Anwar Ali Khan Proposal

SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF EARLY MARRIAGES IN
PUKHTOON SOCIETY AT DISTRICT DIR LOWER
BY
ANWAR ALI KHAN
IHTERAM KHAN
SOMA RASHID
A thesis submitted to Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Timergara Campus in the
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
BS (Hons) Sociology
Department of Sociology
Faculty of Social Sciences
Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan
SESSION (2019–23)
SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF EARLY MARRIAGES ON
PUKHTOON SOCIETY AT DISTRICT DIR LOWER
BY
ANWAR ALI KHAN
IHTERAM KHAN
SOMA RASHID
Approved by
Supervisory Committee:
________________________ Supervisor
Mr. Usman Ali
________________________
Mr. Hamad khan HOD/Focal Person
________________________
Mr. Rizwan Ullah Controller of Examination
________________________ External Examiner

Mr. Kinan Pasha
Assistant Director Population Welfare Department
DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY
FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
ABDUL WALI KHAN UNIVERSITY MARDAN
SESSION (2019–23)
1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter No-01
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................
1.2 Study Background.....................................................................................................................
1.3 Research Questions..................................................................................................................
1.4 Objectives of The Study..........................................................................................................
1.5 Significance of The Study.......................................................................................................
1.6 Conceptual Framework............................................................................................................
1.7 Organization of The Study.......................................................................................................
Chapter No- 02
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction..............................................................................................................................
2.2 Early Marriage in Pakistan......................................................................................................
2.3 Pukhtoon Customs Regarding Child Marriages......................................................................
2.4 Cultural Rigidity and Gender Discrimination..........................................................................
2.5 Socio-Cultural..........................................................................................................................
2.6 Consequences of Early Marriage.............................................................................................
2.7 Research Gap...........................................................................................................................
Chapter No- 03
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction..............................................................................................................................
3.2 Theoretical Framework............................................................................................................
3.3 Nature of The Study.................................................................................................................
3.4 Universe of The Study.............................................................................................................
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3.5 Target Population.....................................................................................................................
3.6 Sampling Technique................................................................................................................
3.7 Tool of Data Collection...........................................................................................................
3.8 Data Analysis...........................................................................................................................
Chapter No- 04
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Demographic profile of the respondent...................................................................................
4.2 Uni-Variate Analysis...............................................................................................................
4.3 Bi-Variate Analysis.................................................................................................................
4.4 Major Findings.........................................................................................................................
Chapter No- 05
SUMMURY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary..................................................................................................................................
5.2 Conclusion...............................................................................................................................
5.3 Recommendations....................................................................................................................
REFERENCES............................................................................................................................
3
LIST OF TABLES
Demographic profile of the respondents
Table No 4.1. 1..................................................................................................................23

Table No 4.1. 2..................................................................................................................24
Table No 4.1. 3..................................................................................................................25
Table No 4.1. 4..................................................................................................................26
Table No 4.1. 5..................................................................................................................27
Table No 4.1. 6..................................................................................................................28
Table No 4.1. 7..................................................................................................................29
Uni-Variate Analysis
Table No 4.2. 1..................................................................................................................30

Table No 4.2. 2..................................................................................................................33
Table No 4.2. 3..................................................................................................................37
Bi-Variate Analysis
Table No 4.3. 1..................................................................................................................42

Table No 4.3. 2..................................................................................................................44
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DEDICATION
It is with the blessing of Almighty Allah who gives us strength, wisdom and competence,
for giving us good health while doing this research activity. Moreover, we dedicated this
research study to our subject teacher and supervisor, Mr. Usman Ali, who constantly
guiding and teaching us to make this study even better, to our families for cheering up for
us, and to our friends who have helped us in finishing this project. we really appreciate
his words of advice and in continuously giving us moral, emotional, and financial
support.
This research study is also dedicated to our respected parents. They encouraged and
cooperate us in conducting this study. They have never left our side throughout the
process and gave us strength and hope when we thought of giving this up. They provided
us a great sense of enthusiasm and perseverance in continuing this. Without their love
and assistance, this research study was not possible.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We express our good wishes to our research supervisor, Mr. Usman Ali, for his
invaluable guidance, unwavering encouragement, and insightful feedback throughout the
entirety of this research work. His expertise in the field of sociology has been
instrumental in shaping the direction and quality of this study.
