1038-Article Text-2121-1-10-20231001

ADRRI JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
ESSN-L: 2026-674X
VOL. 7, No. 2 (6), July, 2023-September,2023
PUBLISHED BY AFRICA DEVELOPMENT AND RESOURCES RESEARCH INSTITUTE
ADRRI JOURNALS (www.adrri.org)
E-ISSN: 2026-674X VOL. 7, No.2 (6), July, 2023-September, 2023

Transformer Inter-Turn Fault Diagnosis Using Continuous Wavelet Transforms and
Convolutional Neural Networks
Edwin Kwesi Ansah Tenkorang1, Emmanuel Asuming Frimpong2, and Elvis Twumasi3
1,2,3Department of Electrical/Electronic Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of
Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.

1Email: ekatenkorang@st.knust.edu.gh; 2Email: eafrimpong.soe@knust.edu.gh
3Email: etwumasi.coe@knust.edu.gh
1Correspondence: ekatenkorang@st.knust.edu.gh / edwin.tenkorang@gmail.com
Available Online: 30th September, 2023

URL: https://journals.adrri.org/en/
Abstract
This paper proposes a new technique to detect transformer inter-turn faults using Continuous Wavelet
Transforms (CWT) and a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). This paper proposes a novel technique
that uses a single artificial intelligence model for both fault localization and severity prediction of
transformer inter-turn faults. To create the necessary training data, a 630 kVA 10.5/0.4 kV step-down
transformer was simulated in Simulink, generating primary and secondary line current waveforms. The
CWT decomposed these waveforms for the CNN model. The CNN model was able to predict the health
status, affected transformer side, affected transformer phase, and percentage of turns affected with 100%,
99.9%, 99.8%, and 98.6% accuracy respectively. This new technique shows great potential for improving
transformer inter-turn fault detection.
Keywords: inter-turn fault, transformer, wavelet, convolutional neural network
[Cite Article as: Tenkorang, K. A., Frimpong, E. A. and Twumasi, E. (2023). Transformer Inter-Turn Fault
Diagnosis Using Continuous Wavelet Transforms and Convolutional Neural Networks. ADRRI Journal of
Engineering and Technology, Ghana: Vol. 7, No.2 (6), Pp.1-17, E-ISSN: 2026-674X, 30th September, 2023.]
Received: (March 17, 2023)
Accepted: (June 30, 2023)
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INTRODUCTION
Power transformers play a critical role in power systems as they enable efficient voltage
transformation for various applications. However, transformers are vulnerable to failures due to
mechanical, electrical, or thermal stresses that may damage their insulation and cause severe
faults (Li & Guo, 2022). Inter-turn faults are among the common types of faults that occur in
transformers due to the close proximity of turns within the winding. These faults, if not
addressed, can cause power supply interruptions, result in lost revenue, damage other healthy
equipment, and even endanger operating personnel.
Insulation failure is a major cause of transformer faults. The most affected part of a transformer
is the transformer winding, accounting for 30% of all internal transformer faults (Medeiros, Aires,
França, & Costa, 2020). Inter-turn faults occur when there is an insulation failure between adjacent
turns in a transformer winding. Early stages of transformer inter-turn faults have an insignificant
impact on the terminal voltages and currents of transformers. Due to this, they often go
undetected by the traditional relay-based differential schemes. When faults in the transformer
reach a severe stage, it can extensively damage a significant part of the winding. Hence, there is
a need for a method that can effectively detect the fault at its incipient stage, as well as its severity
and location so that the fault can be addressed quickly to reduce outage time and damage.
Several inter-turn fault detection schemes, including the use of differential protection schemes
(Sevov, Khan, & Zhang, 2017), (Kumar, Majumdar, Verma, Mulo, & Nandi, 2012), and the
Buchholz relay (Sun, Huang, & Chao-Ming Huang, 2012), were proposed by early researchers,
but these methods are insensitive to slowly developing faults. The precision of the current
transformer has a large impact on the accuracy of the differential protection scheme. Also, the gas
production of inter-turn faults at their initial or incipient stage may be relatively low or
insufficient to trigger the Buchholz relay’s operation. Later research proposed the use of dissolved
gas analysis (DGA) (Ghoneim & Ibrahim B.M. Taha, 2016), (Razzaq, Yousof, Al-Ameri, Talib, &
Jber Mshkil, 2022), which was costly and unsuitable for dry transformers. Additional methods
include the frequency response analysis (FRA) (Kumar, Bhalja, & Kumbhar, 2022), (Hajiaghasi,
Abbaszadeh, & Salemnia, 2019), vibration analysis (Leal, Meira, Verucchi, Ruschetti, & Bossio,
2021), negative sequence currents, and Park’s transform (Faridi, Rahimpour, Kharezi, Mirzaei, &
Akbari, 2010), but they have one or more of the following inadequacies: (i) complex operation;
(ii) inappropriateness for unbalanced load; (iii) failure to operate online; (iv) inability to detect
