Fundamentals of Computers & IT

Ms. Kanika Dhingra Sardana

Department of Information Technology
Fundamentals of Computers & IT

UNIT 3
 Fundamentals of Computers & IT

Number System

In digital electronics, the number system is used for representing the information. There are two types of
number system:

• Non-Positional Number system

• Positional Number system

Non-Positional Number System

• Use symbols such as I for 1, II for 2, III for 3, IIII for 4, IIIII for 5, etc.
• Each symbol represents the same value regardless of its position in the number.
• The symbols are simply added to find out the value of a particular number.
• It is difficult to perform arithmetic with such a number system
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Positional Number System

• Use only a few symbols called digits.

• These symbols represent different values depending on the position they occupy in the number.

A digital system can understand positional number system only where there are a few symbols
called digits and these symbols represent different values depending on the position they occupy in
the number.

A value of each digit in a number can be determined using:

• The digit
• The position of the digit in the number
• The base of the number system (where base is defined as the total number of digits available in the
number system).
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The positional number system has different bases and the most common of them are :
• Binary
• Decimal
• Octal
• Hexadecimal

BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM

• Has only 2 symbols or digits (0 and 1). Hence its base = 2

• The maximum value of a single digit is 1 (one less than the value of the base)
• Each position of a digit represents a specific power of the base (2)
• This number system is used in computers
• Example : (11001)2
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DECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM

• Has 10 symbols or digits (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,8, 9). Hence, its base = 10

• The maximum value of a single digit is 9 (one less than the value of the base)
• Each position of a digit represents a specific power of the base (10)
• We use this number system in our day-to-day life
• Example : (2586)10 = (2 x 103 ) + (5 x 102 ) + (8 x 101 ) + (6 x 100 ) = 2000 + 500 + 80 + 6

OCTAL NUMBER SYSTEM

• Has total 8 symbols or digits (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7). Hence, its base = 8

• The maximum value of a single digit is 7 (one less than the value of the base)
• Each position of a digit represents a specific power of the base (8)
• Since there are only 8 digits, 3 bits (23 = 8) are sufficient to represent any octal number in binary
• Example : 20578
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HEXADECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM

• Has total 16 symbols or digits (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F). Hence its base = 16
• The symbols A, B, C, D, E and F represent the decimal values 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 and 15
respectively
• The maximum value of a single digit is 15 (one less than the value of the base)
• Each position of a digit represents a specific power of the base (16)
• Since there are only 16 digits, 4 bits (24 = 16) are sufficient to represent any hexadecimal number in
binary.
• Example : (1𝐴𝐹)16
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CONVERTING A NUMBER OF ANOTHER BASE TO A DECIMAL NUMBER

Step 1: Determine the column (positional) value of each digit

Step 2: Multiply the obtained column values by the digits in the corresponding columns
Step 3: Calculate the sum of these products

Example : 111012 = ( )10

4 3 2 1 0
Step 1 ((1 × 2 ) + (1 × 2 ) + (1 × 2 ) + (0 × 2 ) + (1 × 2 ))
Step 2 (16 + 8 + 4 + 0 + 1)
Step 3 2910
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FRACTIONAL NUMBERS IN BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM

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FRACTIONAL NUMBERS IN OCTAL NUMBER SYSTEM

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Q. (10110.001)2 = ( )10

(10110.001)2=(1×24)+(0×23)+(1×22)+(1×21)+(0×20)+(0×2-1)+(0×2-2)+(1×2-3)
(10110.001)2=(1×16)+(0×8)+(1×4)+(1×2)+(0×1)+(0×1⁄2)+(0×1⁄4)+(1×1⁄8)
(10110.001)2=16+0+4+2+0+0+0+0.125
(10110.001)2=(22.125 )10

Q. (152.25)8 = ( )10

(152.25)8=(1×82)+(5×81)+(2×80)+(2×8-1)+(5×8-2)
(152.25)8=64+40+2+(2×1⁄8)+(5×1⁄64)
(152.25)8=64+40+2+0.25+0.078125
(152.25)8=106.328125
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CONVERTING A DECIMAL NUMBER TO A NUMBER OF ANOTHER BASE

Step 1: Divide the decimal number to be converted by the value of the new base
Step 2: Record the remainder from Step 1 as the rightmost digit (least significant digit) of the
new base number
Step 3: Divide the quotient of the previous divide by the new base
Step 4: Record the remainder from Step 3 as the next digit (to the left) of the new base number

Repeat Steps 3 and 4, recording remainders from right to left, until the quotient becomes zero in Step 3.

• Note that the last remainder thus obtained will be the most significant digit (MSD) of the new base
number
Fundamentals of Computers & IT

Q. ( 25 )10 = ( )2
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Q. ( 569 )10 = ( )8
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Q. ( 3479 )10 = ( )16

Fundamentals of Computers & IT

CONVERTING A NUMBER FROM ONE BASE TO ANOTHER BASE

Step 1: Convert the original number to a decimal number (base 10)

Step 2: Convert the decimal number so obtained to the new base number

𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒: ( 545 )6 = ( )4

Step 1: Convert from base 6 to base 10

( 545 )6 = 5 x 62 + 4 x 61 + 5 x 60
= 5 x 36 + 4 x 6 + 5 x 1
= 180 + 24 + 5
= ( 209 )10

Step 2: Convert ( 209 )10 to base 4

Hence, ( 209 )10 = ( 3101 )4

So, ( 545 )6 = ( 209 )10 = ( 3101 )4
Thus, ( 545 )6 = ( 3101 )4
Fundamentals of Computers & IT

BINARY ARITHMETIC

Arithmetic operations in a computer are done using binary numbers and not decimal numbers and these
take place in its arithmetic unit.

