ASSE International

Third Edition

Guide to Cross-Connection
Protection Devices and Assemblies
Application and Selection

FOR CERTIFICATION CLASS USE ONLY

FOR CERTIFICATION CLASS USE ONLY
 Table of Contents

Foreword .......................................................................................................................................................... 1

Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................... 2

Types of Hazards ............................................................................................................................................. 3

Building Category ............................................................................................................................................ 4

Standards Reference Guide ........................................................................................................................ 5-6

Hydraulics ........................................................................................................................................................ 7

Figure 1: Potential Hazards ............................................................................................................................... 8

Application / Selection Chart ..................................................................................................................... 9-10

Devices / Assemblies & Capabilities ............................................................................................................ 11

Definitions ...................................................................................................................................................... 32

FOR CERTIFICATION CLASS USE ONLY

ASSE International | Copyright © 2018, 2012, 2008, 2006 3

FOR CERTIFICATION CLASS USE ONLY
 Foreword

Hazardous substances (high hazard or low-hazard) may flow back into a potable water distribution system
from cross-connections. Through the years, numerous cases of death, serious illness and property damage
resulting from backflow and unprotected cross-connections have been well documented. These substances
can be prevented from entering the system through the proper application of an air gap separation or by the
proper selection and installation of backflow prevention methods, devices and assemblies available in the
marketplace.

The intent of this manual is to assist in the education of selecting the applicable backflow device or assembly,
by standard, based on the “degree of hazard” and the type of backflow (backsiphonage and/or backpressure)
present. Included in this document are all the current ASSE and ASME standards on backflow prevention
devices and assemblies recognized in the model US plumbing codes.

All devices and assemblies referenced in this manual shall be installed and maintained per the manufacturer’s
instructions and in compliance with the local plumbing code.

The International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (IAPMO), ASSE International, their Board
of Directors, members and staff are not liable or responsible for how the information in the manual is used.
Any references to specific products are intended for educational purposes only and not as a recommendation
to selection.

All devices and assemblies pictured in this manual are certified with ASSE, at the time of this printing.
Products are listed to the applicable product standard per the ASSE Seal Control Board Procedures. The
ASSE Product Listing Program is accredited by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and
Standards Council of Canada (SCC) as an accredited third-party product certification body.

FOR CERTIFICATION CLASS USE ONLY

Guide to Cross-Connection Protection Devices and Assemblies 1

 Introduction
Backflow (due to backpressure, backsiphonage or a
combination of both) is the unwanted reversal of flow
of the potable water in a water distribution system.
The word hazard is used in various ways when
discussing backflow and backflow protection. Some
refer to a piece of equipment, a fixture or a piping
configuration causing a backflow condition as the
hazard; whereas, others refer to hazard as the
degree of risk which affects one’s health. Another use
of the word hazard is to classify a building based on
its potential to compromise the potable water due to
the processes occurring within.
There are varying degrees of hazards. In regard to
backflow protection they are simply classified in two
categories - high-hazard (heath hazard) and low-
hazard (non-health hazard).
2 Guide to Cross-Connection Protection Devices and Assemblies
When toxic materials enter the potable water, water
is said to be contaminated. This contaminated water
is commonly referred to as being high hazard. High-
hazard substances have the potential to cause illness
or death.
When non-toxic material enters the potable water,
water is said to be polluted. This polluted water is
commonly referred to as being low hazard. Low-
hazard substances have their aesthetic qualities
affected: smell, taste, or color, but will not endanger
public health.
Plumbing codes define which backflow prevention
method, device or assembly to use in particular
cases, taking into account the possibility of
contamination or pollution. They also define which
methods, devices or assemblies are suitable for
high-hazard or low-hazard applications. Plumbing
codes do not require containment protection, but they
do mandate isolation protection. Always follow local
jurisdiction requirements in determining the required
type of backflow protection.
FOR CERTIFICATION CLASS USE ONLY
 Types of Hazards

The following list includes, but is not limited to, – Air conditioning, water supplied
typical hazards which may affect the water – Air line
distribution system, and subsequently the public – Aspirator
water system, if a backflow condition occurs. – Autoclave & sterilizer
– Autopsy room/table/equipment
– Auxiliary water supply
– Bed pan washer
– Bidet
– Boiler system
– Brine tank
– Chemical dispenser
– Chlorinator
– Coffee maker
– Cuspidor
– Cooling system
– Cooling tower
– Dialysis machine
– Ejector pump
– Fire standpipe or sprinkler
– Floor drain with trap primer
– Fountain, ornamental
– Garbage can washer
– Hydraulic equipment
– Ice maker
– Laboratory equipment
– Laboratory sink
– Lawn sprinkler system
– Photostat equipment
– Photo lab sink
– Pump primer
– Sewer flushing manhole
– Steam Table
– Swimming pool

FOR CERTIFICATION CLASS USE ONLY

– Urinal
– Vegetable peeler
– Water closet

Guide to Cross-Connection Protection Devices and Assemblies 3

 Building Category

The following list includes, but is not limited to, typical However, when there is limited or restricted access
examples of buildings considered to be a high hazard to a building, it is necessary to classify the building
should a backflow condition occur. itself as a high hazard and the use of a containment
method to protect the potable water supply is
– Animal Care Facility required. Other reasons for classifying a building
– Beauty Salon high hazard include, but are not limited to, frequent
– Car Wash occupancy changes, multiple water supplies and
– Chemical Research Plant piping alterations.
– Dental Office
– Dry Cleaning Facility
– Fire Station
– Funeral Home
– Garden Center (Nursery)
– Hospital
– Industrial Building
– Manufacturing Facility
– Marinas (Docks & Piers)
– Medical Facility
– Morgue
– Schools (High & Middle)
– Sewage Treatment Plant
– Sports Complex
– Strip Stores (Single Meter)

