌ ‌a‌ ‌role.‌ ‌The‌‌
historian‌‌Teodoro‌‌Agoncillo‌‌cited‌‌many‌‌defects‌‌that‌‌led‌‌
to‌‌the‌‌Republic’s‌‌demise,‌‌which‌‌includes‌‌the‌‌betrayal‌‌of‌‌
elite‌‌‌ilustrados‌‌and‌‌government‌‌officials‌‌to‌‌the‌‌cause‌‌of‌‌
the‌ ‌revolution,‌ ‌Aguinaldo’s‌ ‌overconfidence‌ ‌with‌‌
American‌ ‌diplomats,‌ ‌and‌ ‌Aguinaldo’s‌ ‌tolerance‌ ‌for‌‌
corruption‌ ‌within‌ ‌his‌ ‌military‌ ‌and‌ ‌elite‌ ‌government‌‌
officials‌ ‌(Escalante‌ ‌1998,‌ ‌453–456).‌ ‌For‌ ‌him,‌ ‌the‌‌
fundamental‌ ‌reason‌ ‌for‌ ‌the‌ ‌Republic's‌ ‌fall‌ ‌was‌ ‌the‌‌
betrayal‌ ‌it‌ ‌experienced‌ ‌from‌ ‌the‌ ‌elite‌‌Filipino‌‌‌caciques‌‌
such‌ ‌as‌ ‌Pedro‌ ‌Paterno,‌‌Trinidad‌‌Pardo‌‌de‌‌Tavera,‌‌and‌‌
Felipe‌ ‌Buencamino,‌ ‌whose‌ ‌only‌ ‌commitment‌ ‌was‌ ‌to‌‌
enrich‌‌themselves‌‌(Agoncillo‌‌1960,‌‌665).‌‌ ‌
‌
While‌ ‌these‌ ‌elites‌ ‌provided‌ ‌the‌ ‌Republic’s‌‌
much-needed‌ ‌intellectual‌ ‌and‌ ‌financial‌ ‌resources,‌
their‌ ‌patriotism‌ ‌was‌ ‌unreliable‌ ‌as‌‌some‌‌of‌‌them‌‌had‌‌sympathies‌‌with‌‌the‌‌American‌‌forces‌‌
and‌ ‌many‌ ‌of‌ ‌them‌ ‌conspired‌ ‌for‌ ‌the‌ ‌removal‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌Republic’s‌ ‌remaining‌ ‌radical‌ ‌leaders‌‌
(e.g.,‌ ‌Antonio‌ ‌Luna’s‌ ‌assassination‌ ‌and‌ ‌Apolinario‌ ‌Mabini’s‌ ‌ouster‌ ‌from‌ ‌the‌ ‌cabinet)‌‌
(Escalante‌‌1998,‌‌456).‌‌ ‌
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In‌‌Philippine‌‌Context‌ ‌
Read‌ ‌about‌ ‌the‌ ‌key‌ ‌points‌ ‌in‌ ‌President‌ ‌Emilio‌ ‌Aguinaldo’s‌ ‌address‌ ‌during‌ ‌the‌ ‌Malolos‌‌
Constitution’s‌‌inauguration‌‌at‌‌the‌‌Barasoain‌‌Church‌‌in‌‌Malolos,‌‌Bulacan.‌‌ ‌
‌
Inaugural‌‌Address‌‌of‌‌President‌‌Aguinaldo,‌‌January‌‌23,‌‌1899‌‌ ‌
Emilio‌‌Aguinaldo,‌‌“Inaugural‌‌Address‌‌of‌‌President‌‌Aguinaldo,‌‌
January,‌‌23,‌‌1899,”‌‌Official‌‌Gazette‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Republic‌‌of‌‌the‌‌
Philippines,‌‌
https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1899/01/23/inaugural-addres‌
s-of-president-aguinaldo-january-23-1899/‌,‌‌last‌‌accessed‌‌on‌‌
January‌‌9,‌‌2021.‌‌ ‌
‌
The‌ ‌ratification‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌1899‌ ‌Malolos‌ ‌Constitution‌ ‌and‌ ‌the‌‌founding‌‌of‌‌the‌‌First‌‌Philippine‌‌
Republic‌ ‌meant‌ ‌a‌ ‌lot‌ ‌of‌ ‌things‌‌to‌‌General‌‌Emilio‌‌Aguinaldo,‌‌the‌‌first‌‌Philippine‌‌president.‌‌
To‌‌him,‌‌a‌‌national‌‌constitution‌‌that‌‌lays‌‌out‌‌the‌‌country’s‌‌fundamental‌‌law‌‌and‌‌adherence‌‌