fault location; (v) frailty to transformer parameter changes; (vi) low accuracy.
The artificial intelligence-based methods that use winding transfer function (Hammond,
Frimpong, & Ohene, 2020), wavelet analysis (Babu, Kalavathi, & Singh, 2006; Frimpong, Bright,
Kojo, & Michael, 2020), or harmonic phasor measurement units (Granados-Lieberman, Razo-
Hernandez, Venegas-Rebollar, Olivares-Galvan, & Valtierra-Rodriguez, 2021), in combination
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with an artificial neural network (Hammond, Frimpong, & Ohene, 2020; Babu, Kalavathi, &
Singh, 2006; Hammond, Frimpong, & Ohene, 2020), or fuzzy logic (Frimpong, Bright, Kojo, &
Michael, 2020) (Granados-Lieberman, Razo-Hernandez, Venegas-Rebollar, Olivares-Galvan, &
Valtierra-Rodriguez, 2021) have shown good results in detecting inter-turn faults at incipient
stages. Despite correcting previous flaws, these methods had shortcomings of their own,
including (i) inability to determine fault severity; (ii) long operation time; (iii) large amounts of
training data required; and (iv) memory and computation issues.
This paper, therefore, seeks to develop a fault detection scheme that can accurately determine
fault location and severity, while addressing several of these shortcomings.
a. Continuous Wavelet Transform
Real-world data are in the form of slowly changing oscillations punctuated by abrupt changes.
These changes are often the most interesting part of the data because of the information
they hold. The wavelet transform is a potent tool for signal processing that decomposes
signals into component parts. Primarily, the received signal is divided into different frequency
components using functions called wavelets. The wavelet’s basic function is scaled based on the
frequency, and a subset of small waves called the mother wavelet is used for implementing
wavelet transform.
Wavelet transforms are classified under two main categories; the discrete wavelet transform
(DWT) and the continuous wavelet transform. The scale parameter used to stretch or shrink
copies of the basic wavelet is discretized differently in these two. Because the observed time series
in the real world is discrete, DWT is popular in engineering (Babu, Kalavathi, & Singh, 2006).
Nonetheless, CWT is a powerful tool for recording and mapping changing signal properties. The
CWT of a signal 𝑓(𝑡) defined by the equation (MathWorks, n.d.):
1 ∞ 𝑡−𝑏
CWT(a, b) =≺ f, ψ𝑎,𝑏 ≻= √𝑎
∫−∞ f(t). ψ ∗ 𝑎
𝑑𝑡 (1)
where ∗ denotes the complex conjugate, and ψ𝑎,𝑏 (𝑡) is the continuous mother wavelet which gets
scaled by a factor of a and translated by a factor of b. a and b are referred to as dilation and
translation parameters respectively. When the dilation parameter is changed, the signal stretches
or shrinks in time. A stretched wavelet captures slow varying changes in the signal, whereas a
compressed wavelet captures rapid changes. When the translation parameter is changed, the
onset of the signal is moved forward or back along its length to align with different features of
the signal. The wavelet coefficients are obtained by constantly adjusting the dilation and
translation parameters in order to choose different sections of the signal and analyze the scale
variations. Each coefficient is multiplied by the appropriate scaled and shifted wavelet to produce
the constituent wavelets of the original signal. Popular mother wavelets include the Morlet,
Morse, and Daubechies wavelets. This paper employs the Analytic Morlet wavelet for wavelet
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decomposition.
b. Convolutional Neural Network
A convolutional neural network is an artificial neural network trained to recognize and detect
patterns. The ability to detect patterns is what makes CNNs so useful for image analysis. CNNs
have a deep feed-forward architecture and an astounding ability to generalize better than
networks with fully connected layers. A CNN can take in an input image, assign learnable
weights and biases to various aspects of the image, and distinguish between them.
A general CNN model consists of four components: (a) the input layer, (b) the convolution layer,
(c) the pooling layer, and (d) the fully connected layer. CNNs, however, are not limited to these
four layers. In a more complex architecture, other layers such as the dropout layer, lambda layer,
flatten layer, and batch normalization may be used to achieve different results. The convolution
and pooling layers collaborate to extract image features and reduce image complexity for
subsequent layers. The first layers capture low-level features such as edges, color gradient
orientation, and so on. By adding layers, it is possible to capture high-level features, allowing the
CNN to better understand the images in the dataset. The activation function output from
convolutional layers is then used by the fully connected layer to classify images.
Figure 1- A convolutional neural network (Hammond, Frimpong, & Ohene, 2020)
Figure. 1 depicts the basic CNN structure. The input layer takes in the image data, which contains
pixel values representing the image’s content. Progressing to the convolutional layer, the CNN