FOR CERTIFICATION CLASS USE ONLY

4 Guide to Cross-Connection Protection Devices and Assemblies

 Standards Reference Guide

Plumbing System 1013

Testable
Specialty Application 1047
Isolation
Plumbing System None
Non-Testable
Backpressure / Specialty Application 1022, 1037
Backsiphonage Plumbing System 1013
Testable
Specialty Application 1047
Containment
Plumbing System None
Non-Testable
Specialty Application None
High Hazard
Plumbing System 1013, 1020, 1056
Testable
Specialty Application None
Isolation
Plumbing System 1001, A112.1.2, A112.1.3, A112.18.3
Non-Testable
Specialty Application 1001, 1002, 1004, 1006, 1011, 1014,
Backsiphonage 1019, 1021,
Plumbing System 1013 1035, 1052,
Testable 1053, 1055, 1057
Specialty Application 1047
Containment
Plumbing System None
Non-Testable
Specialty Application A112.1.2

Plumbing System 1015

Testable
Specialty Application 1048
Isolation
Plumbing System 1012, 1024, 1081
Non-Testable
Backpressure / Specialty Application 1024, 1032
Backsiphonage Plumbing System 1015
Testable
Specialty Application 1048
Containment
Plumbing System 1024
Non-Testable

FOR CERTIFICATION CLASS USE ONLY

Specialty Application None
Low Hazard
Plumbing System 1015
Testable
Specialty Application 1048
Isolation
Plumbing System 1024
Non-Testable
Specialty Application None
Backsiphonage
Plumbing System 1015
Testable
Specialty Application 1048
Containment
Plumbing System 1024
Non-Testable
Specialty Application None

5 Guide to Cross-Connection Protection Devices and Assemblies Guide to Cross-Connection Protection Devices and Assemblies 6
 Hydraulics
There are many circumstances that dictate how fluids
move in a piping system. Some of these include
pressure, elevation, turbulence and velocity. Sudden
constrictions or a break in a pipe can also contribute
to the unpredictable movement of the fluids passing
through a piping system. For this reason, there need
to be physical and mechanical methods to help
prevent the potable water system from being polluted
or contaminated due to possible cross- connections
with other piping systems, equipment or appliances.
In a backflow incident, reverse water flow is caused
by either backpressure and backsiphonage. Water
distribution systems may be subject to backflow
caused by backpressure only, backsiphonage only, or
a combination of backsiphonage and backpressure.
Guide to Cross-Connection Protection Devices and Assemblies
Backsiphonage backflow occurs when the upstream
pressure becomes a negative or sub-atmospheric
pressure resulting in a siphonic action occurring in
the water system, resulting in backflow.
Backpressure backflow is an elevated downstream
pressure, greater than the upstream pressure,
resulting in backflow.
When there is a loss of supply pressure, backflow
can be induced by either backsiphonage or
backpressure.
FOR CERTIFICATION CLASS USE ONLY
7
 Figure 1 Potential Hazards

FOR CERTIFICATION CLASS USE ONLY

8 Guide to Cross-Connection Protection Devices and Assemblies

 STANDARD(S) STANDARD TITLE DESCRIPTION HYDRAULICS HAZARD INSTALLATION
ANSI A112.1.2 Air Gaps for Plumbing Systems Physical separation of the piping system. Backsiphonage High3 Typical installations include lavatories, process tanks, sinks, dishwashers and cooling towers.
ANSI A112.1.3 Air Gap Devices Physical separation of the piping system. Backsiphonage High 3
Typically incorporated into fixture fittings or equipment.
ANSI A112.18.3 Backflow Protection for Fixture Fittings Vacuum Breakers; Check Valves; Combination Backsiphonage High 3
Pull-out faucet fixture fitting with the potential for submerged outlet.
Vacuum Breakers/Check Valves.
ASSE Standard 10011 Atmospheric Type Vacuum Breakers A check valve member and an air vent valve that is Backsiphonage High3 Must be installed a minimum of 6 inches for pipe applied applications and 1 inch for
normally closed when the device is pressurized and equipment-mounted/deck-mounted applications above the highest point of use. Typical
open when the inlet pressure is atmospheric. installations include: lavatories, process tanks, sinks, dishwashers irrigation systems, process
tanks, dishwashers, soap dispensers.
ASSE Standard #1002 Anti-Siphon Fill Valves for Water Closet Tanks Anti-siphon fill valves for use in gravity water closet Backsiphonage High3 Tank type water closet. Flush tank for urinals.
flush tanks, either equipped with an atmospheric
vacuum breaker or designed for installation providing
an air gap.
ASSE Standard #10111 Hose Connection Vacuum Breakers A check valve member and an atmospheric vent valve. Low head backpressure4/ High3 The device is typically installed at the hose bibb connection downstream of the last control
Backsiphonage valve.
ASSE Standard #1012 Backflow Preventers with an Intermediate Atmospheric Two independently acting check valves with an Backpressure/Backsiphonage Low Installed where there is low or atmospheric pressure at the outlet. Typical installations include
Vent intermediate relief valve. residential boilers and cooling towers.
ASSE Standard #1013 Reduced Pressure Principle Backflow Preventer Two independently acting check valves with a Backpressure/Backsiphonage High3 RP’s for potable water are typically installed on main supply lines, commercial boilers, hospital
hydraulically operated relief means, two tightly closing equipment, processing tanks or lab equipment. RPF’s are typically installed in fire sprinkler
shut-off valves and four test cocks. systems.
ASSE Standard #1015 Double Check Backflow Prevention Assemblies Two independently acting check valves, two tightly Backpressure/Backsiphonage Low DC’s for potable water are typically installed on main supply lines, food cookers, tanks /
closing shut-off valves and four test cocks on a DC or vats with non-toxic substances, or non-chemically charged fire sprinkler systems. DCF’s are
three test cocks on a DCF. typically installed in low hazard fire sprinkler systems.
ASSE Standard #10191 Vacuum Breaker Wall Hydrants, Freeze Resistant, Wall hydrants provided with an integral check valve, Low head backpressure4/ High3 The device is typically installed as the hose bibb connection when freezing may be an issue.
Automatic Draining Type an atmospheric vent valve and a means for draining to Backsiphonage
prevent freezing.
ASSE Standard #1020 Pressure Vacuum Breaker Assembly At least one check valve and an automatic vent valve Backsiphonage High3 The device must be installed 12 inches above the highest point of use. Typical installations
that is normally closed when the device is pressurized include irrigation systems, process tanks, dishwashers and soap dispensers.
and open when the inlet pressure is atmospheric.
ASSE Standard #10222 Backflow Preventer for Beverage Dispensing Equipment Two independently acting check valves with an Backpressure/Backsiphonage High3 The device is typically installed in the water supply line or integral with the carbonator in
automatic vent to atmospheric between the checks. beverage dispensing equipment.
ASSE Standard #1024 Dual Check Backflow Preventers Two independently acting check valves. Backpressure/Backsiphonage Low The device is typically installed on individual outlets of residential water services.
ASSE Standard #1032 Dual Check Valve Type Backflow Preventers for Two independently acting check valves in a common Backpressure/Backsiphonage Low The device is typically installed in post mix type beverage dispensers.
Carbonated Beverage Dispensers-Post Mix Type casing or valve body.
ASSE Standard #10351 Laboratory Faucet Backflow Preventers Two independently acting check valves with a means Backsiphonage High3 Typical installations include laboratory faucets downstream of the last control valve.
for automatically venting to atmosphere.
ASSE Standard #1047 Reduced Pressure Detector Assembly Backflow Reduced pressure principle backflow preventer Backpressure/Backsiphonage High3 The assembly is typically installed in chemically charged fire sprinkler systems such as
Preventers installed with a parallel bypass meter to detect low Foamite.
flows up to 2 gpm and an ASSE 1013 assembly or
bypass check valve.
ASSE Standard #1048 Double Check Detector Assembly Backflow Preventer Double check valves installed with a parallel bypass Backpressure/Backsiphonage Low The assembly is typically installed in non-chemically/non-toxic fire sprinkler systems.
meter to detect low flows up to 2 gpm and an ASSE
1015 assembly or bypass check valve.
ASSE Standard #10521 Hose Connection Backflow Preventers Two independently acting check valves with an Low head backpressure4/ High3 The assembly is typically installed as the hose bibb connection.
intermediate atmospheric vent between and a means Backsiphonage
of field testing and draining.