to‌‌liberal‌‌democratic‌‌principles‌‌marked‌‌out‌‌our‌‌triumph‌‌as‌‌a‌‌people‌‌fighting‌‌for‌‌their‌‌right‌‌
to‌‌self-determination.‌‌According‌‌to‌‌him,‌‌that‌‌inauguration‌‌day‌‌marked‌‌the‌‌Filipinos’‌‌rebirth‌‌
from‌ ‌“revolutionaries”‌ ‌fending‌ ‌off‌ ‌foreign‌ ‌enemies‌ ‌into‌ ‌“republicans”—men‌ ‌of‌ ‌law‌‌
upholding‌‌liberty‌‌and‌‌independence.‌ ‌
‌
Furthermore,‌ ‌for‌ ‌President‌ ‌Aguinaldo,‌ ‌the‌ ‌1899‌ ‌Malolos‌ ‌Constitution‌ ‌crystallized‌ ‌our‌‌
membership‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌ ‌nations‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌‌world.‌‌For‌‌him,‌‌the‌‌special‌‌document‌‌also‌‌marked‌‌our‌‌
transition‌‌from‌‌an‌‌“anonymous”‌‌people‌‌into‌‌a‌‌fully-fledged‌‌legitimate‌‌nation‌‌ready‌‌to‌‌unite‌‌
with‌‌other‌‌countries‌‌in‌‌upholding‌‌justice,‌‌truth,‌‌and‌‌human‌‌dignity.‌‌He‌‌proceeded‌‌to‌‌thank‌‌
the‌ ‌constitutional‌ ‌drafters‌ ‌for‌ ‌making‌ ‌it‌ ‌known‌ ‌around‌ ‌the‌ ‌world‌ ‌that‌ ‌in‌ ‌this‌ ‌“unknown‌‌
portion‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌world”‌ ‌(the‌ ‌Philippines),‌ ‌the‌ ‌democratic‌ ‌principles‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌European‌ ‌and‌‌
American‌‌civilizations‌‌found‌‌a‌‌home.‌‌ ‌
‌
He‌ ‌concluded‌ ‌by‌ ‌saying‌ ‌that‌ ‌the‌ ‌constitution‌ ‌bound‌ ‌together‌ ‌all‌ ‌Filipinos’‌ ‌hearts‌ ‌into‌ ‌a‌‌
single‌‌dream‌‌of‌‌never‌‌living‌‌under‌‌a‌‌foreign‌‌yoke‌‌again.‌‌He‌‌ended‌‌by‌‌saying,‌‌“Long‌‌live‌‌the‌‌
Philippine‌ ‌Republic!‌ ‌Long‌ ‌live‌ ‌the‌ ‌Constitution!‌ ‌Long‌ ‌live‌ ‌their‌ ‌illustrious‌ ‌authors,‌ ‌the‌‌
Representatives‌‌of‌‌the‌‌first‌‌Philippine‌‌Congress!”‌ ‌
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‌Wrap-Up‌ ‌
_____________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ‌
● The‌ ‌Philippines‌ ‌was‌ ‌a‌ ‌colony‌ ‌of‌ ‌Spain‌ ‌for‌ ‌over‌ ‌300‌ ‌years.‌ ‌It‌ ‌was‌ ‌led‌ ‌by‌ ‌a‌‌
centralized‌c‌ olonial‌‌government‌‌headed‌‌by‌‌the‌‌King‌‌of‌‌Spain.‌ ‌
● Locally,‌‌the‌g
‌ overnor-general‌s‌ erved‌‌as‌‌the‌‌highest‌‌official‌‌in‌‌the‌‌country.‌‌ ‌
● Provinces,‌ ‌municipalities,‌ ‌and‌ ‌barangays‌ ‌were‌ ‌led‌ ‌by‌ ‌alcalde-mayores‌ ‌(and‌‌
corregidores‌),‌g
‌ obernadorcillos‌,‌‌and‌c‌ abezas‌‌de‌‌barangay‌,‌‌respectively.‌ ‌
● The‌ ‌colonial‌ ‌government‌ ‌was‌ ‌marked‌ ‌by‌‌‌exploitation‌,‌‌‌abuses‌,‌‌‌clientelism‌,‌‌and‌‌
church‌‌influence‌.‌‌ ‌
● Spanish‌ ‌colonization‌ ‌resulted‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌ ‌fragmentation‌ ‌of‌ ‌precolonial‌ ‌society‌ ‌and‌‌
