VITAMINS & MINERALS

- Vitamin are organic substances made by plants or animals

- Vitamins and minerals are nutrients that your body needs to grow and
develop.
- Minerals are inorganic elements that cone from the earth
- Animals & humans absorb minerals from plants they eat.

2 CLASSES:
1. Water-soluble vitamins must be replaced each day.
2. Fat-soluble vitamins dissolve in fat before absorbed in the blood
stream. Excess of these vitamins are stored in the liver.

Classes of Vitamins:
Fat Soluble Vitamins: stored in tissues
A
D
E
K

Water Soluble Vitamins:

not stored in tissues, must have constant supply
B, B1, B2, B6 & B12
Niacin
Folic Acid
C

VITAMIN A
- Play an important role in vision, bone growth, reproduction, cell
division, and cell differentiation.
- Helps regulate the immune system.
- Promotes healthy surface linings of the eyes and the
respiratory,urinary, anmd intestinal tracts
- Helps the skin ans mucous membranes function as a barrier to bacteria
and viruses
- Vitamin A found in foods that come from animals is called preformed
vitamin A.
Sources: liver, whole milk, and some fortified food products, fruits
and vegetables such as carrots, cantaloupes, sweet potatoes, and
spinach.
 Deficiency signs: retarded growth in the young, the development
of a peculiar condition around the eyes known as Xerophthalmia, night
blindness and reproductive disorders.

VITAMIN B6
- A water soluble vitamin
- Helps with protein metabolism
- Plays a role in cognitive development
Sources: fish, beef liver, other organ meat, potatoes and other
starchy vegetables
Deficiency: microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic
abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at
the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and
confusion, and weakened immune function

VITAMIN B12
- Helps keep the body’s nerve and blood cells healthy
- Helps make DNA
- Helps prevent megaloblastic anemia
Sources: fish, meat, poultry, eggs, milk, and other dairy products
Deficiency: a pale yellow tinge to your skin. a sore and red tongue
(glossitis) mouth ulcers. pins and needles (paraesthesia)
Sources: fish, meat, poultry, eggs, milk, and other dairy products

VITAMIN D
- Vitamin D is needed for health and to maintain strong bones
- Helps the body absorb calcium
- Muscles need vitamin D to move, immune system needs vitamin D to
fight off bacteria & viruses
Sources: Fatty fish such as salmon, tuna, and mackerel are among
the best sources of vitamin D.

VITAMIN E
- A fat-soluble nutrient found in mnay foods
- α – tocopherol: most active biological form
- Acts as an antioxidant helping to protect cells
- Boosts the immune system to fight off invading bacteria and viruses
Sources: vegetable oils, nuts, seeds, green vegetables, some
breakfast cereals
 Deficiency signs: poor growth, "crazy chick" disease, Muscular
Dystrophy, "white muscle" disease in ruminants and swine and "stiff
lamb" disease (affects the nerves and muscles).

FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS (ADEK)

Vitamin A
- formed upon conversion of the plant pigment beta-carotene by
the liver
3 forms:
retinol (alcohol) – in body’s skin & lining
retinal (aldehyde) – 1/1000 is in the retina
retinoic acid (acid) – in body’s skin & lining
- helps maintain the integrity of mucous membrane

Vitamin D
2 forms:
ergocalciferol (vit D2)
cholecalciferol (vit D3)
- promotes normal bone mineralization
- promotes Calcium & Phosphorus absorption in the intestine

Vitamin E
A fat-soluble nutrient found in many foods
α – tocopherol: most active biological form
- an antioxidant: prevents the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty
acids in phospholipids present in plasma membranes