FOR CERTIFICATION CLASS USE ONLY

ASSE Standard #1053 Dual Check Backflow Preventer Wall Hydrants – Freeze Two independently acting checks, force loaded or Low head backpressure4/ High3 The device is typically installed as the hose bibb connection when freezing may be an issue.
Resistant Type biased to a closed position, with an atmospheric vent Backsiphonage
located between the two check valves, which is force
loaded or biased to an open position.
ASSE Standard #1055 Chemical Dispensing Systems with Integral Backflow Integral backflow protection typically with a vacuum Backsiphonage High3 The device is typically installed to a service sink faucet with an integral ASSE 1001 or 1011
Protection breaker. device and a pressure bleed device conforming to IAPMO PS-104.
ASSE Standard #1056 Spill Resistant Vacuum Breakers One check valve force-loaded closed and an air inlet Backsiphonage High3 The device shall be installed a minimum of 12 inches above the highest point of use. The
valve force-loaded open, downstream of the check device is suitable for indoor applications, including dental equipment, x-ray equipment and
valve, two shut-off valves and two test cocks. other applications Similar to ASSE #1020.
ASSE Standard #10571 Freeze Resistant Sanitary Yard Hydrants with Backflow One or two independently acting check valves and an Low head backpressure4/ High3 The device is typically installed to protect yard hydrants requiring freeze protection.
Protection atmospheric vent and a means for draining to prevent Backsiphonage
freezing.
ASSE Standard #1081 Backflow Preventers with Integral Pressure Reducing Two independently acting check valves with an Backpressure/Backsiphonage Low The device is installed upstream of boiler systems in order to regulate pressure and prevent
Boiler Feed Valve and Intermediate Atmospheric intermediate relief valve. Device also has an integral backflow to the potable water supply. Device is only for use when boiler fluid is water and not
Vent Style for Domestic and Light Commercial Water pressure reducing valve. for use with other fluids.
Distribution Systems

1. Indicates the device shall not be subjected to continuous pressure. 3. Devices or assemblies designated for “high hazard” applications are also suitable for “low hazard” application.
2. With the development of 1022,1032 is no longer recommend for carbonated beverage machines. 4. Low head backpressure is defined as backpressure less than or equal to 3 meters (10 feet) of head pressure, equivalent to 4.3psi (29.7kPa).

9 Guide to Cross-Connection Protection Devices and Assemblies Guide to Cross-Connection Protection Devices and Assemblies 10
Devices / Assemblies & Capabilities

ASSE Standard #1001

Atmospheric Type Vacuum Breakers

This standard applies to devices that are designed

to protect the potable water distribution system from
pollutants or contaminants due to backsiphonage.

An atmospheric type vacuum breaker’s (AVB)

design shall consist of a check valve member and
an air vent that is normally closed when the device
is pressurized and in the opened position when the
device is not under pressure. An atmospheric type
vacuum breaker is a single pipe-applied device. It
does not apply to anti-siphon fill valves for water
closet tanks or similar devices that depend on float
operated valves to control flow.

The device may be configured as pipe-applied,

where it is a standalone individual assembly, or as
integrally applied, where it is placed within a larger
assembly. Integrally applied AVB’s are common in
flush valve assemblies and in dishwashers.

The device shall:

1) Not be subjected to more than twelve (12) hours
of continuous water pressure.
2) In the absence of a Critical Level (CL) mark on a
device that is a separate device, deck- mounted
or equipment-mounted device, the extreme
bottom of the body casting shall be considered
the CL for testing and installation purposes.

FOR CERTIFICATION CLASS USE ONLY

Where the device is incorporated in an outlet
tube furnished by the manufacturer, the extreme
bottom of the internal unit shall be noted on
the outside of the tube by a CL line for use in
determining its installed position.

Always follow the manufacturer’s installation

instructions and maintenance instructions (if
applicable), and local plumbing code requirements.

Top photo and drawing courtesy of Cash Acme/Division of Reliance Worldwide. Bottom photo courtesy of Sloan Valve Co.