communities,‌‌the‌‌racial‌‌and‌‌socioeconomic‌‌stratification‌‌of‌‌Philippine‌‌society,‌‌and‌‌
the‌‌wiping‌‌out‌‌of‌‌indigenous‌‌Philippine‌‌systems‌‌and‌‌culture.‌‌ ‌
● Many‌‌Filipinos‌‌revolted‌‌against‌‌Spanish‌‌colonial‌‌rule.‌‌The‌‌‌Propaganda‌‌Movement‌‌
served‌ ‌an‌ ‌important‌ ‌role‌ ‌in‌ ‌articulating‌ ‌a‌ ‌Filipino‌ ‌national‌ ‌identity‌ ‌and‌‌
nationalism.‌‌Meanwhile,‌‌the‌Katipunan‌‌launched‌‌the‌‌‌Philippine‌‌Revolution‌‌that‌‌
led‌ ‌to‌ ‌Philippine‌ ‌independence‌ ‌and‌ ‌the‌ ‌establishment‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌First‌ ‌Philippine‌‌
Republic‌‌‌or‌‌the‌M
‌ alolos‌‌Republic‌.‌ ‌
● The‌ ‌short-lived‌ ‌Malolos‌ ‌Republic‌ ‌was‌ ‌the‌ ‌first‌ ‌constitutional‌ ‌and‌ ‌democratic‌‌
republic‌ ‌in‌ ‌Asia.‌ ‌It‌ ‌was‌ ‌governed‌ ‌by‌ ‌a‌ ‌parliamentary‌ ‌government‌,‌ ‌with‌‌
Katipunan‌ ‌leader‌ ‌Emilio‌ ‌Aguinaldo‌ ‌serving‌ ‌as‌ ‌its‌‌president.‌‌The‌‌entrance‌‌of‌‌the‌‌
United‌‌States‌‌in‌‌the‌‌country‌‌and‌‌several‌‌internal‌‌problems‌‌led‌‌to‌‌its‌‌demise.‌‌ ‌
_____________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ‌
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Try‌‌This!‌ ‌
A.‌ ‌Identification.‌ ‌Choose‌ ‌the‌ ‌correct‌ ‌word‌ ‌from‌ ‌the‌ ‌word‌ ‌bank‌ ‌and‌ ‌write‌ ‌the‌ ‌correct‌‌
answer‌‌on‌‌the‌‌blank‌‌before‌‌each‌‌number.‌ ‌
‌
separation‌‌of‌‌church‌‌ ‌
Andres‌‌Bonifacio‌ ‌ popular‌‌sovereignty‌ ‌
and‌‌state‌ ‌
encomiendas‌ ‌ Katipunan‌ ‌ gobernadorcillos‌ ‌
peninsulares‌ ‌ alcalde-mayores‌ ‌ Propaganda‌‌Movement‌ ‌
governor-general‌ ‌ indios‌ ‌ Emilio‌‌Aguinaldo‌ ‌
________________‌ 1. The‌ ‌1899‌ ‌Malolos‌ ‌Constitution‌ ‌stipulated‌ ‌this‌ ‌principle‌ ‌as‌ ‌a‌‌
direct‌ ‌challenge‌ ‌to‌ ‌the‌ ‌authority‌ ‌of‌ ‌colonial‌ ‌forces‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌‌
Philippines.‌‌ ‌
________________‌ 2. This‌‌refers‌‌to‌‌the‌‌native‌‌Filipinos‌‌of‌‌pure‌‌Malay‌‌race‌‌who‌‌were‌‌at‌‌
the‌ ‌lowest‌‌end‌‌of‌‌society‌‌during‌‌the‌‌Spanish‌‌colonization‌‌of‌‌the‌‌
Philippines.‌‌ ‌
________________‌ 3. This‌ ‌is‌ ‌the‌ ‌title‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌highest‌ ‌official(s)‌ ‌who‌ ‌governed‌ ‌the‌‌
Philippines‌‌on‌‌behalf‌‌of‌‌the‌‌King‌‌of‌‌Spain.‌ ‌ ‌
________________‌ 4. The‌ ‌Philippine‌ ‌Revolution‌ ‌for‌ ‌independence‌ ‌was‌ ‌led‌ ‌by‌ ‌this‌‌
secret‌‌mass‌‌organization.‌‌ ‌
________________‌ ‌ 5. The‌ ‌Spanish‌ ‌colonial‌ ‌government‌ ‌split‌ ‌native‌ ‌Filipino‌‌