We also thankful to Mr. Hamad Khan, Head of the Sociology Department, for his
constant support and for providing us with the resources and academic environment
necessary for the successful completion of this research. We further extend to our
appreciation to all the faculty members of the Department of Sociology for fostering a
conducive academic atmosphere that has enriched my research experience.
Further, we are also acknowledged the assistance of our fellow students and friends who
have offered their encouragement and constructive discussions, which have contributed
significantly to the development of this research.
Last but not the least; we are very grateful to our family for their unwavering support and
encouragement throughout this research journey. This research project would not have
been possible without the collective support and guidance of these individuals and
institutions. Thank you all of them for their invaluable contributions.
The researchers
Anwar Ali Khan
Ihteram Khan
Soma Rashid
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ABSTRACT
The aim of this research study was to find out causes and consequences of early
marriages in Pashtun society at District Dir Lower, Tehsil Balambat, KPK. Title of the
study was “Sociological Analysis of early Marriages in Pashtun Society at District Dir
Lower.” Objectives of the study were to find out relation of Pashtun society with early
marriages and to investigate the relation of early marriages with Pashtun social structure
and traditional practices, structure and their culture. Conceptual framework comprised
of both dependent and independent variables. The study was quantitative in nature.
Universe of the study was Dir Lower. Target population was Tehsil Balambat. A Total
of 50 samples size was selected through snow ball sampling technique from the
universe. Data was collected through questionnaire. Data was analyzed through SPSS.
Chi-square test was used to test the association between dependent and independent
variables. Uni-variate and Bi-variate analysis were also applied to find the association
between Pashtun Social Structure and Early Marriage and also Pashtun traditional
practices and early marriage. The result indicates a highly significant association
(P=0.000) between dependent and independent variables. Result of the study show
influence of the hierarchical structures and power dynamics within the Pashtun society
was clear, as they contribute to the continuation of early marriages. Moreover, the
examination of cultural factors showed the importance of maintaining cultural
inheritance, which sometimes leads to the continuation of practices like early marriage.
The research also revealed the strong connection between early marriages and traditional
practices. Pashtun society's loyalty to ancient customs, despite changing global
dynamics, highlights the complexity of cultural protection in the face of modernization.
This dynamic relationship between tradition and modernity often contributes to the
perseverance of early marriage practices. By highlighting the relationship between
demographic, social, and cultural factors, this study emphasizes the need for
comprehensive strategies that engage both tradition and progress.
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Chapter No-01
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
Early Marriage is characterized as marriage before attaining the age of 18 applies
to both girls and boys; however, it is most usual among girls. Child marriage is a reality
that spread in numerous nations. The matter keeping in view its significance is not
addressed for quite a long time and acknowledged or recognized as a standard. It is an
emerging issue in Pakistan (Nawaz, 2022). in Pakistan in case of male, under 18 years
and in case of female under 16 years. Such marriages have not been declared null and
void in Pakistan, as Sharia permits such marriages if conducted with the permission of
wali (guardian). However, State law has tried to restrict such practice by passing laws
and issuing guidelines to the law enforcement agencies and providing punishments to all
those involved in conducting, giving agreements and solemnizing nikkah in this regard.
International instruments are very clear in this regard, which tend to prohibit such
practices. In simple words, it can be stated that in many authorities’ child marriages are
prohibited and where they are not specifically prohibited, they are not allowed as a
general practice and it is recommended to wait till age of puberty or adulthood, yet this
practice is common in many states including Pakistan (Rizvi & Qureshi, 2022).
It not only violates fundamental human rights, but also it is a barrier to physical,
mental and psychological development. The negative consequences arising due to such
marriages are harmful for child bride, for children of such marriage as well as society as
a whole. These may include; poor health of mother and children, domestic violence,
lower level of education and high risk of different diseases. Through child marriages, the
rights of child (usually a girl) are violated, these include right to equality on grounds of
age and sex, right to marry with free will and form family, right to life, health,
education, development both physical and psychological, right to be free from all forms
of discrimination and above all the right to childhood (Akhtar & Ahmad, 2021).