Guide to Cross-Connection Protection Devices and Assemblies 11

ASSE Standard #1002 /ASME A112.1002 /CSA B125.12
Anti-Siphon Fill Valves for Water Closet Tanks

This standard applies to devices that are designed

to protect the potable water distribution system from
pollutants or contaminants due to backsiphonage of
water from the flush tank.

All air inlet ports of the backflow prevention device

shall be protected in such a manner as to prevent the
dropping or intake of foreign material into the device
under normal operating conditions.

When the device is furnished as the original

equipment with a manufacturer’s water closet, the
total flow capacity shall be sufficient to assure proper
operation in accordance with ASME A112.19.6.

When the device is furnished to retrofit water closets,

the fill valve shall deliver a minimum of 1.5 GPM (5.7
L/min) total flow at 15.0 psig (103.3 kPa) flowing
pressure.

The critical level shall be clearly and permanently

marked with the letters “CL” so as to be visible after
installation.

Always follow the manufacturer’s installation

instructions and maintenance instructions (if
applicable), and local plumbing code requirements.

FOR CERTIFICATION CLASS USE ONLY

Photo courtesy of Fluidmaster, Inc.

12 Guide to Cross-Connection Protection Devices and Assemblies

ASSE Standard #1011
Hose Connection Vacuum Breakers

This standard applies to devices that are designed

to protect the potable water distribution system from
pollutants or contaminants that can enter the system
through low head backpressure [equal to an elevated
hose at least 10.0 feet (3.0 meters) in height] and
backsiphonage through the hose threaded outlets.

The hose connection vacuum breaker’s design shall

consist of a check valve member force-loaded, or
biased, to a closed position, and an atmospheric vent
valve, force-loaded, or biased, to an open position
when the device is not under pressure.

The device shall:

1) Not be subjected to more than twelve (12) hours
of continuous water pressure.
2) Only be used on systems where the only source
of low head back pressure comes from an
elevated hose equal to, or less than, 10.0 feet
(3.0 meters) in height.

Freeze resistant wall hydrants with a built-in vacuum

breaker are addressed in ASSE Standard 1019.

Always follow the manufacturer’s installation

instructions and maintenance instructions (if
applicable), and local plumbing code requirements.

FOR CERTIFICATION CLASS USE ONLY

Photo and drawing courtesy of Arrowhead Brass and Plumbing

Guide to Cross-Connection Protection Devices and Assemblies 13

ASSE Standard #1012
Backflow Preventers with an Intermediate Atmospheric Vent

This standard applies to devices that are designed

to protect the potable water distribution system
from pollutants that may enter the system due to
backsiphonage or backpressure.

The backflow preventer with intermediate

atmospheric vent’s design shall consist of two (2)
independently operating check valves separated
by an intermediate chamber with a means for
automatically venting to the atmosphere. The check
valves are force-loaded to a normally closed position
and the venting means is force-loaded to a normally
open position.

The device is intended to operate under continuous

pressure conditions.

Always follow the manufacturer’s installation

instructions and maintenance instructions (if
applicable), and local plumbing code requirements.

FOR CERTIFICATION CLASS USE ONLY

Top photo and drawing courtesy of Honeywell. Bottom photograph courtesy of Apollo Valves/Conbraco Industries.

14 Guide to Cross-Connection Protection Devices and Assemblies

ASSE Standard #1013
Reduced Pressure Principle Backflow Preventer

This standard applies to assemblies designed to

protect the potable water distribution system from
pollutants or contaminants when an abnormality in
the system causes backpressure or backsiphonage.

Reduced Pressure Principle Backflow Preventer (RP)

assemblies consist of two (2) independently-acting
check valves internally force-loaded to a normally
closed position and separated by an intermediate
chamber (or zone) in which there is a hydraulically
operated relief means for venting to atmosphere,
internally force- loaded to a normally open position.
The assembly shall include two (2) full port tightly
closing shut-off valves and contains four properly
located test cocks.

This standard also applies to manifold assemblies

consisting of two (2) or more complete RP’s in
parallel. The assemblies do not need to be of the
same pipe size. The manifold size shall be identified
by the single inlet and outlet of the manifold RP.

This assembly is intended to operate under

continuous pressure conditions.

Always follow the manufacturer’s installation

instructions and maintenance instructions (if

FOR CERTIFICATION CLASS USE ONLY

applicable), and local plumbing code requirements.

Top photo courtesy of Watts Regulator Co. Bottom photograph and drawing courtesy of Apollo Valves/Conbraco Industries.

Guide to Cross-Connection Protection Devices and Assemblies 15

ASSE Standard #1015
Double Check Backflow Prevention Assemblies

This standard applies to assemblies designed to

protect the potable water distribution system from
pollutants when an abnormality in the system causes
backpressure or backsiphonage.

Double Check Backflow Prevention Assembly (DC)

assemblies consist of two (2) independently acting
check valves internally force-loaded to a normally
closed position, two full port (2) tightly closing shut-
off (isolation) valves and four properly located test
cocks.

This standard also applies to manifold assemblies

consisting` of two (2) or more complete DC’s in
parallel. The assemblies do not need to be of the
same pipe size. The manifold size shall be identified
by the single inlet and outlet of the manifold
assembly.

This assembly is intended to operate under

continuous pressure conditions

Always follow the manufacturer’s installation

instructions and maintenance instructions (if
applicable), and local plumbing code requirements.

FOR CERTIFICATION CLASS USE ONLY

Top photo courtesy of Flomatic Corp. Bottom drawing courtesy of Wilkins/Division of Zurn Industries.

16 Guide to Cross-Connection Protection Devices and Assemblies

ASSE Standard #1019
Vacuum Breaker Wall Hydrants, Freeze Resistant, Automatic Draining Type

This standard applies to devices that are designed
to protect the potable water distribution system from
contaminants or pollutants due to backsiphonage
or low-head backpressure and to protect the device
from damage due to freezing.
A vacuum breaker wall hydrant, freeze resistant
automatic draining type’s design shall have a
permanent means, including atmospheric vent(s), to
prevent backflow.
1) Not be subjected to more than twelve (12) hours
of continuous water pressure.
2) Only be used on systems where the only source
of low head backpressure comes from an
elevated hose equal to or less than 10.0 feet (3.0
meters) in height.
Always follow the manufacturer’s installation
instructions and maintenance instructions (if
applicable), and local plumbing code requirements.