communities‌‌and‌‌divided‌‌their‌‌territories‌‌into‌‌these‌‌settlements.‌‌
________________‌ 6. He‌‌was‌‌the‌‌president‌‌of‌‌the‌‌First‌‌Philippine‌‌Republic.‌‌ ‌
‌
‌
5.2.‌T
‌ he‌S
‌ panish‌C
‌ olonial‌G
‌ hilippines‌a
‌ alolos‌G
‌
‌
‌
‌
________________‌ 7. They‌ ‌were‌ ‌pure-blooded‌ ‌Spanish‌ ‌from‌ ‌Europe‌‌who‌‌were‌‌at‌‌the‌‌

top‌‌of‌‌society‌‌during‌‌the‌‌Spanish‌‌colonial‌‌period.‌ ‌
________________‌ 8. Philippine‌ ‌nationalism‌ ‌was‌ ‌heavily‌ ‌developed‌ ‌by‌ ‌this‌ ‌group‌ ‌of‌‌
ilustrados‌ ‌who‌ ‌exposed‌ ‌and‌ ‌criticized‌ ‌the‌ ‌abuse‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌Spanish‌‌
colonial‌‌government‌‌and‌‌the‌‌church.‌‌ ‌
________________‌ 9. These‌ ‌government‌ ‌officials‌ ‌ruled‌ ‌over‌ ‌provincias‌ ‌or‌ ‌provinces‌‌

