UNIT V AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING
OBD (ON-BOARD DIAGNOSTICS)
On-board diagnostics (OBD) is a term
referring to a vehicle's self-diagnostic and
reporting capability. OBD systems give the
vehicle owner or repair technician access to
the status of the various vehicle sub-systems.
This on-board computer system collects
information from the network of sensors inside
the vehicle, which the system can then use to
regulate car systems or alert the user to
problems.
Figure 1 OBD
EBD - ELECTRONIC BRAKE FORCE
DISTRIBUTION:
With EBD, a computer called an electronic
control unit (ECU) determines the slip ratio of
each of the tires individually. If the ECU notices
that the rear wheels are in danger of slipping,
it applies less force to them while maintaining
(or, if necessary, increasing) the force applied
to the front wheels. EBD is also useful when the
car is braking while driving around a corner.
While turning, the outer wheels of the car
rotate more quickly than the inside wheels. If
too much brake force is applied to the inner
wheels they can lock, causing the car to
oversteer and go out of control. EBD can sense
the slippage of the inner wheels and reduce
the brake force on those wheels without
reducing the force on the outer wheels.
COMPONENTS OF EBD:
Speed sensors: To determine the slip ratio of
a wheel, the EBD system needs two pieces of
information: the speed at which the wheel is
rotating and the speed of the car. If the speed
at which the wheel is rotating is slower than
the speed at which the car is moving, then the
wheel is slipping and a skid can result. A sensor
is placed at each wheel to determine wheel
speed. There is no specific sensor to measure
the forward motion of the car. Instead, the
speed measurements from all four wheels are
averaged to create an estimate of the vehicle's
overall speed. It calculates the slip ratio and
relay it to the ECU.
Brake force modulators: Brake force is applied
to the wheels hydraulically, with brake fluid
pumped into brake lines in such a way as to
pneumatically activate the brake cylinders. The
EBD system can modulate the amount of brake
fluid going to each wheel through electrically
actuated valves. Used to keep the slip ratios
within the limits.
Electronic Control Unit (ECU): The ECU is a
small computer embedded in the antilock
braking system. It receives input from the
speed sensors, calculates the slip ratio of the
wheels, and uses the brake force modulators
to apply an appropriate amount of force to
keep the slip ratio of each wheel within a
Figure 2 EBD system
reasonable range.
ADVANTAGES OF EBD:
 Reduced braking distance, even
compared to ABS.
UNIT V AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

 The car behaves stably when braking in
a corner.
 The nature of deceleration is less
dependent on the load of the car,
which is especially important for
commercial vehicles.
 The set of conditions under which a
skid may occur during braking is
minimized.
DISADVANTAGES:
 Algorithms for working on all-wheel
drive vehicles are not fully developed,
such chassis can create problems even
for experienced drivers.
 The system is not perfect for working
on slippery slopes, so it still
automatically shuts off in such
conditions at low speeds.
ELECTRONIC STABILITY
PROGRAM :
The electronic stability program (ESP®)
supports the driver in nearly all critical driving
situations. It comprises the functions of the
antilock braking system (ABS) and the traction
control system, but can do considerably more.
It detects vehicle skidding movements, and
actively counteracts them. This considerably
improves driving safety.
from accidentally rolling backward. Hill hold
control facilitates a hill start by keeping the
brakes applied for about two more seconds
after the driver has already released the brake
pedal.
The load and the higher center of gravity
of light commercial vehicles make them reach
a critical lateral acceleration faster than
passenger cars. The risk of roll over is thus
considerably higher. Roll over mitigation
constantly monitors the vehicle behavior with
the help of the ESP® sensors and intervenes
when the vehicle threatens to roll over. Roll
over mitigation brakes individual wheels and
reduces the driving torque to prevent roll over
and to stabilize the vehicle.
HVAC – HEATING VENTILATION
AND AIR CONDITIONING
SYSTEM

COMPONENTS: A basic HVAC system consists of various

components like compressors, air
WHEEL SPEED SENSOR – Active wheel speed
conditioners, condensers etc. They are
sensors, detect the rotational speed of the
classified as
wheels using non-contact measuring
principles. ONBOARD COMPONENTS:
STEERING ANGLE SENSOR – Measures the
steering angle and steering angle velocity.  Blower motor / Fan
 Cabin Air Filter
INERTIAL MEASUREMENT UNIT – Inertia
 Evaporator Unit
sensors to calculate the relative position of the
 Heating Coil
vehicle.
OUTBOARD COMPONENTS:
ADDITIONAL OPPORTUNITIES:
 COMPRESSORS
Hill starts are not always easy, particularly
 CONDENSOR
when the vehicle is heavily loaded. The driver
 EXPANSION VALVE
has to operate brake, accelerator and clutch
 ACCUMULATOR
pedals very fast in order to prevent the vehicle
UNIT V AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

OUTBOARD COMPONENTS:
UNIT V AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

ONBOARD COMPONENTS: