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EVALUATING
WRITTEN TEXTS BY
ANALYZING CLAIMS
Subject : READING AND WRITING SKILLS Presented by : TYRA YU & JENZYLIE GALENZOGA
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DEFINING CRITICAL READING

Whenever you read something and you evaluate claims, seek definitions,
judge information, demand proof, and question assumptions, you are
thinking critically. This type of reading goes beyond passively understanding a
text, because you process the author's words and make judgments after carefully
considering the reading's message.
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TECHNIQUES IN
DEVELOPING
CRITICAL READING
SKILLS

01 Keeping a reading journal
A reading journal is similar to keeping a diary, except you are writing
your feelings and ideas in reaction to your reading assignment. This
process allows you to develop your impressions of the text and
connect them to your personal experiences. This allows you to
better relate to the essay and understand the author's ideas.
03 Outlining the text
Creating a rough outline of the text will also be helpful in getting to
understand it more critically. By locating the thesis statement, claims,
and evidence, and then plotting these into an outline, you can see how
the writer structures, sequences, and connects his or her ideas.
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02 Annotating the text
Annotating the text simply means making notes on your copy of the
reading. This includes highlighting or underlining important passages
and writing notes, comments, questions, and reactions on the margins.
04 Summarizing the text
Summarizing the text is similar to outlining, in that you need to get
the gist. A summary consists of getting the main points of the essay
and important supporting details.
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05 Questioning the text

Questioning the text involves asking specific questions on points that
you are skeptical about. These may be topics that do not meet your
expectations or agree with your personal views.
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DETERMINING EXPLICIT AND

IMPLICIT INFORMATION:
Critical reading also means that you are able to distinguish the information
that is clearly stated (explicit) in the text from ideas that are
suggested (implicit). This will heip you make inferences about what you
read.
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DEFINING CLAIMS
Claim, or the central argument or thesis statement of the text. This claim is what
the writer tries to prove in the text by providing details, explanations, and other
types of evidence.
 TYPES OF CLAIMS
Claims of Fact
claims of fact state a quantifiable assertion, or a measurable topic. They assert that something has existed,
exists, or will exist based on data. They rely on reliable sources or systematic procedures to be validated; this is
what makes them different from inferences.

Claims of Value
claims of value assert something that can be qualified. They consist of arguments about moral, philosophical,
or aesthetic topics. These types of topics try to prove that some values are more or less desirable compared to
others. They make judgments, based on certain standards, on whether something is right or wrong, good or
bad, or something similar.
 TYPES OF CLAIMS
Claims of Policy
claims of policy posit that specific actions should be chosen as solutions to a particular problem. You can
easily identify a claim of policy because they begin with "should " ught to, or "must? Claims of policy
because they defend actionable plans, usually answer "how" questions.
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IDENTIFYING THE CONTEXT OF TEXT

DEVELOPMENT
Context is defined as the social, cultural, political, historical, and other related
circumstances that surround the text and form the terms from which it can be better
understood and evaluated.

Intertextuality is the modeling of a text's meaning by another text. It is defined as the

connections between language, images, characters, themes, or subjects depending on
their similarities in language, genre, or discourse.

Hypertext, therefore, is a nonlinear way of showing information. Hypertext connects

topics on a screen to related information, graphics, videos, and music- information is not
simply related to text.
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IDENTIFYING ASSERTIONS
Assertions become the primary channel for a reader to assent
to a claim. Assertions are declarative sentences that claim
something is true about something else. Simply put, it is a
sentence that is either true or false.
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4 COMMON TYPES OF
ASSERTION
Fact - a statement that can be proven objectively by direct
experience, testimonies of witnesses, verified observations, or
the results of research.

The Sampaguita's roots are used for medicinal purposes, such as an

anesthetic and sedative.
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4 COMMON TYPES OF
ASSERTION
Convection - a way in which something is done, similar to
traditions and norms. Conventions depend on historical
precedent, laws, rules, usage, and customs.

The sampaguita belongs to the genus Jasminum of the family

Oleaceae
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4 COMMON TYPES OF
ASSERTION
Opinion - are based on facts, but are difficult to objectively
verify because of the uncertainty of producing satisfactory proofs
of soundness.

The popularity of sampaguita flowers is most evident in places of

worship
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4 COMMON TYPES OF
ASSERTION
Preferences are based on personal choice; therefore, they are
subjective and cannot be objectively proven or logicaly
attacked.

Sampaguitas are the most beautiful and most fragrant of all flowers
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FORMULATING COUNTERCLAIMS
Counterclaims are claims made to rebut a previous
claim. They provide a contrasting perspective to the main
argument.
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DETERMINING TEXTUAL EVIDENCE

Evidence is defined as the details given by the author to
support his/her claim.
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THANK YOU

Subject : READING AND WRITING SKILLS Submit by : TYRA YU & JENZYLIE GALENZOGA