Ministry of Higher Education and

Scientific Research
Erbil Polytechnic University
Erbil Technology College
Information and Communication
Technology Engineering Department
(ICTE)

Number Systems
Second Stage - Third semester
For studying Year / 2023 – 2024
Assistant Lecturer
Ferman I. Kareem
Introduction

• The availability of low-cost integrated-circuit .

• And the ability of processing and storing large

quantities of data at high speed.

• This led to the development of a wide range of

systems for both professional and domestic
use.
Digital and analog

Analog Signal

High

Low

Digital Signal
The Digital Advantages

• Digital data can be processed more efficiently and reliably

than analog data.

• Digital data has a great advantage when storage is necessary.

For example, music when converted to digital form can be
stored more compactly. (1111000)  4(1)3(0).

• It can transmit information with minimal noise.

• Digital systems are used in communication, business

transaction, traffic control, medical treatment, weather
monitoring.
Number Systems

• The technique to represent and work with

numbers is called number system.

• The total number of digits used in a number

system is called its base or radix .

• The base is written after the number as subscript;

for instance 10001102 (1000110 base 2), 5610 (56
to base of 10) , 718 (71 base 8).
Decimal Number System

• Decimal number system has only ten (10) digits.

• Every number (value) is represented with 0,1,2,3,4,5,6, 7,8 and

9 in this number system.

• The base of decimal number system is 10, because it has only

10 digits.
 The decimal number system is said to be of base 10 because it
uses 10 digits and the coefficients are multiplied by powers of 10.
In general, a number with a decimal point is represented by a
series of coefficients:

a4 a3 a2 a1 a0 . a-1 a-2 a-3

• The coefficients aj are any of the 10 digits (0, 1, 2, ……,9), and the
subscript value j gives the place value and, hence, the power of 10 by
which the coefficient must be multiplied.

104×a4 +103×a3+102×a2 +101×a1 +100×a0 . 10-1× a-1 +10-2×a-2 +10-3×a-3

Binary Number System

• A Binary number system has only two digits, which are 0 and 1.

• Every number (value) is represented with 0 and 1 in this

number system.

• The base of binary number system is 2.

• BINARY is the number system form which the system/machine

accepts.
Example

1010 2 is equal to 10 as follows:

1×23 + 0×22 + 1× 21 + 0×20

8 + 0 + 2 + 0 = (10)10
LSB (right-most bit) has a weight of 20 = 1.
MSB (left- most bit) has a weight of 23 = 8.
Hexadecimal number system

• A Hexadecimal number system has sixteen (16) alphanumeric

values from 0 to 9 and A to F.

• Every number (value) represents with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,

A, B, C, D, E and F in this number system.

• The base of hexadecimal number system is 16, because it has 16

alphanumeric values.

• Here, we have 0 to 9, representing 0 – 9 but from 10, we have A

is 10, B is 11, C is 12, D is 13, E is 14 and F is 15.
Octal number system

• Octal number system has only eight (8) digits from 0 to 7.

• Every number (value) is represented with 0,1,2,3,4,5,6 and

7 in this number system.

• The base of octal number system is 8, because it has only 8

digits.
BCD numbering system

• In the BCD numbering system, the given decimal number is

segregated into chunks of four bits for each decimal.

• Each decimal digit is converted into its direct binary form (usually
represented in 4-bits).

• BCD number is not the same as a straight binary number. a straight

binary code takes the complete decimal number and represents it in
binary.
ASCII Code

• (The American Standard Code for Information

Interchange) pronounced “askee”.

• It has 128 characters and symbols represented by a

7-bit binary code.
• Let's take the character A and break down .

• Once the letter A (in Uppercase) is typed on

the keyboard, it sends a signal to the computer as input.

• The computer operating system knows the ASCII

standard value for A is 65, which can be converted by
the computer to the binary value 01000001.
Thank you