PART 4

1. Explain how knowledge of homeostasis, feedback, diffusion and membrane transport is applicable to:

a. Bone growth

knowledge of homeostasis:

Vitamin D and Calcium Homeostasis

It circulates as a hormone in the blood, regulating the concentration of calcium and phosphate in the
bloodstream and promoting the healthy growth and remodeling of bone.

 feedback:
 diffusion:
 membrane transport mechanisms:

b. Blood clotting

 knowledge of homeostasis:
 feedback:
 diffusion:
 membrane transport mechanisms:

2. What are the different macro and micro nutrients and their functions in the human body? Give
examples of each macro nutrient and their sources.

Micronutrients are consumed in large amounts while micronutrients are consumed in very small
amounts.

Macronutrients:

A. Carbohydrates

 Functions: Main source of energy and also help in maintaining a healthy digestive system
 Examples: monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides.
 Sources: Sugar, starches and fibers found in fruits, grains, vegetables and milk products.

B. Proteins

 Functions: Involved in metabolic, transport, and hormone systems and make up enzymes that
regulate metabolism.
 Examples: Essential vs non-essential amino acids.
  Sources: Beans, soy products, peanuts, seeds, whole grains such as oat or brown rice and animal
sources.

C. Lipids (fats)

 Functions: it reserve energy, protects vital organs and transport fat soluble vitamins
 Example: saturated and unsaturated
 Sources: oils, nuts, seeds, meat, fish, dairy, and micronutrients.

Micronutrients:

A. Vitamins

 Functions: certain chemicals the body needs in small amounts to function properly, it is also
essential to normal metabolism.
 Examples: Water-soluble vitamins and Fat-soluble vitamins
 Sources: Iron, Vitamin A, vitamin B12, Vitamin E

B. Minerals

 Functions: inorganic nutrients that are necessary for normal metabolic functions
 Examples: major minerals and trace minerals.
 Sources: Iron and vitamin b12( such as meat, poultry, fish, and beans), Vitamin A, Vitamin E
such as nuts, seeds, vegetable oils

3. What are the functions in the body of the following nutrients, their sources and significance to
dental practice?

A. Sodium

 Functions: Needed for proper fluid balance, nerve transmission, and muscle contraction
 Sources: Table salt, soy sauce; large amounts in processed foods; small amounts in milk, breads,
vegetables, and unprocessed meats
 Significance:

B. Potassium

 Functions: also needed for proper fluid balance, nerve transmission, and muscle contraction
 Sources: Meats, milk, fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains, legumes
 Significance: potassium improves bone mineral density. It also works with magnesium to
prevent blood from becoming too acidic.
C. Calcium

 Functions: Important for healthy bones and teeth; helps muscles relax and contract; important
in nerve functioning, blood clotting, blood pressure regulation, immune system health
 Sources: Milk and milk products; canned fish with bones, fortified tofu and fortified soy milk
 Significance: The calcium helps harden the enamel and strengthen the jawbone.

D. Vitamin C

 Functions: it is an anti-oxidant, part of an enzyme needed for protein metabolism, also it is

important for immune system health and aids in iron absorption.
 Sources: it is only found in fruits and vegetables, especially citrus fruits, vegetables in the
cabbage family, strawberries, peppers, tomatoes, potatoes, lettuce, papayas, mangoes and
kiwifruit
 Significance: It can protect against gingivitis, the early stage of gum disease, and can prevent
the teeth from loosening.

E. Vitamin K

 Functions: Needed for proper blood clotting

 Sources: Leafy green vegetables and green vegetables
 Significance:  The vitamin K deficiency can slow down the body’s healing process and it can
help to prevent tooth decay

4. What is a Punnett square and discuss and explain the results of: A heterozygous Dominant brown
eyed father and a homozygous black eyed mother.

Punnett square is a graphical representation of the possible genotypes of an offspring arising from a
particular cross or breeding event. Creating a Punnett square requires knowledge of the genetic
composition of the parents. For the problem of a heterozygous Dominant brown eyed father and a
homozygous black eyed mother. The results of their offspring will have 50% brown eyes while the
probability of their offspring of having black eyes is also 50% since the heterozygous brown eyes are
dominan (Bb) t and the homozygous black eyes are recessive (bb).