during‌‌the‌‌Spanish‌‌colonial‌‌period.‌‌ ‌
________________‌ 10. These‌ ‌government‌ ‌officials‌ ‌ruled‌ ‌over‌ ‌pueblos‌ ‌or‌ ‌municipalities‌‌
during‌‌the‌‌Spanish‌‌colonial‌‌period.‌‌ ‌
‌
B.‌ T
‌ rue‌‌or‌‌False.‌W
‌ rite‌t‌ rue‌‌i‌f‌‌the‌‌statement‌‌is‌‌correct.‌‌Otherwise,‌‌write‌f‌ alse.‌‌ ‌
‌
________________‌ 1. Because‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌inexperience‌ ‌in‌ ‌state-building,‌ ‌the‌ ‌Malolos‌‌

Republic‌‌did‌‌not‌‌have‌‌any‌‌local‌‌government‌‌units.‌‌ ‌
________________‌ 2. The‌‌Spanish‌‌colonial‌‌government‌‌was‌‌centralized‌‌because‌‌all‌‌of‌‌
it‌ ‌was‌ ‌under‌ ‌the‌ ‌direct‌ ‌control‌ ‌and‌ ‌supervision‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌King‌ ‌of‌‌
Spain.‌‌ ‌
________________‌ 3. Some‌ ‌native‌ ‌Filipinos‌ ‌were‌ ‌able‌ ‌to‌ ‌hold‌ ‌government‌ ‌positions‌‌
under‌‌the‌‌Spanish‌‌colonial‌‌government.‌‌ ‌
________________‌ 4. The‌ ‌government‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌Malolos‌ ‌Republic‌ ‌was‌ ‌presidential‌ ‌and‌‌
featured‌‌a‌‌national‌‌assembly‌‌with‌‌two‌‌chambers.‌‌ ‌
________________‌ 5. The‌ ‌Malolos‌ ‌Congress‌ ‌led‌ ‌the‌ ‌Philippine‌ ‌Revolution‌ ‌for‌‌

independence.‌‌ ‌
‌
‌
‌
‌
‌
5.2.‌T
‌ he‌S
‌ panish‌C
‌ olonial‌G
‌ hilippines‌a
‌ alolos‌G
‌
‌
‌
‌
Challenge‌‌Yourself‌ ‌
A
‌ nswer‌‌the‌‌following‌‌questions.‌ ‌
‌
1. Why‌ ‌were‌ ‌friars‌ ‌considered‌ ‌powerful‌ ‌figures‌ ‌in‌ ‌politics‌ ‌and‌ ‌governance‌ ‌during‌ ‌the‌‌
Spanish‌‌colonial‌‌period?‌‌ ‌
________________________________________________________________________________________‌
________________________________________________________________________________________‌
________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ‌
________________________________________________________________________________________‌
________________________________________________________________________________________‌
________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ‌
‌
2. Setting‌‌aside‌‌the‌‌looming‌‌invasion‌‌by‌‌the‌‌American‌‌forces,‌‌what‌‌could‌‌have‌‌been‌‌the‌‌
most‌‌urgent‌‌governance‌‌problem‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Malolos‌‌Republic?‌‌ ‌
________________________________________________________________________________________‌
________________________________________________________________________________________‌
________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ‌
________________________________________________________________________________________‌
________________________________________________________________________________________‌
________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ‌
‌
3. Evaluate‌ ‌the‌ ‌young‌ ‌Malolos‌ ‌Republic’s‌ ‌attempt‌ ‌at‌ ‌nation-‌ ‌and‌ ‌state-building.‌ ‌How‌‌
effective‌‌was‌‌it‌‌in‌‌facilitating‌‌both?‌‌ ‌
________________________________________________________________________________________‌
________________________________________________________________________________________‌
________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ‌
________________________________________________________________________________________‌
________________________________________________________________________________________‌
________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ‌
‌
5.2.‌T
‌ he‌S
‌ panish‌C
‌ olonial‌G
‌ hilippines‌a
‌ alolos‌G
‌
‌
‌
‌
Suggested‌‌Rubric‌‌for‌‌Grading‌ ‌
The‌ ‌rubric‌ ‌below‌ ‌is‌ ‌a‌ ‌suggested‌ ‌one.‌ ‌Your‌ ‌teacher‌ ‌may‌ ‌modify‌ ‌the‌ ‌rubric‌ ‌based‌ ‌on‌ ‌your‌‌
needs.‌‌Consult‌‌your‌‌teacher‌‌for‌‌the‌‌final‌‌rubric.‌‌ ‌
‌
Performance‌L
‌ evels‌ ‌
Suggested‌‌
Criteria‌ ‌ 1‌ ‌ 2‌ ‌ 3‌ ‌ Score‌ ‌
Weight‌ ‌
Beginning‌‌ Proficient‌ ‌ Advanced‌‌
Proficiency‌ ‌ Proficiency‌ ‌
The‌‌answers‌‌are‌‌ The‌‌answers‌‌are‌‌clear‌‌ The‌‌answers‌‌are‌‌

