SECOND QUARTER- SCIENCE 8

1. TYPES OF FAULTS- normal fault, reverse fault, oblique-slip fault, strike-slip fault
(describe each)
2. Study the diagram.

______Tension
(Rock stretches/pulled
away from each other

_____ Compression
(Rock pushes
together)

3. Tension, Compression, Shearing

_____ Shearing
(Rock slips past each
other)

Active Fault Earthquake Epicenter Fault Focus

Hypocenter Pacific Ring of Fire Seismic waves

a. The spot directly above the focus on the surface of the earth epicenter.
b. The Philippines is prone to earthquakes because it is located in
the Pacific Ring of Fire.
c. It has caused earthquake in the past and is capable of generating more in
the future active faults.
d. The point directly below the epicenter is hypocenter or focus.
e. A vibration due to rapid release of energy is called an earthquake.

When an earthquake occurs, the shaking is greater near the epicenter.

Philippine Fault Zone- 1,200 km fault zone in the country that moves across the
archipelago.
Valley Fault System- the fault system runs in Metro Manila.

4. Fault plane- is the flat surface along which there is slip during an earthquake.
5. Magnitude is a quantitative measure of the energy released during the earthquake while
intensity is a qualitative measure of the strength of the earthquake at a certain location.
 Magnitude is measured by Richter scale. Richter scale (ML), quantitative measure of an
earthquake's magnitude (size), devised in 1935 by American seismologists Charles F.
Richter and Beno Gutenberg. The earthquake's magnitude is determined using the
logarithm of the amplitude (height) of the largest seismic wave calibrated to a scale by a
seismograph.

6. The intensity of an earthquake at a location is a number that characterizes the severity of

ground shaking at that location by considering the effects of the shaking on people, on
manmade structures, and on the landscape.- Modified Mercalli Scale

7. CRUST, MANTLE, CORE- (memorize the description)

- Crust- This is the outside layer of the earth and is made of solid rock, mostly basalt
and granite. There are two types of crust; oceanic and continental. Oceanic crust is
 denser and thinner and mainly composed of basalt. Continental crust is less dense,
thicker, and mainly composed of granite.
- Mantle- The mantle is the mostly solid bulk of Earth's interior. The mantle lies
between Earth's dense, super-heated core and its thin outer layer, the crust. The
mantle is about 2,900 kilometers (1,802 miles) thick, and makes up a whopping 84
percent of Earth's total volume.
- Outer core is liquid because S-waves disappear as they move through the outer core.
- Inner core is solid spheroid that comprises the inner core of the Earth is made
of different metals, specifically, mostly iron and nickel. Siderophiles, or elements that
dissolve in iron, are also found in the inner core. These elements include gold, cobalt,
and platinum. Most of the Earth's sulfur is in the core as well.
8. Seismic waves and densities of the earth’s crust are related to each other because, the
greater the density of the earth’s crust, the slower the seismic wave moves.
9. Types of seismic waves- body waves (P and S waves- both travel through the earth’s
interior) Surface waves- love and Rayleigh waves (memorize the description)
10. Tsunami is a series of waves travelling across the ocean. As tsunami moves into shallow
water, the heigh of the wave increases and it happens due to a sudden displacement of a
large body of water. It does not always occur when there is an earthquake because the
magnitude of an earthquake needs to be 6.5 and above.
11. TYPHOON- develop from the rising of warm, moist air over the ocean causing an area of
lower air pressure below.
12. Difference of typhoon, hurricane and cyclone- location (memorize the specific location)
13. Bodies of water are breeding grounds of typhoon and there 20 is the average number of
typhoons that enter the PAR.
14. Storm Signals- memorize the wind speed per hour.

15. Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR)

This is the smallest and innermost monitoring domain, whose boundary is closest to the
Philippine Islands. The exact dimensions of this domain are the area of the Western
North Pacific bounded by imaginary lines connecting the coordinates: 5°N 115°E, 15°N
 115°E, 21°N 120°E, 25°N 120°E, 25°N 135°E and 5°N 135°E. The western boundary of
the PAR is closer to the coastline of the country than the eastern boundary. The eastern
PAR boundary is several hundred kilometers away from the nearest coastline in the
eastern part of the country and completely encloses the East Philippine Sea. Tropical
Cyclones inside the PAR warrants the issuance of Severe Weather Bulletin, the highest
level of warning information issued for tropical cyclones.
16. Typhoons typically make an east-to-west route in the country, heading northwest due to
the Coriolis effect. As a result, landfalls occur in the regions of the country that face the
Pacific Ocean, especially Eastern Visayas, Bicol Region, and northern Luzon, whereas
Mindanao is largely free of typhoons.
17. The ultimate reason why the Philippines is prone to typhoons is its geographic location.
The country is in Southeast Asia in the western part of the Pacific Ocean. It is also an
archipelago consisting of roughly 7,000 islands and islets.
18. Parts of a Typhoon- memorize the description.
19.
An asteroid is a A meteoroid is a A meteor is a streak of light Comets
small rocky small piece of an in the sky that appears when a are frozen
object that orbits asteroid or a comet. meteoroid burns up upon leftovers from the
the Sun. A comet entering Earth's atmosphere. formation of the
is a ball of ice and solar system
dust that obits the composed of
Sun. dust, rock, and
ices.
Asteroids are Most meteoroids are How are meteors formed? Comets seem to
minor planets, small fragments of Meteors, also known as be found in two
including some rock created by shooting stars, are formed places: some far
dwarf planets. asteroid collisions from small rocks or particles beyond the edge
They are rocky Meteoroids are space of dust that enter the Earth's of the solar
and orbit a star. rocks that range in atmosphere and vaporize due system called the
Examples of size from dust grains to the friction and heat Oort Cloud, and
asteroids include to small asteroids. generated by their high-speed some beyond
Ceres (a dwarf When meteoroids descent. Most meteors are Neptune in a
planet), Vesta, and enter Earth's thought to come from comets, region called the
Pallas. atmosphere, or that which are composed of ice, Kuiper Belt. The
Technically, not of another planet, at dust, and rock. Oort Cloud may
all minor planets high speed and burn contain a trillion
are asteroids. up, they're called A meteor is a flash of light icy comets.
Asteroids are meteors. When you (shooting star or falling star)
rocky bodies see lots if meteors, seen when a meteoroid,
ranging in size you're watching a asteroid, or comet heats up in
from one meter to meteor shower. the Earth’s atmosphere. Most
several hundred Meteor showers meteors come from
meters that are occur when the earth meteoroids. Millions of
found within the in its orbit around meteors occur every day, but
orbit of the the sun passes most come from meteoroids
furthest true through the debris about the size of a grain of
planet of a solar left by comets. sand.
system. Some
asteroids are
dead comets,
which have lost
the volatile
components that
give comets their
tails.
Meteorites have Comets
been found go around the
that resemble a rock Sun in a highly
but have a burned elliptical orbit.
metallic outer They can spend
appearance. This is hundreds and
caused by the object thousands of
heating up as it Different chemicals in the years out in the
passes through the meteors produce different depths of the
Earth's atmosphere. colors as they burn up while solar system
entering the Earth's before they return
atmosphere to Sun at their
perihelion. Like
all orbiting
bodies, comets
follow Kepler's
Laws - the closer
they are to the
Sun, the faster
they move.
Comets have the largest coma Halley was last
and longest tail when they are seen in Earth's
nearest to the sun. skies in 1986 and
was met in space
It is a common belief that the by an
appearance of comet foretells international fleet
tragedy. of spacecraft. It
will return in
2062 on its
regular 76-year
journey around
the Sun.