1.2 Study Background
Globally, it is around 21% young girls were married before 18 whereas 12 Million
girls are married each year before 18. During this time, the occurrence of child marriage
in South Asia fell the most from 49% to 30%. 25 million child marriages have been
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prevented in the last decade. While 37% girls were married before 18 in Sub-Saharan
Africa; 76% Niger, 68% Central Africa Republic, and 67% Chad. If sustainable action is
not taken seriously now, more than 150 million girls will become child brides by 2030.
(UNICEF, 2020). In South Asian region generally and in Pakistan particularly.
Numerous young girls are married in this region in the cause of social, cultural and
religious traditions and they remain disadvantaged physically, educationally,
psychologically, and economically thus keep on suffering for whole of their life. Child
Marriage is defined where both or one of the couple is under the age of 18, “Child
marriage disproportionately and negatively affects girls who are more likely to be
married as children than boys” (Naveed & Butt, 2015).
In Pakistan, women are weak and depressed segment of society. Girls are married
away quite early and are not freely allowed to use their years of adolescence in useful
learning. Pakistan is one of those countries where girls in early-teens (below-16) are
married away. There are different reasons and factors interwoven in the socio cultural
fabric of the country that cause or contribute towards marrying off children before
attaining a suitable age. Such early marriages lead to misuse of girls. Marriages are
planned and executed by senior members of the family and the actual couple-to-meet
finds no opportunity to express their likes and dislikes. In making such arranged
marriages (actually forced marriages, quite often), legal safeguards for the girl are often
set aside. Minimum marriageable age and mutual agreement are not ensured (Muzaffar,
Yaseen & Ahmad,2018). In Punjab, mostly wedding gifts are given to the family of the
married girl gives money or other home products to the groom. In Sindh, the practice of
marriage is typical; both families invest in marriage however more financial profit goes
to bride's family. Regardless of whether monetary expense or gain is related with a
young lady's marriage can impact family dynamic on when, to whom as well as how to
undertake marriage (Veen, 2018).
Early marriage is more pervasive in rural areas as compare to urban side. There
are additionally differences between areas, with the most minimal measures have been
seen in Islamabad (The Capital City) and the most noteworthy measures noticed in KPK
and Baluchistan. Youngster marriage is less common in Punjab. The positioning of the
locales, as far as the actions acquired with the 15- and 18-years limits will in general be
comparable. Marriage of child or early marriage has a relationship with low level of
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education fulfillment as well as a lower probability of schooling. Child marriage
influences the accomplishment of education adversely, on the grounds that young ladies
frequently exit school when they wed (Nour, 2006).
Marriage is formed by a precious and pleasant bond between a groom and bride.
As opposed, it may not always go as planned. The ambition to have a prosperous life is
uninhabited, and the notion of having a satisfying life is non-existent. All of this
becomes a reality when a girl is exposed to married at an early age which defines by
UNICEF as marriage before the age of 18 (Raj et al., 2009).
Child marriage violates the rights of children and has widespread of which long
term consequences for child brides and grooms. As reported by UNICEF’s 2020,
marriage at an early age is quite wide spread in Asian countries, and its negative impact
touches both boys and girls, although it is more likely among girls who face early
marriage-related concerns than boys. And sudden shift in roles, responsibilities, and
environment creates stress due to which not only losses childhood fun but also destroys
her psychological well-being, and the health of their offspring (Nour, 2009).
Furthermore, underage marriage puts girls towards violence, health risk, or expiry level
and may be other most of the serious health impact of child marriage, and also abolishes
her educational background and her coming opportunities subside, and has to face health
risk, rather her responsibilities are increased (Shabbar & Manzoor, 2022).
The present study aims to investigate the social and cultural factors of the early
marriage in District Dir Lower, Pakistan.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
 To find out demographic profile of the respondents
 To investigates area profile of Pukhtoon society and its relation with early
marriages.
 To examines association of early marriages with Pukhtoon social structure,
culture and their traditional practices.