The devices shall be classified as follows:

(a) Type A devices protect against backsiphonage
and backpressure. The backflow protection shall
include three (3) mechanisms; 1) an air inlet for
preventing backsiphonage, 2) a check valve
for preventing backpressure backflow and 3) a
mechanism that relieves backpressure backflow.
The hose shall be removed to prevent damage to
the device from freezing.
(b) Type B devices protect against backsiphonage
and backpressure. The backflow protection shall
include three (3) mechanisms; 1) an air inlet for
preventing backsiphonage, 2) a check valve
for preventing backpressure backflow and 3) a
mechanism that relieves backpressure backflow
and a mechanism that drains the water from
the hydrant when the hose is attached, and

FOR CERTIFICATION CLASS USE ONLY

the hydrant is manually closed. The hose need
not be removed to protect the device against
damage from freezing.
(c) Type C devices protect against backsiphonage
and backpressure. The backflow protection shall
include two (2) mechanisms; 1) an air inlet for
preventing backsiphonage and 2) a check valve
for preventing backpressure backflow. The hose
shall be removed to protect against damage to
the device from freezing.

Photo and drawing courtesy of Zurn Industries.

Guide to Cross-Connection Protection Devices and Assemblies 17

ASSE Standard #1020
Pressure Vacuum Breaker Assembly

This standard applies to assemblies that are

designed to protect the potable water distribution
system from pollutants and contaminants that may
enter the system due to backsiphonage.

A pressure vacuum breaker assembly’s design shall

consist of an independently acting check valve force-
loaded to the closed position and an independently
acting air inlet valve located downstream of the check
valve that is force-loaded to the open position. It also
includes two (2) tightly closing full port shut-offs –
one at the inlet of the assembly and one (1) at the
outlet of the assembly and two (2) tightly closing test
cocks – one (1) immediately upstream and one (1)
immediately downstream of the check valve.

When a supply pressure is a minimum of 1.0 psi or

greater (6.9 kPa), the air inlet valve is open, and the
assembly will continuously discharge. Due to this
probability of water discharge from the atmospheric
air inlet valve, the assembly shall be installed where
water discharge does not cause damage.

The assembly is intended to:

1) Operate under continuous pressure.
2) Not operate in any system where backpressure is
applied.

FOR CERTIFICATION CLASS USE ONLY

Always follow the manufacturer’s installation
instructions and maintenance instructions (if
applicable), and local plumbing code requirements.

Photo and drawing courtesy of Apollo Valves/Conbraco Industries, Inc.

18 Guide to Cross-Connection Protection Devices and Assemblies

ASSE Standard #1022
Backflow Preventer for Beverage Dispensing Equipment

This standard applies to devices that are designed

to protect the potable water distribution system
serving beverage dispensing equipment. It prevents
pollutants and contaminants from entering the system
due to backpressure or backsiphonage.

The device shall consist of two (2) independently

acting check valves biased to a normally closed
position. An atmospheric port shall be located
between the check valves and shall be biased to a
normally open position. The port shall vent liquids,
gases, or both under backflow conditions. Copper
and copper alloys shall not be used downstream of
the upstream check sealing area, inclusive of the
seal.

The device is intended to operate under continuous

pressure conditions.

Specific items to be covered by the manufacturer’s

instructions include:
a) Correct installed position to enable proper
venting
b) Venting recommendations
c) A prohibition on the use of copper tubing
downstream of the device when used in
carbonated beverage dispensers.

FOR CERTIFICATION CLASS USE ONLY

Always follow the manufacturer’s installation
instructions and maintenance instructions (if
applicable), and local plumbing code requirements.

Photo and drawing courtesy of Anderson Brass.

Guide to Cross-Connection Protection Devices and Assemblies 19

ASSE Standard #1024
Dual Check Backflow Preventers

This standard applies to devices designed to

protect the potable water distribution system from
pollutants when an abnormality in the system causes
backpressure or backsiphonage. The device is
intended for cold water service with limited hot water
usage as specified by the manufacturer.

The device consists of two (2) independently acting

check valves, internally force-loaded to a normally
closed position.

The device is intended to operate under continuous

pressure conditions.

Always follow the manufacturer’s installation

instructions and maintenance instructions (if
applicable), and local plumbing code requirements.

FOR CERTIFICATION CLASS USE ONLY

Left photo courtesy of Watts. Right drawings courtesy of the Ford Meter Box Company.

20 Guide to Cross-Connection Protection Devices and Assemblies

ASSE Standard #1032
Dual Check Valve Type Backflow Preventers for Carbonated Beverage
Dispensers, Post Mix Type
This standard applies to devices that prevent carbon
dioxide gas and carbonated water from entering into
the potable water distribution system.

The device consists of two (2) independently acting

check valves internally force-loaded to a normally
closed position. The device shall be permitted to be
equipped with a supplementary check valve installed
downstream of the independently acting check
valves.

The device is intended to operate under continuous

pressure conditions.

With the development of ASSE Standard 1022,

this standard is recommended for noncarbonated
dispensers.

Always follow the manufacturer’s installation

instructions and maintenance instructions (if
applicable), and local plumbing code requirements.

FOR CERTIFICATION CLASS USE ONLY

Top drawings courtesy of McCann’s Engineering. Bottom photo and drawing courtesy of Chudnow Manufacturing, Inc.

Guide to Cross-Connection Protection Devices and Assemblies 21

ASSE Standard #1035
Laboratory Faucet Backflow Preventers

This standard applies to devices that are designed

to protect the potable water distribution system
from pollutants or contaminants caused by
backsiphonage. It is designed for installation on
laboratory faucets on the discharge side of the last
shut-off valve.

A laboratory faucet backflow preventer’s design

consists of two (2) independently acting check
valves, force- loaded or biased to a normally closed
position and between the check valves, a means for
automatically venting to atmosphere, force-loaded or
biased to a normally open position.

The device is not for use under continuous pressure

for more than 12 hours.

Always follow the manufacturer’s installation

instructions and maintenance instructions (if
applicable), and local plumbing code requirements.