Content‌ ‌ ‌
unclear‌‌and‌‌ but‌‌barely‌‌sufficient.‌‌ clear‌‌and‌‌sufficient.‌‌
insufficient.‌‌There‌‌are‌‌ There‌‌are‌‌minor‌‌flaws‌‌ The‌‌argumentations‌‌ ×‌‌3‌ ‌
major‌‌flaws‌‌in‌‌the‌‌ in‌‌the‌‌argumentation.‌ ‌ are‌‌excellent‌ ‌
argumentation.‌ ‌
The‌‌answers‌‌do‌‌not‌‌ The‌‌answers‌‌flow‌ The‌‌answers‌‌flow‌

Organization‌ ‌ ‌
flow‌‌logically‌‌and‌‌the‌‌ logically,‌‌but‌‌the‌‌parts‌‌ logically,‌‌and‌‌the‌‌
×‌‌2‌ ‌
parts‌‌are‌‌not‌‌clearly‌‌ are‌‌not‌‌clearly‌‌ parts‌‌are‌‌clearly‌‌
structured.‌‌ ‌ structured.‌‌ ‌ structured.‌ ‌
There‌‌are‌‌major‌‌ There‌‌are‌‌minor‌‌ There‌‌are‌‌virtually‌‌

Syntax‌ ‌ ‌
errors‌‌in‌‌sentence‌‌ errors‌‌in‌‌sentence‌‌ no‌‌errors‌‌in‌‌
construction,‌‌ construction,‌‌ sentence‌‌
×‌‌1‌ ‌
grammar,‌‌and/or‌‌ grammar,‌‌and/or‌‌ construction,‌‌
spelling.‌‌ ‌ spelling.‌‌ ‌ grammar,‌‌and/or‌‌
spelling.‌‌ ‌
Total‌‌Possible‌‌Score‌ ‌ 18‌ ‌ ‌
‌
‌
‌
‌
‌
‌
‌
‌
‌
‌
‌
5.2.‌T
‌ he‌S
‌ panish‌C
‌ olonial‌G
‌ hilippines‌a
‌ alolos‌G
‌
‌
‌
‌
Reflect‌‌on‌‌This‌ ‌
Answer‌‌the‌‌following‌‌question‌‌briefly.‌ ‌
‌
What‌ ‌were‌ ‌the‌ ‌long-lasting‌ ‌impacts‌ ‌of‌ ‌Spanish‌ ‌colonization‌ ‌on‌ ‌Philippine‌ ‌politics‌ ‌and‌‌
governance?‌‌ ‌
_______________________________________________________________________________________________‌
_______________________________________________________________________________________________‌
_______________________________________________________________________________________________‌
_______________________________________________________________________________________________‌
_______________________________________________________________________________________________‌
_______________________________________________________________________________________________‌
_______________________________________________________________________________________________‌
_______________________________________________________________________________________________‌
_______________________________________________________________________________________________‌
_______________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ‌
Bibliography‌ ‌
Agoncillo,‌ ‌Teodoro.‌ ‌The‌ ‌Revolt‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Masses‌.‌‌Quezon‌‌City:‌‌Philippine‌‌Studies‌‌Reprint‌‌Series,‌‌
University‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Philippines‌‌Press,‌‌1960.‌‌ ‌
‌
Caoili,‌‌Olivia.‌‌“The‌‌Philippine‌‌Legislature:‌‌From‌‌Pre-Spanish‌‌Times‌‌to‌‌the‌‌Eve‌‌of‌‌Martial‌‌Law.”‌‌
In‌ ‌Philippine‌ ‌Politics‌ ‌and‌ ‌Governance:‌ ‌An‌ ‌Introduction,‌ ‌1st‌ ‌Edition‌,‌ ‌edited‌ ‌by‌ ‌Noel‌‌
Morada‌ ‌and‌ ‌Teresa‌ ‌Encarnacion-Tadem,‌ ‌249–278.‌ ‌Quezon‌ ‌City,‌ ‌University‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌‌
Philippines‌‌Department‌‌of‌‌Political‌‌Science,‌‌2006.‌ ‌
‌
Escalante,‌‌Rene.‌‌“Collapse‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Malolos‌‌Republic.”‌P
‌ hilippine‌‌Studies‌‌‌46,‌‌no.‌‌4‌‌(1998):‌‌
452–476.‌‌Accessed‌‌January‌‌3,‌‌2020.‌‌
http://ojs.philippinestudies.net/index.php/ps/article/viewFile/705/707‌.‌‌ ‌
‌
5.2.‌T
‌ he‌S
‌ panish‌C
‌ olonial‌G
‌ hilippines‌a
‌ alolos‌G
‌
‌
‌
‌
“Evolution‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Revolution‌.”‌ ‌‌‌n.d.‌‌‌Presidential‌‌Museum‌‌and‌‌Library‌.‌‌Accessed‌‌January‌‌3,‌‌2020.‌
http://malacanang.gov.‌‌ph/7824-evolution-of-the-revolution/‌.‌‌ ‌
‌
Rebullida,‌ ‌Ma.‌ ‌Lourdes‌ ‌&‌ ‌Cecilia‌ ‌Serrano.‌ ‌“Bureaucracy‌ ‌and‌ ‌Public‌ ‌Management‌ ‌in‌‌
Democracy,‌ ‌Development,‌ ‌and‌ ‌Governance‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌ ‌Philippines.”‌‌In‌‌‌Philippine‌‌Politics‌‌
and‌ ‌Governance:‌ ‌An‌ ‌Introduction,‌ ‌1st‌ ‌Edition‌,‌ ‌edited‌ ‌by‌ ‌Noel‌ ‌Morada‌ ‌and‌ ‌Teresa‌‌
Encarnacion-Tadem,‌‌271-248.‌‌Quezon‌‌City,‌‌University‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Philippines‌‌Department‌‌
of‌‌Political‌‌Science,‌‌2006.‌ ‌
‌
‌
5.2.‌T
‌ he‌S
‌ panish‌C
‌ olonial‌G
‌ hilippines‌a
‌ alolos‌G
‌