BINARY ADDITION

BINARY SUBTRACTION

1
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BINARY MULTIPLICATION

BINARY DIVISION

Binary division is similar to decimal division. It is called as the

long division procedure.
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Binary addition for two binary numbers 10001001 and 10010101

Subtracting 10100010 from 10101010

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Multiply 1001 by 101

Divide 11010 by 101

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1’s and 2’s complement

1’s complement of a binary number is another binary number obtained by toggling all bits in it, i.e.,
transforming the 0 bit to 1 and the 1 bit to 0.

2’s complement of a binary number is 1 added to the 1’s complement of the binary number.
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SUBTRACTION USING 1’S COMPLEMENT

SUBTRACTION OF A SMALLER NUMBER FROM A LARGER NUMBER

1. DETERMINE THE 1’S COMPLEMENT OF THE SMALLER NUMBER.

2. ADD THIS TO THE LARGER NUMBER.
3. REMOVE THE CARRY AND ADD IT TO THE RESULT.
Fundamentals of Computers & IT

SUBTRACTION OF A LARGER NUMBER FROM A SMALLER NUMBER

1. DETERMINE THE 1’S COMPLEMENT OF THE LARGER NUMBER.

2. ADD THIS TO THE SMALLER NUMBER.
3. THE ANSWER IS THE 1’S COMPLEMENT OF THE TRUE RESULT AND IS OPPOSITE IN
SIGN. THERE IS NO CARRY.
Fundamentals of Computers & IT

SUBTRACION USING 2’S COMPLEMENT

SUBTRACTION OF A SMALLER NUMBER FROM A LARGER NUMBER

1. DETERMINE THE 2’S COMPLEMENT OF THE SMALLER NUMBER.

2. ADD THIS TO THE LARGER NUMBER.
3. OMIT THE CARRY.
 Fundamentals of Computers & IT

SUBTRACTION OF LARGER NUMBER FROM A SMALLER NUMBER

1. DETERMINE THE 2’S COMPLEMENT OF THE LARGER NUMBER.

2. ADD THE 2’S COMPLEMENT TO THE SMALLER NUMBER.
3. THERE IS NO CARRY. THE RESULT IS IN THE 2’S COMPLEMENT FORM AND IS NEGATIVE.
Fundamentals of Computers & IT

COMPUTER CODES

• Computer codes are used for internal representation of data in computers.

• As computers use binary numbers for internal data representation, computer codes use binary
coding schemes.

• In binary coding, every symbol that appears in the data is represented by a group of bits.

• The group of 8 bits used to represent a symbol is called a byte.

• As most modern coding schemes use 8 bits to represent a symbol, the term byte is often used to
mean a group of 8 bits.

• Commonly used computer codes are BCD, EBCDIC, and ASCII

Fundamentals of Computers & IT

Codes

In the coding, when numbers or letters are represented by a specific group of symbols, it is said to be
that number or letter is being encoded. The group of symbols is called as code. The digital data is
represented, stored and transmitted as group of bits. This group of bits is also called as binary code.

Binary codes can be classified into two types.

 Weighted codes
 Non weighted codes

If the code has positional weights, then it is said to be weighted code. Otherwise, it is a non weighted
code.
Fundamentals of Computers & IT

ALPHANUMERIC CODES

• Apart from numeric data, a computer system may process some alphanumeric data just
like the employees’ names, address as well as some special characters. An Alphanumeric
data generally consist of sequence of characters where a character is any one of the
following:-
 Letters or alphabets
 Digits 0-9
 Special characters(+,-,π)

• In the computer system, each character is stored in some code form depending upon the
coding scheme. The character may take 6, 7, or 8 bits.
There are number of codes which are used for some specific application i.e. BCD Code,
ASCII Code, EBCDIC Code, UniCode, etc.
Fundamentals of Computers & IT

Weighted Binary Codes

Binary Coded Decimal (BCD)

The BCD is a combination of 4 binary digits that represent decimal numbers.

The 8421 code is a type of binary coded decimal.
The weights of this code are 8, 4, 2 and 1.
This code has all positive weights. So, it is a positively weighted code.
This code is also called as natural BCD (Binary Coded Decimal) code.
 It uses 6 bits to represent a symbol.
 It can represent 64 (26 ) different characters.
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Hence BCD code for ( 568 )10 = 010101101000

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EBCDIC Code

• EBCDIC stands for Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code.

• It uses 8 bits to represent a symbol.

• It can represent 256 (28 ) different characters.

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Zone Digit Zone Digit

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ASCII CODE

• ASCII stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange.

• ASCII is of two types – ASCII-7 and ASCII-8.

• ASCII-7 uses 7 bits to represent a symbol and can represent 128 (27 ) different characters.

• ASCII-8 uses 8 bits to represent a symbol and can represent 256 (28 ) different characters.

• First 128 characters in ASCII-7 and ASCII-8 are same.

Fundamentals of Computers & IT
Fundamentals of Computers & IT
Fundamentals of Computers & IT
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Fundamentals of Computers & IT
THANK YOU

Ms. Kanika Dhingra Sardana

Department of Information Technology