1.4 Research Questions
The researchers were asking the following questions.
 How Pashtun social structure Pukhtoon society relates to early marriages?
 What is the relation of Pukhtoon social stratification system with early marriages?
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 What is the relation of Pukhtoon traditional practices with early marriages?
 How the culture of Pukhtoon society has relation with early marriage?
1.5 Significance of the Study
The purpose of the research is to investigate how early marriage is linked
with Pukhtoon social structure and traditional practices The results of the study should
help with policymakers and other interested parties in recommending suitable actions to
prevent child marriage.
1.6 conceptual Framework
Conceptual framework is planned to examine the relationship between early
marriage with Pukhtoon social structure and traditional practices at district Dir lower.
The explanation is given in the following diagram.
Dependent variable Independent variable
class system
pukhtoon social
structure
caste system
Early marriage
vani(swara)
watta satta(ado bado)
pukhtoon traditional
walwar(bride price)
practices
family honor
elder desision
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1.7 Organization of the Study
The research work consists upon five chapters. The first chapter are introduction
which is further consisting upon background of the study, research questions, objectives
of the study, hypothesis of the study and significance of the study, conceptual
framework. Second chapter comprises the review of the related literature and research
gap. The third chapter is research methodology which is consist of theoretical
framework, nature of the study, universe of the study, target population, sampling
technique and tool of data collection. Chapter four is data analysis and major findings.
And chapter five consisting of Summary, conclusion and recommendations.
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Chapter No- 02
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
Marriage is one of the universal social institutions established to control and
regulate the life of mankind. It is the approved social pattern whereby two or more
persons establish a family. However, marriage which occur without natural way or
which violate the basic principles of human rights, creates critical social problems with
multifaceted consequences. The current study investigates into various causes and
consequences of early marriage in Pukhtoon society. The study will have undertaken in
Tehsil Balambat district Dir lower Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. In this regards
review of the literature is divided into different section to explore all the socio-cultural
aspects of Pukhtoon society regarding early marriage. Moreover, consequences of early
marriage have been discussed in the literature.
2.2 Early Marriage in Pakistan
The custom of early marriage is common in most of the rural belt of the
developing countries and prevailing due to certain causative factors, which lay-down
devastating impacts upon females, and families (Kabir, 2006). In addition, such practice
is one the common future in most of societies i.e. Saharan Africa, South Asia, and West
Africa, East Africa and South Asia (UNDESA, 2000).
Pakistan in general and Pashtun society in particular has a strong cultural heritage
and distinct customs and traditions which mostly favor early marriage. Early marriages
are practiced here at a higher ratio as compared to other parts of the country on the basis
of economic instability, lack of awareness and strong cultural trend encourages such a
custom (UNICEF, 2005).
2.3 Pukhtoon Customs Regarding Child Marriages
Marriage ceremonies in rural structures under traditional patterns are customary in
nature that put force on some members while the others are rarely rational in order to
take the decision and exercise their right (Macfarlane, 2002). Where abduction also
plays a pivotal role (UNICEF, 1998). Such a rural structure is excessively found in
developing countries particularly in the South Asia (Khan & Naz, 2012). In this
connection, Pakistan lines-up eminently having far-more exposure to early marriages
13
and their adverse consequences (Assani, 2000). Although the Essential Conditions of
Marriage (Section 2, Article 6-16) of the Revised Family Code (Proclamation of 2000),
Article 7 specifies the legal marriage age of both boys and girls yet the implementation
is impeded by several reasons. Such cases reflect that a male or a female shall have the
age fit for marriage (CPG, 1998). While studies assert that many females in rural areas
i.e. 13 percent are married at the age of 15 while 66% before that age of 18 (DHS,
Richard & Sundar, 1999).
In many countries people tend to give more importance to customary practices
than the existing enacted laws of the land. For them their customary practices are so
sacred that they don’t bother to listen to anyone in this regard. Child Marriages is still in
practice in Pakistan through different customs, such as; Vani(SWARA) in tribal areas of
Pakistan, this custom is practiced, where girls are married to resolve differences or for
compensation of crime committed by a male member of the family (Khan, 2011).