FOR CERTIFICATION CLASS USE ONLY

Photo and drawing courtesy of Apollo Valves/Conbraco Industries, Inc.

22 Guide to Cross-Connection Protection Devices and Assemblies

ASSE Standard #1047
Reduced Pressure Detector Assembly Backflow Preventers

This standard applies to assemblies designed to The performance requirements consider applications
protect the potable water distribution system from where systems are under static or no flow conditions
pollutants or contaminants when an abnormality in for extended periods of time. Other operational
the system causes backpressure or backsiphonage. characteristics include extended periods of
It is designed to keep contaminated water, contained backpressure, fluctuating supply pressures and high
in fire protection system, from flowing back into the velocity emergency flows.
potable water distribution system when the pressure
in the fire sprinkler system is higher than the pressure The assembly is intended to operate under
in the potable water system. It is also designed to continuous pressure conditions.
detect low rates of flow up to 2.0 GPM (0.13 L/s)
within the sprinkler system caused by leakage or Always follow the manufacturer’s installation
unauthorized use. instructions and maintenance instructions (if
applicable), and local plumbing code requirements.
A reduced pressure detector assembly backflow
preventer’s (RPDA) design shall consist of two (2)
independently acting check valves, internally force-
loaded to a normally closed position and separated
by an intermediate chamber (or zone) in which there
is a hydraulically operated relief means for venting to
atmosphere, and internally force-loaded to a normally
open position. The assembly shall include two (2)
tightly closing full port shut-off valves and contain
properly located test cocks. It shall also include
a bypass line which provides a visual or audible
indication of system leakage or unauthorized use of
water. The bypass assembly shall include a water
meter or flow indicator, or both, and a single bypass
check assembly (for a Type II assembly) or a listed

FOR CERTIFICATION CLASS USE ONLY

ASSE 1013 RP assembly.

The standard also applies to manifold reduced

pressure backflow prevention assemblies. They
consist of two (2) or more complete RPDA
assemblies in parallel. The assemblies do not need
to be of the same pipe size. The manifold size shall
be identified by the single inlet and outlet of the
manifold RPDA assembly.

Photo and drawing courtesy of Wilkins/Division of Zurn Industries, Inc.

Guide to Cross-Connection Protection Devices and Assemblies 23

ASSE Standard 1048
Double Check Detector Assembly Backflow Preventer

This standard applies to assemblies designed to Always follow the manufacturer’s installation
protect the potable water distribution system from instructions and maintenance instructions (if
pollutants when an abnormality in the system causes applicable), and local plumbing code requirements.
backpressure or backsiphonage. It is designed to
keep polluted water contained in fire protection
systems from flowing back into a potable water
distribution system when the pressure in the fire
sprinkler system is higher than the pressure in the
potable water system. It is also designed to detect
low rates of flow up to 2.0 GPM (0.13 L/s) within the
sprinkler system caused by leakage or unauthorized
use.

A double check detector assembly backflow

preventer’s (DCDA) design shall consist of two (2)
independently acting check valves internally force-
loaded to a normally closed position. The assembly
shall include two (2) tightly closing full port shut-off
valves and contain properly located test cocks. The
assembly also includes a bypass line which provides
a visual or audible indication of system leakage or
unauthorized use of water. The bypass assembly
includes a water meter or flow indicator, or both,
and a single bypass check assembly (for a Type II
assembly) or a listed ASSE 1015 DC.

This standard also applies to manifold DCDA

assemblies. They consist of two (2) or more complete

FOR CERTIFICATION CLASS USE ONLY

DCDA assemblies in parallel. The assemblies do not
need to be of the same pipe size. The manifold size
shall be identified by the single inlet and outlet of the
manifold DCDA assembly.

The performance requirements consider applications

where systems are static flow for extended periods
of time. Other operational characteristics include
extended periods of backpressure, fluctuating supply
pressures and high velocity emergency flows.

The assembly is intended to operate under

continuous pressure conditions.

Photo and drawing courtesy of Febco, a Division of Watts Water Technology.

24 Guide to Cross-Connection Protection Devices and Assemblies

ASSE Standard #1052
Hose Connection Backflow Preventers

This standard applies to devices that are designed

to protect the potable water distribution system from
contaminants or pollutants due to backsiphonage or
low-head backpressure.

The hose connection backflow preventer’s design

shall consist of two (2) independent checks, force-
loaded or biased to a closed position, with an
atmospheric vent located between the two (2) check
valves, which is force-loaded or biased to an open
position and a means for attaching a hose.

The device shall:

1) Only be used on systems where the low-head
backpressure does not exceed that generated
by an elevated hose equal to, or less than, ten
(10.0) feet (3.0 m) in height.
2) Not be subjected to more than twelve (12) hours
of continuous water pressure.

Always follow the manufacturer’s installation

instructions and maintenance instructions (if
applicable), and local plumbing code requirements.

FOR CERTIFICATION CLASS USE ONLY

Drawings courtesy of Jay R. Smith Manufacturing Company.

Guide to Cross-Connection Protection Devices and Assemblies 25

ASSE Standard #1053
Dual Check Backflow Preventer Wall Hydrants – Freeze Resistant Type

This standard applies to devices that are designed

to protect the potable water distribution system from
contaminants or pollutants due to backsiphonage
or low-head backpressure and to protect the device
from damage due to freezing.

The dual check backflow preventer wall hydrants

- freeze resistant’s design shall consist of two (2)
independent checks, force-loaded or biased to a
closed position, with an atmospheric vent located
between the two (2) check valves which is force-
loaded or biased to an open position and a means for
attaching hose.

The devices shall be classified as follows:

a) Type A devices automatically drain the water
when the hydrant valve is closed, and the hose is
removed to prevent damage from freezing.
b) Type B devices automatically drain the water with
a hose removed or attached, end nozzle closed,
and the hydrant valve closed.

The device shall:

1) Operate on systems where the low-head
backpressure does not exceed that generated by
an elevated hose equal to or less than 10.0 feet
(3.0 m) in height.
2) Not be subjected to more than twelve (12) hours

FOR CERTIFICATION CLASS USE ONLY

of continuous water pressure.

