AQUINO, SHEENA MAE C.

BS ARCHI 2-2

PHILOSOPHY

 Is the activity of thinking about ultimate questions and attempting to develop good,
rational reasons for holding one particular position rather than another
 It is said to be invented by Pythagoras accord8to him, only the gods should be called
wise men. Hence, the term ‘philo’ and ‘sophia’ were formulated which literally mean ‘love’
and ‘wisdom’.

BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY

1. Logic
• the systematic study of the rules for the correct use of these supporting reasons, rules
we can use to distinguish good arguments from bad ones.
2. Metaphysics
•Meta-beyond, Physic- physical (Study beyond physical beings)
•For Aristotle, the term metaphysics meant “first philosophy,” discussion of the most
universal principles; later the term came to mean “comprehensive thinking about the
nature of things.”
•It means, the study or theory of reality and attempts to offer a comprehensive view of all
that exists.
3. Epistemology (Jnanashastra)
•The technical term for the theory of knowledge is epistemology, which comes from the
Greek word episteme, meaning "knowledge."
•In general, epistemology is the branch of philosophy that studies the sources, methods,
nature and validity of knowledge.
4. Value Theory
•Value theory is the branch of philosophy that studies values.
• It can be subdivided into ethics, aesthetics, and social and political philosophy.
1. Ethics
•In broad terms ethics concerns itself with the question of morality.
2. Aesthetics (Soundaryashastra)
•It Concerns the theory of art and beauty. Questions of art and beauty are
considered to be part of the realm of values because many philosophical
problems in aesthetics involve critical judgments.
3. Social and Political Philosophy
•Social and political philosophy investigates value judgments concerning society,
the state, and the individual’s relation to these institutions.
PHILOSOPHICAL SCHOOL OF THOUGHT

1. Idealism
•Idealism is based on the early writings of Plato.

•It believes on that ideas are the only true reality.

•Idealism is the approach that focuses on a subject matter curriculum that concentrates on the cultures

great and enduring ideas, values are universal, absolute and perceptual.

•Teaching methods focus on handle ideas

through lecture, discussion, and to help students discover and clarify knowledge. In idealism, the aim of

education is to discover and develop each individual’s abilities and full

moral superiority in order to better serve

society.

2. Realism
•Realism is based on the thinking of Aristotle.

•Reality exists independent of the human mind.

•The role of teacher is to present material systematically encourage the use of objective criteria, and be

effective and accountable.

•The teacher organizes and presents content systematically within a discipline, demonstrating use of

criteria in making decisions.

•Students must also demonstrate the ability to think critically and scientifically, using observation and

experimentation

•Curriculum should be scientifically approached, standardized, and distinct-discipline based.

•Character is developed through training in the rules of conduct.

3. Pragmatism
•Pragmatism is based on the thoughts of a number of nineteenth-century American
philosophers.
•Pragmatists believe that reality is constantly changing and that we learn best through
applying our experiences and thoughts to solve problems.
•Pragmatic teacher focus on hands on problem solving projects.
•Students work in a group is a highly effective teaching method.
•Pragmatists believe that learner should apply their knowledge to real situations through
experimental inquiry.
•Pragmatism’s curriculum is based on problem solving according the scientific method
and values are situational or relative.
4. Existentialism
 •Existentialism is based on the writings of Jean-Paul Sartre.
•Individual interpret the world from their own perceptions and create their own realities.
•The role of the instructor in this learner- centered philosophy is to be a facilitator. The
basis of this philosophy is trust between the teacher and learner.
• Existentialists accept complete responsibility for their thoughts, feelings, and actions.
•The teacher’s role is to help students define their own essence by exposing them to
various paths they may take in life and creating an environment in which they may freely
choose their own ideal.

METHOD OF PHILOSOPHY , OBJECTIVES AND GOALS (AIM)

Goals

• Expressed as general statements and are broad in their direction.

•State long-term outcomes to be achieved by participants in the program.

Objectives

•Are derived from goals, but are more specific.

•Describe learning, specifically what individuals should know, do, or feel as a result of
instruction.

•Short-term statements of specific outcomes that build cumulatively to reach a goal.

MEANING OF MORAL PHILOSOPHY/ETHICS

 Moral philosophy is about making moral choices – about how people decide what is
moral / immoral.
 Morality is concerned with ideas of right and wrong.
 Making a moral choice is not like choosing something to wear; it involves choices about
how we should behave and the intentions behind our behavior. It involves what society,
and we see as the correct values to have.
 The term ‘ethics’ is derived from an ancient Greek word ‘ethos’ mean ‘habit. The branch
of philosophy axiology’ comprises the sub-branches of ethics and aesthetics, each
concerned with values.

Importance of Ethics

 Ethics serve an important role in society. It is important that people reflect on their moral
values and how they can apply them to their lives. People can use the practices of
ethical behavior in order to do things like avoid hurting others, or to do the greatest good.
Ethics can be applied to nearly all professions including medicine, history, archeology,
biology, engineering, chemistry, and many other subjects. Often in universities, taking an
 ethics course is a requirement. The study of ethics can provide people with an
opportunity to reflect on moral principles and their application to everyday life.

Branches of Ethics

 Meta-ethics: explores the origins, nature, and scope of ethics

 Normative Ethics: proposes what should be
considered right and wrong behavior.
 Descriptive Ethics: describes and compares how people or groups think and act
ethically.
 Applied Ethics: decides how people should act in given situations or scenarios.

WHY STUDENTS SHOULD STUDY ETHICS?

I have found out that studying ethics gives us more understanding about world morality, integrity,
responsibility, conscience, dignity, respect, and honor, not just about finding out the differences
between right or wrong, and good or evil. And as it is to study ethics is to present to individual
that it is part of a human principle and academic discipline, meaning it is part of our philosophy.
Development is the important result of having proper ethics in living, including personality,
mental, and spiritual values. As an individual human, we are not bound to be perfect, that is why
ethics comes I handy whenever we decide about something in particular, whether it is for
yourself, for your family, for your friends, community, or for the world, we can decide on
something we know that will be good for something or someone. Despite being an individual
who primarily focuses on ourselves, we cannot avoid deciding upon something whether it is
right or wrong as long as it pleases us. But the good part of having an ethical wisdom is that we
pursue something due to our base knowledge that we must do something distinctly so that we
can live harmoniously and accomplish things that will make us a better individual or community.

DIFFERENT APPLIED FIELDS IN ETHICS

Applied ethics, also called practical ethics, is the application of ethics to real-world problems.
Practical ethics attempts to answer the question of how people should act in specific situations.
For example, is it ethical for a business owner to bluff during negotiations with another
company? Or, is it morally permissible for a doctor to engage in mercy killing when a terminal
cancer patient begs to be put out of her misery?

Medical ethics, business ethics, engineering ethics, and the like are all branches of applied
ethics. Applied ethics is more specific than normative ethics, which is a branch of philosophy
that develops moral theories – such as the ethics of care or deontology – about how people
should behave. Practical ethics is also different from metaethics, a branch of philosophy that
asks questions about the nature of ethics such as, “what is morality?”
Some philosophers argue that real-world ethics should start with moral theory. But finding
agreement on which moral theory to apply can be difficult. With a practical approach to ethics,
people don’t need to agree on a moral theory. Instead, they can agree to solutions to ethical
dilemmas by reviewing the facts and related harms of a specific situation. This is one of the key
strengths of applied ethics.