applies filters to identify crucial patterns such as edges and textures, thus extracting key features
from the image. The pooling layer reduces the feature map’s size while maintaining important
details and the network employs fully-connected neurons to process the refined features
thoroughly. Ultimately, the processed features are interpreted by the output layer, providing
classifications or predictions based on the learned features.
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METHODOLOGY
a. Transformer Modeling and Fault Simulation
A 630 kVA, 10.5 kV/0.4kV multi-winding transformer was simulated in Matlab/Simulink to
generate data for the CNN. All of the parameters used to model the transformer were obtained
from (Wang, et al., 2007). The transformer phase was modeled as a multiple-winding
transformer, with the transformer’s different windings representing different sections of the
winding in the phase. Each phase had six circuit breakers, one of which was located across
each winding and could be closed to short the winding and cause an inter-turn fault. The
modeled transformer phase functioned as a subsystem that was linked to the main transformer
model. There were three phases, each with its own voltage and current measuring device. The
transformer’s primary side was connected to a three-phase power source, and the secondary side
was connected to a load to allow voltage measurement. Figure. 2 shows the transformer model.
Figure 2 - 630 kVA Transformer Model
The CNN was set up to produce four distinct outputs; detection of the fault, the corresponding
faulted phase, the transformer side where the fault occurred, and the percentage of turns affected.
Each output corresponds to a specific neuron in the model’s output layer. The CNN was trained
using 1646 images, with 30% used for validation and 70% for training. The model was trained for
30 epochs using the Adam optimization technique and a learning rate of 0.00001, as well as the
Sparse Categorical Cross-Entropy loss function for location classification and the Mean Squared
Error loss function for percentage turn prediction, both with the same learning rate.
b. CNN Dataset Preparation and Training
The dataset generation procedure starts by initializing the state of the transformer and
introducing fault situations. The current waveforms for each side of the transformer, both
primary and secondary, are sampled and then decomposed. This decomposition process results
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in six coefficient matrices, each corresponding to the sampled current waveforms. The matrices
are used to generate individual scalogram images, which are then stored on a disk for further
processing. During the process of data preparation, the six images representing the fault state are
combined together to create a single BGR image. Subsequently, the fault labels are attached to
this image, and then the resulting data is included in the dataset. Figure 3. below shows the
methods for generating the dataset for the CNN.
Figure 3 - Dataset Generation Algorithm
The generated dataset is stored in a compressed format. The initial step in the model training
procedure involves the loading of the dataset, followed by the extraction of the images and their
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corresponding labels. The dataset is partitioned into separate training and validation datasets, a
crucial step to mitigate the risk of the model excessively adapting to the training data, a
phenomenon known as over-fitting. Once the model has been created, the data is passed through
the model for a series of iterations known as epochs, until a desirable level of validation accuracy
is achieved. Subsequently, the model is subjected to evaluation using novel data, and
subsequently implemented for practical utilization. Figure 4 shows the algorithm for training the
convolutional neural network.
Figure 4 - CNN Training Algorithm
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c. Proposed Technique
Figure. 5 shows the proposed technique for inter-turn fault diagnosis. To test a transformer for
inter-turn faults, the process begins by capturing the phase current waveforms for each side of
the transformer. Wavelet analysis is used to break down the phase current into a form the model
can understand and analyze. To obtain coefficient matrices, the waveforms are processed
concurrently using the Analytic Morlet wavelet as the mother wavelet. For each of the six
waveforms, the coefficient matrix is used to generate a scalogram image. The six images are
combined to create a single image before being fed into a trained CNN model for fault detection.
The model then evaluates the transformer's health. If the transformer is faulty, the model predicts
the impacted phase, side, and percentage, and the fault is classified under its appropriate severity
level (low, medium, and high).
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Figure 5 - Proposed fault detection technique
RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