Always follow the manufacturer’s installation

instructions and maintenance instructions (if
applicable), and local plumbing code requirements.

Photo and drawing courtesy of Woodford Manufacturing.

26 Guide to Cross-Connection Protection Devices and Assemblies

ASSE Standard #1055
Chemical Dispensing Systems with Integral Backflow Protection

Chemical dispensing systems provide a means of
mixing potable water with chemicals to provide the
user with a chemical solution that is ready for use.
The amount of dilution may be fixed or adjustable
by the user or installer. All devices that comply with
ASSE 1055 have integral backflow protection.
A chemical dispensing system is comprised of a
backflow prevention device and a mixing chamber.
This design can manifest itself in a variety of products
whether it be a bottle-filling device in a janitor closet
for cleaning solutions, a soap mixer at a commercial
car wash station, laundry systems, or dishwasher.
Devices shall be designed to withstand a supply
pressure of at least 125.0 psi (861.9 kPa). Cold
water devices shall withstand temperatures up to
120 °F (48.9 °C). Hot water devices shall withstand
temperatures up to 180 °F (82.2 °C).
Critical Notes about Installation
Most 1055 devices are installed after the building and
health inspections have been completed. The most
common connection made is to a faucet with a hose
connection, either on a service sink in a janitorial
room or on a 3-station sink in a commercial kitchen.
Less common are connections made to a dedicated
water line.
When a hose connection is permanent and there is
an ASSE 1001 or 1011 upstream of it, there must be
a pressure bleed device (PBD) installed. Water will
flow out of the PBD as long as the faucet is turned
on. Having the water on for more than 12 hours is
considered a permanent connection, so when the
device is not in use, the faucet needs to be turned off.
A visual indicator of running water should be enough
to prompt a user to turn it off.
Connections to a Dedicated Line
When an ASSE 1055 device is connected to a
separate, dedicated source of water independent
from a faucet, a shut-off valve is recommended
upstream of the backflow preventer, either within
the device or further upstream of the device itself.
The purpose is to release the water pressure in the
product when it is not in use. These products are not
able to be installed under continuous pressure lasting
over 12 hours.
Always follow the manufacturer’s installation
instructions and maintenance instructions (if
applicable), and local plumbing code requirements.

FOR CERTIFICATION CLASS USE ONLY

Faucet Connections
Many newer faucets in the field have integrated
ASSE 1001 or 1011 devices in their assemblies
combined with a hose connection at the outlet.
These devices are downstream of the hot and cold
shut-off valves so that they are not under continuous
pressure. This design is so temporary connections
(less than 12 hours) can be made via hose to fill a
bucket or to connect to a chemical dispenser. The
problem is that temporary connections can become
permanent.

Drawings courtesy of DEMA Engineering Company.

Guide to Cross-Connection Protection Devices and Assemblies 27

ASSE Standard #1056
Spill Resistant Vacuum Breakers

This standard applies to assemblies that are

designed to protect the potable water distribution
systems from pollutants or contaminants due to
backsiphonage.

The spill resistant vacuum breaker shall include

one (1) check valve force-loaded closed, an air inlet
vent force-loaded open to atmosphere, positioned
downstream of the check valve, two (2) tightly closing
full port shut-off valves, and two test cocks or a #1
test cock and a bleed valve or bleed screw.

The assembly shall:

1) Not operate in any system where backpressure is
applied.
2 Be installed in those portions of the domestic
potable water systems that are normally under
continuous pressure conditions.

Always follow the manufacturer’s installation

instructions and maintenance instructions (if
applicable), and local plumbing code requirements.

FOR CERTIFICATION CLASS USE ONLY

Photo and drawing courtesy of Watts.

28 Guide to Cross-Connection Protection Devices and Assemblies

ASSE Standard #1057
Freeze Resistant Sanitary Yard Hydrants with Backflow Protection
This standard applies to devices that are designed
to protect the potable water distribution system from
pollutants or contaminants due to backsiphonage and
low head back pressure.
The freeze resistant sanitary yard hydrant with
backflow protection has five (5) design types. They
are as follows:
1) Type 1 devices shall consist of two (2)
independent checks, force-loaded or biased
to a closed position, with an atmospheric vent
located between the two check valves which is
force-loaded or biased to an open position and
a means for attaching a hose. When the hose
is attached, the Type 1 device shall be freeze
resistant.
Photo and drawing courtesy of Murdock- SuperSecur.
Guide to Cross-Connection Protection Devices and Assemblies
2) Type 2 devices shall consist of two (2)
independent checks, force-loaded or biased
to a close position, with an atmospheric vent
located between the two check valves which is
force-loaded or biased to an open position and
a means for attaching a hose. When the hose
is removed, the Type 2 device shall be freeze
resistant.
3) Type 3 devices shall consist of one check valve,
force- loaded or biased to a closed position,
with an atmospheric vent which is force-loaded
or biased to an open position and means for
attaching a hose. When the hose is attached, the
Type 3 device shall be freeze resistant.
FOR CERTIFICATION CLASS USE ONLY
29
4) Type 4 devices shall consist of one check valve,
force- loaded or biased to a closed position,
with an atmospheric vent which is force-loaded
or biased to an open position and means for
attaching a hose. When the hose is removed, the
Type 4 device shall be freeze resistant.
5) Type 5 devices shall consist of a removable
mechanical backflow protection device with at
least one (1) check valve, force-loaded or biased
to a closed position and an atmospheric vent
which is loaded or biased to an open position and
a means for attaching a hose. When the hose
and backflow protection is removed, the Type
5 device shall be freeze resistant and shall not
allow a hose to be attached.
30 Guide to Cross-Connection Protection Devices and Assemblies
These devices shall:
1) Only be used on systems where the low-head
backpressure does not exceed that generated by
an elevated hose equal to or less than ten (10.0)
feet (3.0 m) in height.
2) Not be subjected to more than twelve (12) hours
of continuous water pressure.
Always follow the manufacturer’s installation
instructions and maintenance instructions (if
applicable), and local plumbing code requirements.
FOR CERTIFICATION CLASS USE ONLY
Photo and drawing courtesy of Hoeptner Products, Inc.
ASSE Standard #1081
Backflow Preventers with Integral Pressure Reducing Boiler Feed
Valve and Intermediate Atmospheric Vent Style for Domestic and Light
Commercial Water Distribution Systems

This standard applies to devices that are designed to

both act as pressure reducing valves and as backflow
preventers with intermediate vents. Essentially the
device can comply with both ASSE 1003 and ASSE
1012. These devices are installed in plumbing
systems to fill and reduce static boiler pressure under
normal conditions, as well as to prevent backflow
into potable water supply lines within a premise
when pressure is temporarily higher in the closed
boiler loop than in the potable water piping. Since the
valves are boiler feed valves, they are not installed
directly into the potable water pipeline and are not
intended for use as potable water products.