Exchanging brides (Watta Satta) or barter of brides between two families i.e. both trade
brides. It is one of the most happening practices throughout the country, prevalent even
in educated families. (Hanan & Mansuri, 2007).
Further, Money against Match (Valwaar) In certain jurisdictions and tribes of the
country, marriage is a monetary deal between the groom and parents of the bride.
Daughters are given in marriage and a certain demanded amount is received by the
parents. The groom pays money (valwaar) to parents of the bride for consent of
marrying their daughters. That money helps a rescue and reward for the girl’s family
from years’ long economic difficulties of her brought-up. The parents therefore tend to
give their daughters in marriage as soon as they find a good offer. Such possible money
is also a cause of child trafficking (Noor, 2004).
The custom of early marriage in Pashtun society lays devastating impacts
including violation of children's basic rights and a burden of responsibilities on children,
of which they are not capable both mentally as well as physically. In addition, it has
created a social instability and is affecting the Pashtun generation in an unbalanced way
(Adlakha, 2008).
In other words, by marrying them at lower age they want to get free of them and
to make them as an earning member of the family because normally a child doesn’t feel
earning responsibility for the family. However, in some cases, Pashtun prefer early
14
marriages to increase their family members in order to have a superior influence in their
locality (Zabin, 2005).
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2.4 Cultural Rigidity and Gender Discrimination
Pakistan is a land of rigid and static culture (Betoncourt & Lopez, 1998). Cultural
rigidity leads the parents to marry their children at an early age. It is customary practice
that children specifically, girls should get married at an early age and if a girl crosses 16
years of her age, the relatives and the neighbors start to inquire about her marriage. This
attitude of the people also makes the parents worry about the marriage of their daughters
and they try to marry them even during their studies without considering their desires
and by ignoring the fact that children must be given a chance to express their feelings,
needs and wishes (Morgan & Zedner, 1998).
2.5 Socio-Cultural
The main factor driving the phenomenon is protection of the traditions by people
which are in favor of man. Accepted as a customary practice, child marriage is usually
not privy to social scrutiny. Generally, it is considered a routine matter in order to
maintain familial and community acceptance, moreover, child marriage is in practice to
avoid any deviant behavior that might be resulting in stigmatization and being socially
disliked. Further, all the other social constructions which instigate child marriage, the
notion of ‘honor’ (izzat) appears to be the most important factor of the discourse. There
is usually a marked pressure on parents to marry their daughters at an early age in order
to lessen the risk of dishonor attached with the sex without marriage. Child marriage
therefore, becomes a convenient way to off the burden of protection and responsibility
of preserving the honor (Naveed & Manzoor, 2015).
It is a common notion that child marriage is an effective way to prevent
transgressing sexual behavior among young people particularly girls. Child marriage is
often used as an instrument to maintain power relations and maintain gender based
control. It is generally believed that the younger girls can be easily controlled the way
male-elders want. Watta satta (exchange marriages) also helps to maintain the balance of
power between families by ensuring that their girls are exchanged in marriages for
daughters-in-law. Invariably, the exchange involves at least one if not both to be child
marriages. These marriages are mostly arranged by fathers or elder male members of the
family. Young people particularly females are not consulted in decisions pertaining to
their marriages. In fact, it is considered ‘shameful’ to take opinion of a female regarding
her marriage. Another reason of the practice of child marriage in Pakistani society is
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that it strengthens male domination and reduces alternative opportunities for girls. The
role of a girl and woman in many developing countries is shaped and framed by the
institution of marriage and associated with cultural norms and social expectations of
being a good wife, sister, daughter and mother. Some say that marriage is a tool which
gives girls or women little status in families and society. To put control over women’s
sexuality is a common reason to marry girls at a young age. A girl’s sexuality is
perceived to be the property of her husband once married. The control of a girl’s
sexuality is essential to protect the honor of her father, family and community. Early
marriage has correlation with illiteracy or lower levels of education particularly for girls.