Vitamin K
- occurs in several forms and differ only in the length of their side
chains
K1 : dark green leafy vegetables
K2 : synthesized by bacteria growing in the colon
- half of the body’s Vit. K comes from the diet
and half from the synthesis of intestinal bacteria
- essential for the formation of prothrombin and other proteins
involved in blood clotting
-required for the synthesis of other proteins found in plasma,
bone & kidney
MINERAL FACTS
- Essential inorganic nutrients, required in small amounts.
- As many as 20 minerals may be required!
- Required for growth, maintenance, reproduction and lactation.
Who is Cap. KS Naclmg?
The Macrominerals
Calcium Ca
Phosphorous P
Potassium K
Sulfur S
Sodium Na
Chlorine Cl
Magnesium Mg

CALCIUM
- Helps build strong bones and healthy teeth
- Body needs calcium for muscles to move and nerves to carry messages
- Calcium helps move blood through blood vessels and release hormones
and enzymes
Sources: milk,cheese, yogurt, canned salmon and sardines, leafy
green vegetable, and calciuim fortified foods, oyster sheel, limestone
Deficiency signs: retarded growth, deformed bones in young
animals (rickets), and soft shelled eggs and osteoporosis in older
animals.

POTASSIUM
- Keeps muscles and nervous system working properly
- An electrolyte that conducts electricity in the body
- Retention and formation of body fluids, pH concentration of body fluid
and rumen digestion.
Sources: bananas, broccoli, tomatoes, potatoes with skins, leafy
green vegetables, citrus fruits, dried fruits, and legumes
Deficiency signs: nonspecific and unlikely under most conditions
but may have decreased feed consumption and efficiency.

IRON
- Iron helps the body transport oxygen from the lungs to the rest of your
body
- Essential for the regulation of cell growth and differentiation
- Essential for the function of every organ and tissue of the body
(Hemoglobin).
Deficiency: fatigue, poor work performance, and decreased
immunity, nutritional anemia, labored breathing and pale eyelids, ears
and nose.
Sources: red meat, tuna, salmon, eggs, beans, baked potato with
skin, dried fruit, leafy green vegetables, whole and enriched grains

MAGNESIUM
- Approximately 50% of total body magnesium is found in bone.The
other half is found predominantly in cells of body tissue and organs
- Helps maintain muscle and nerve function, keeps heart rhythm steady,
supports a healthy immune system, keeps bones strong.
- Help regulate blood sugar levels, promotes normal blood pressure
- Eating a wide variety of legumes, nuts, whole grains, and vegetables
will help meet your daily need for magnesium
Deficiency: weakness, irritability, abnormal heart rhythm, nausea
and/or diarrhoea, or if you have abnormal calcium or potassium levels.
Sources: pumpkin seed, chia seed, almonds, spinach, cashews,
peanuts, soymilk, oatmeal, avocado, guava, bananas, papayas

ZINC
- Supports normal growth and development during pregnancy,
childhood, and adolescence
- Required for the proper sense of taste and smell
- Involved in numerous aspects of cellular metabolism
Sources: beef, pork, lamb, & legumes
Deficiency: skin changes that look like eczema, often found around
the mouth, nappy area and hands

TRACE MINERALS
Iron, Manganese, Copper, Iodine, Zinc, Flouride, and Selenium

Manganese is important for production of enzymes and antioxidants

Copper is necessary for your body to make connective tissue and
metabolism of iron
Iodine is used to synthesize thyroid hormones
Flouride is used for strong bones and teeth. Reduces the number of
cavities in your teeth
Selenium combines with proteins to make antioxidants and is also
essential for normal thyroid function

Vocabulary Review:

Nutrients - chemical substances in food that are used by the body to

produce energy and tissues.
Vitamins - essential organic nutrients, required in small amounts, that
cannot be synthesized by the body. Required for growth, maintenance,
reproduction and lactation.
Vitamin deficiency - decline in health due to the lack of a vitamin in a
ration.
Fat soluble vitamin - a vitamin that can be stored and accumulated in the
liver and other fatty tissues.
Water soluble vitamin - a vitamin that cannot be stored in the tissues.
Must be provided regularly as deficiencies can develop in a short time.
Minerals - essential inorganic compounds, required in small amounts.
Required for growth, maintenance, reproduction and lactation.
Macrominerals - required in large amounts.
Microminerals - required in small amounts.