5.2 The.-5.2 The Spanish Colonial Government in The Philippines and The Malolos Government-01

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5.2 The.-5.2 The Spanish Colonial Government in The Philippines and The Malolos Government-01

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‌

the‌‌KKK‌‌(Katipunan)‌ ‌ the‌‌Philippine‌‌Revolution‌ ‌ the‌‌Propaganda‌‌Movement‌ ‌

the‌‌Malolos‌‌Republic‌ ‌ pueblos‌ ‌ ilustrados‌ ‌

friars‌ ‌ indios‌ ‌ peninsulares‌ ‌

in‌ ‌the‌ ‌Philippines‌ ‌during‌ ‌the‌ ‌Spanish‌ ‌colonization‌ ‌and‌‌

encomiendas‌ ‌ Katipunan‌ ‌ gobernadorcillos‌ ‌

peninsulares‌ ‌ alcalde-mayores‌ ‌ Propaganda‌‌Movement‌ ‌

governor-general‌ ‌ indios‌ ‌ Emilio‌‌Aguinaldo‌ ‌

________________‌ ‌ 5. The‌ ‌Spanish‌ ‌colonial‌ ‌government‌ ‌split‌ ‌native‌ ‌Filipino‌‌

________________‌ 7. They‌ ‌were‌ ‌pure-blooded‌ ‌Spanish‌ ‌from‌ ‌Europe‌‌who‌‌were‌‌at‌‌the‌‌

________________‌ 9. These‌ ‌government‌ ‌officials‌ ‌ruled‌ ‌over‌ ‌provincias‌ ‌or‌ ‌provinces‌‌

________________‌ 1. Because‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌inexperience‌ ‌in‌ ‌state-building,‌ ‌the‌ ‌Malolos‌‌

________________‌ 5. The‌ ‌Malolos‌ ‌Congress‌ ‌led‌ ‌the‌ ‌Philippine‌ ‌Revolution‌ ‌for‌‌

The‌‌answers‌‌are‌‌ The‌‌answers‌‌are‌‌clear‌‌ The‌‌answers‌‌are‌‌

The‌‌answers‌‌do‌‌not‌‌ The‌‌answers‌‌flow‌ The‌‌answers‌‌flow‌

There‌‌are‌‌major‌‌ There‌‌are‌‌minor‌‌ There‌‌are‌‌virtually‌‌

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