The device is able operate under a working pressure

of at least 150.0 psi (1034 kPa) and 40.0 °F to
180.0 °F (4.4 °C to 82.2 °C).

The pressure reducing function of a 1081 is be

to within 10% of the manufacturer's performance
claims.

FOR CERTIFICATION CLASS USE ONLY

Photo courtesy of Taco, Inc.

Guide to Cross-Connection Protection Devices and Assemblies 31

 Definitions
The intent of this manual is to provide education on
selecting the applicable backflow device/assembly.
Many of the following definitions are simplified to
assist a student in this process and may not be as
comprehensive as the definitions listed in the current
edition of the ASSE Plumbing Dictionary found at
https://forms.iapmo.org/asse/free_dictionary.html.
Air Inlet (air inlet valve, air vent)
The opening, or series of openings, through the body
of a device from the free atmosphere to the liquid
passage of the device.
Atmospheric Air
Air of the surrounding atmosphere at its existing
pressure (e.g. 0 psig).
Backflow
1) The undesirable reversal of flow other than that
normally intended.
2) The flow of water or other liquids, mixtures or
substances into the distributing pipes of a potable
supply of water from any source or sources other
than its intended source.
Backflow Preventer
Any mechanical device or assembly, whether used
singularly or in combination with other controls,
designed to automatically prevent a reversal of flow
in a potable water distribution system.
Backpressure
Any increase of downstream pressure above the
supply pressure which would cause reversal of the
normal direction of flow.
Backsiphonage
A reduction in upstream pressure below the
downstream pressure, when the upstream pressure
becomes less than atmospheric pressure, resulting in
a reversal of the normal direction of flow.
Containment (Policy)
A method of backflow prevention which requires a
backflow prevention assembly or device at the water
service entrance. Sometimes called premise isolation
or point of service protection.
32
Contaminant
Any substance (solid, liquid or gas) which, if
introduced into a potable water supply, would cause
it to be unfit for human or animal consumption.
Contaminants are considered high or health hazards.
Critical Installation Level (Critical Level, C-L, C.L.)
A designated operational limitation prescribing a safe
height for the installed vacuum breaker above the
flood level rim of the fixture or receptacle served. In
absence of a physical mark on the device indicating
a height measurement reference point, the extreme
bottom of the device shall be considered this height
reference point.
Cross-Connection
An actual or potential connection between two pipes
in the same water supply system or between two
otherwise separated systems, one of which contains
potable water and the other containing a substance
of questionable or unknown quality.
Flood Level Rim
1) The edge of the receptacle from which water
overflows.
2) The level from which liquid will flow to the floor
when all drain and overflow openings built into
the device are obstructed. The lowest point in a
receptacle from which water overflows.
Hazard, High
A condition which has the potential to cause sickness
or death: a health hazard.
FOR CERTIFICATION CLASS USE ONLY
Hazard, Low
A condition which may be objectionable but does not
cause sickness or death: a non-health hazard.
Isolation (Policy)
To provide a backflow prevention mechanism or
method at each actual or potential cross-connection.
(Sometimes referred to as internal isolation or point
of use protection.)
Point of Use
A specific location where the potable water exits a
fitting into the atmosphere or connects to a fixture or
piece of equipment.
Guide to Cross-Connection Protection Devices and Assemblies
Pollutant
A substance that deteriorates the aesthetic quality
(smell, taste, or turbidity) of potable water or other
materials, but us not harmful to health. Pollutants are
considered low hazards.
Potable water
1) Water which is suitable for drinking, culinary, and
personal purposes.
2) Water free from impurities present in amounts
sufficient to cause disease or harmful
physiological effects.
3) Water from any source that has been approved
for human consumption by the health agency
having jurisdiction.
Pressure, Continuous
A term used in backflow protection to indicate a
condition in which pressure is applied for more
than twelve (12) continuous hours to the backflow
preventer. It may be at static or flow conditions.
Testable
A backflow preventer provided with specific points for
connecting a test kit. Testing is performed with the
backflow preventer still in line.
Non-testable
A backflow preventer that does not have specific
points for connecting a test kit or must be removed
from the line for testing.
Toxic
A substance which is poisonous and capable of
causing injury or death. A toxin may be ingested,
inhaled or absorbed through the skin. A substance
which has not been approved for human
consumption by the health agency having jurisdiction.

Pressure Differential
The difference in pressure of the fluid between two
points in a piping system; (i.e. the difference between
the inlet and the outlet on a water filter or backflow
preventer).

Service Connection
The terminal end of a service connection from
the public potable water system where the water
purveyor may lose jurisdiction and sanitary control
of the water at its point of delivery to the consumer’s

FOR CERTIFICATION CLASS USE ONLY

water system. If a meter is installed at the end of
the service connection, the service connection shall
mean the downstream end of the meter.

Supply Pressure
1) The pressure supplied from street main or other
main supply source.
2) The water distribution system pressure available
at the utility service connection.
3) The water pressure available to a fitting or
appliance.

Guide to Cross-Connection Protection Devices and Assemblies 33

FOR CERTIFICATION CLASS USE ONLY
FOR CERTIFICATION CLASS USE ONLY
 FOR CERTIFICATION CLASS USE ONLY

ASSE International Chapter of IAPMO, LLC

18927 Hickory Creek Drive, Suite 220 • Mokena, Illinois 60448
Phone: 708.995.3019 • www.asse-plumbing.org