Figure 6. shows the current waveform of a healthy transformer. When a fault occurs on the
primary side of the transformer, the current within the affected phase increases, as shown in
Figure 7. A fault on the secondary side of the transformer, on the other hand, causes an increase
in primary phase current and a drop in secondary phase current within the affected phase, as
shown in Figure 8.
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Figure 6 - Current waveform of a healthy transformer.
Figure 7 - Current waveform of transformer with Phase B primary side inter-turn fault
Figure 8 - Current waveform of transformer with Phase C secondary side inter-turn fault
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Each input image to the model is a combination of all six scalogram images. The six images are
assembled in the form of two rows and three columns. There are two rows of images, with the
top row representing the transformer's primary side and the bottom row representing the
transformer's secondary side. Likewise, there are three columns, each representing a different
Phase A Phase B Phase C
Primary
Secondary
Figure 9 – Concatenated input image.

phase of the transformer. The first column corresponds to Phase A, the second to Phase B, and
the third to Phase C. As an example, the image in the first column's bottom row corresponds to
the secondary side of Phase A on the transformer. As a result, the single image provides a
complete representation of faults in each transformer location. Figure 9 shows the mapping of the
image to its phases and sides.
The presence of a discernible blue line in the upper half within each of the component scalogram
images serves as a key indicator for identifying fault features. For healthy transformers, the line
traverses each phase without any interruptions or breaks. In faulty transformers, the line will
experience a disruption at a specific position that corresponds to the affected phase and side. The
point at which a line across a phase breaks is contingent upon the magnitude of the fault. In Figure
9, the break is evident in the third column of the first row, mapping to a fault on the primary side
of Phase C. The figures below show several input images and the model’s classification results.
Figure 10 – Input image of a healthy transformer.
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Figure 10 represents the input image of a healthy transformer. Due to the absence of a fault, all
the lines traverse each component image without any interruptions. After testing, the model
successfully predicted that the transformer was healthy with 0% affected turns.
Figure 11 – Secondary side fault input image

Figure 11 depicts an input image illustrating a fault occurring on the secondary side of Phase C.
This is evident from the observation of a line break in the second column of the bottom row. The
model accurately determined the affected phase and affected side, and also estimated an affected
turn percentage of 86%, which deviated slightly from the actual percentage turn of 88%.
Figure 12 – Primary side fault input image
Figure 12 shows an input image illustrating a fault occurrence on the primary side of Phase A.
In contrast to earlier instances characterized by noticeable faults due to significant fault severity,
the occurrence of a line break is not readily obvious due to the relatively low percentage of
damaged turns, amounting to only 9%. Nevertheless, the model demonstrates accurate
predictions regarding the presence of a fault, as well as the specific phase and side. The model's
predicted affected turn percentage is 11%, which closely aligns with the observed turn
percentage of 9% as predicted by the model.
Table. 1 shows a few more examples of real fault details and the model's predictions. In every
classification instance, the model predicts the percentage of affected returns with a margin of
error of no more than 3%, hence facilitating the appropriate categorization of faults based on
their severity level.
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Table 1 - Model classification examples
REAL FAULT DETAILS PREDICTED FAULT DETAILS
Status Phase Side Turns Status Phase Side Turns
Faulty A Primary 50% Faulty A Primary 51%
Faulty A Secondary 63% Faulty A Secondary 65%
Faulty C Secondary 96% Faulty C Secondary 96%

Faulty B Primary 14% Faulty B Primary 13%
Faulty A Primary 37% Faulty A Primary 37%
Healthy None None 0% Healthy None None 0%
a. Fault Status and Localization Performance