Parents are not willing to invest in a daughter’s education since girl has to leave her
parental home at the time of marriage and thus any investment on heirs considered as a
waste. In addition, a girl’s prospects for education after marriage are extremely grim due
to her lack of mobility, domestic burdens, child bearings and social norms that make
marriage and education incompatible. Early marriage limits a girl’s development of
skills, resources, knowledge, social support and mobility, which limit her negotiating
power with her husband or in-laws. Subsequently, the increased vulnerability exposes
girls to a likelihood of violence, abuse, divorce or abandonment Illiteracy or lack of
education among parents perpetuates the practice as it is often accentuated by poverty
and limited economic opportunity, lack of awareness about the consequences of child
marriage on teen-aged girls also reinforce the trend. Illiteracy or lack of education of
parents also limit the chances of their children exactly on girls to acquire education.
Girls are often kept out of school because no value is associated with their education,
compared to boys. Child marriages, thus, become the most ‘desirable’ solution to set
girls off in taking up domestic responsibilities, designed to be their future. Various
studies describe that girls who do get the opportunity to enroll in schools, most of them
drop out before 8th grade. Parents generally do not see prospects in investing on girls’
education because they have to be married and will be taking responsibilities in their
matrimony. Some social pressures also appear in to play at this point and become a key
hurdle in the way for education of girls. “these aspirations appear to be dependent on
family’s ability and means to support the girls’ education as well as conditional on
supportive factors like distance of a school and safe means to reach the school”
(UNICEF, 2011).
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It cannot be ruled out that gender discrimination is another factor that leads to
child marriages. Pakistan is a patriarchal society where females are given mostly
domestic duties to perform. In child marriages, girls are limited at houses which force
them to leave their education and other opportunities. So child marriage perpetuates
gender disparity and consequently females remain dependents on their male partners and
keep on suffering for whole life. Gender discrimination is at the root of harmful
traditional practices done against girls and young women and such practices are
perpetuated in order to maintain the dominant position of men and boys over women and
girls in a patriarchal society” (Sadiwa et al., 2007).
In Pakistani society, by and large father decides when and where his children will
be married. However, daughter mostly be married off earlier than a son because of
economic factors. In fact, daughters are considered social and economic burden on the
family opposing to boys, who are expected to contribute in the family’s income. The UN
Committee on CRC expressed strong concern for Pakistan, “pervasive patriarchal
attitudes and deep-rooted traditional and cultural stereotypes regarding the roles and
responsibilities of women and men in the family, in the workplace and in society, which
constitute serious obstacles to women’s enjoyment of their human rights” (CRC, 2009).
In poor families, parents do not have resources for the schooling of their girls so
they wish to marry their daughters as early as possible to be relieved from the
responsibility. They don’t see their future anywhere else except sending them to their
husband’s house. So, one pronounced contributing factor for child marriages is poverty.
A needy family may regard daughter as economic burden that must be removed through
marriage at her young age. In many countries, it is economically more feasible to marry
daughters at a younger age since the expenses of marriage are lower. Similarly, the
expenses of dowry may also be lower for younger girls in many areas. In rural Pakistan,
poverty is universal and is the most important cause for the practice of child marriage.
“the headcount poverty in Pakistan was 22.3 percent for the 2005-2006 financial years,
with some 27 percent of those living in rural areas being below the poverty line, as
compared to 13.1 in urban areas (Ministry of Finance Pakistan, 2011).
It is stated that about Pakistan poverty situation it has been quoted, “The
Economic Survey for the outgoing financial year … revealed that if the poverty line is
$2 per day in line with international standards for middle-income countries, then 60.19
18
percent of the population falls below poverty line in Pakistan (Half of Pakistan lives
below poverty line). Mostly parents marry their daughter off by claiming her wellbeing
in her expected husband’s house as he will fulfil her requirements. It goes without
saying that poverty, lack of economic opportunities and illiteracy are the most
articulated reasons for child marriages in Pakistan. For many parents, particularly in the
rural communities with limited means for livelihood, child marriage often serves as a
strategy to off their liability in terms of daughters. Moreover, limited repository of skills,
and be short of self-confidence, most girls are left with very few alternatives to be
economically useful, thus, accelerating their trajectory in to early marriages. Generally,
in rural community’s girls and women are engaged in informal sector or home based
works with negligible earnings. These include primarily seasonal works in the
agriculture sector requiring little or no skills like cotton picking, sowing etc. Other types
of income generating activities are home-based works including stitching, embroidery
and handicrafts. Families tend to associate low ‘economic value’ with girls or women
due to their inability to earn and contribute to the family income. So they are taken
particularly in rural setting as ‘non-earning’ individuals in economics terms. “Child
marriage is seen as a way to escape the cycle of poverty, evidence from other developing
countries reveals that in fact it worsens the cycle of intergenerational poverty. On the
other hand, where income generation by women is seen as a poverty mitigating strategy
(particularly in urban areas) early marriage may be delayed because of the incoming
earning (Khawar, et.al., 2010).