The confusion matrix, which represents a table layout used to visualize an algorithm’s
performance, was used to analyze the performance of the proposed method. It shows which
classes were mixed up with which during testing. The performance of our models was evaluated
on three of the outputs. The confusion matrices for fault status and localization are shown in
Figure. 13, Figure. 14, and Figure. 15.
Figure 13 - Health prediction confusion matrix
Figure. 13 shows the model's exceptional classification performance for the first output, with
perfect accuracy represented by 1.0 values along the diagonal cells. This signifies the precise
identification of both "Healthy" and "Faulty" instances and confirms the model's strong capability
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to differentiate between the two classes. As a result, the model can perfectly classify unaffected
phases and sides.
Figure 14 - Side prediction confusion matrix

Figure. 14 shows how accurately the model detects the affected phase. It correctly detects when
all three phases are unaffected with a value of 1.0 and has minor misclassifications among the
affected phases. However, the model is particularly precise in identifying faults within each
specific phase, with accuracy values of 0.97, 0.99, and 0.98 for Phase A, Phase B, and Phase C,
respectively.
Figure 15 - Phase prediction confusion matrix.

Figure. 15 shows the model's performance in classifying the affected sides of the transformer. It
accurately identifies none and primary side cases with perfect accuracy and demonstrates a slight
misclassification in the secondary side classification. The model still displays high precision for
the secondary class, achieving an accuracy of 0.99.
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b. Percentage Turn Prediction Performance
The coefficient of determination, also known as R2, to assess the accuracy of percentage turn
prediction. It measures how well a model fits its data. The relationship between the wavelet
coefficients and the percentage of affected turns was validated using R2. The model produced an
R2 score of 0.968 or 98.6%. Figure. 16 shows a scatter plot that depicts the relationship between
actual and predicted turns around the regression line.
Figure 16 - Regression line for percentage turns.
CONCLUSIONS
The paper presents an innovative approach for the detection of inter-turn faults through the
utilization of an artificial intelligence-based methodology, particularly employing a
convolutional neural network. Wavelet analysis is employed for extracting unique features from
the phase currents of a transformer. These extracted features are afterward subjected to
processing and subsequently sent to a convolutional neural network for predictions. The
approach is capable of detecting faults occurring on either the primary or secondary side, as well
as faults occurring in either of the transformer's phases. Additionally, it has the capability to
determine the magnitude of turns implicated in the inter-turn fault as a percentage relative to the
entire number of turns. The findings produced in this study provide evidence for the
effectiveness of the proposed approach.
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Babu, C. P., Kalavathi, M. S., & Singh, B. (2006). Use of Wavelet and Neural Network (BPFN) for
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to-turn fault in transformers using Artificial Neural Networks and winding transfer
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function. 2010 10th IEEE International Conference on Solid Dielectrics, (pp. 1-4).
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17

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ADRRI JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

ADRRI JOURNALS (www.adrri.org)

E-ISSN: 2026-674X VOL. 7, No.2 (6), July, 2023-September, 2023

Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.

1Correspondence: ekatenkorang@st.knust.edu.gh / edwin.tenkorang@gmail.com

Available Online: 30th September, 2023

Keywords: inter-turn fault, transformer, wavelet, convolutional neural network

Received: (March 17, 2023)

Accepted: (June 30, 2023)

Figure 1- A convolutional neural network (Hammond, Frimpong, & Ohene, 2020)

Figure 2 - 630 kVA Transformer Model

Figure 3 - Dataset Generation Algorithm

Figure 4 - CNN Training Algorithm

Figure 5 - Proposed fault detection technique

RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

Figure 6 - Current waveform of a healthy transformer.

Phase A Phase B Phase C

Figure 9 – Concatenated input image.

Figure 10 – Input image of a healthy transformer.

Figure 11 – Secondary side fault input image

Figure 12 – Primary side fault input image

REAL FAULT DETAILS PREDICTED FAULT DETAILS

Status Phase Side Turns Status Phase Side Turns

Faulty A Primary 50% Faulty A Primary 51%

Faulty A Secondary 63% Faulty A Secondary 65%

Faulty C Secondary 96% Faulty C Secondary 96%

Faulty A Primary 37% Faulty A Primary 37%

Healthy None None 0% Healthy None None 0%

a. Fault Status and Localization Performance

Figure 13 - Health prediction confusion matrix

Figure 14 - Side prediction confusion matrix

Figure 15 - Phase prediction confusion matrix.

Figure 16 - Regression line for percentage turns.

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