Varying interpretations of religious leaders exist on child marriage, age of spouses
and circumstances of marriage have made this problem more complex. It goes without
saying that approximately 97 percent of Pakistanis are Muslim and they are quite
sentimental about their religion, therefore, role of religion and religious leaders in the
society is very significant. “The Quran does not stipulate a minimum age for marriage
and does not out rightly prohibit child marriage” (wyller & Nayer, 2007). is of the view,
it is said, “Although there is nothing in Quran about child Marriage, pre Islamic Arab
customs that allowed child marriage played a major role in introducing child marriage to
Islam (Syed, 2004).
Therefore, religious leaders have a cushion to interpret the age for marriage in
varying ways. They enjoy influence on government as well followers of their respective
19
sects. So their supportive interpretation about child marriage influence the parents thus
they do not hesitate marrying their children at an early age. Those who seek to justify
child marriage on religious grounds argue that an Islam emphasis early marriage of
children and it is considered a sin not to marry off a daughter who has reached puberty.
A sizable section of religious leaders also propagates this view by justifying that it
would reduce the corruption in the society. On the other hand, few religious leaders are
of the view that the mere onset of puberty is not a sufficient marker signaling marriage
for girls and that psychological and physical maturity are also relevant factors in
assessing the age for marriage. This view is also supported by the Al-Azhar University,”
child marriage caused significant damage to children and that parents should spare their
young from such repercussions” (UNICEF & Al-Azhar University, 2005).
It is pertinent to understand that due to economic dependency and socio-cultural
obligations young boys generally and girls particularly are unable to raise their voices
against their marriages. The notion that a good child does not refuse his/her parents
decision, which is quite common in Pakistani society. As far as girl’s consent for
marriage is concerned the Prophet (PBUH) said, “A matron should not be given in
marriage except after consulting her and a virgin should not be given in marriage except
after her permission” (Karim, 2013). It is noted, “almost all Islamic schools of thought
on the question of obtaining the bride’s consent insist that it be obtained those seeking to
marry her off and that they must also take into account by a court” (Hallaq, 2009). It
can be said that Islam is not precise about the age of a girl’s marriage which gives
leverage to the religious leaders to interpret this matter in different ways. So many
Pakistanis in their perceptions believe that child marriage is not prohibited in Islam.
Indeed, there is a need to take these two important aspects in account the physical and
psychological maturity of the child-involved.
2.6 Consequences of Early Marriage
Early marriage is not only a serious human rights violation driven by sociocultural
factors and poverty but it is also a significant barrier to women and children's health
because girls have not yet attained full maturity and the capacity to act autonomously.
The associated risks to well-being and health as a result of early marriage are widely
acknowledged. Young girls who are married early begin childbearing soon after
marriage, leading to increased health risks from complications in pregnancy, low infant
20
birth weight, and often death during delivery. Other risks for young married girls are due
to their short birth spacing and greater chances of contracting HIV. Inadequate access
and underuse of health care services are additional reasons for poor health outcomes of
young married girls as their decisions to seek care are set back because of their low
household wealth and low education. Hence, policies that advocate and support later
marriage for young girls have significant health benefits both for young married girls
and their children.
Specific country studies indicate the lack of access to basic health coverage among
early-married mothers (EMMs). For instance, Nasrullah et al find that 73% of EMMs in
Pakistan have a decreased likelihood of having any prenatal care and increased chances
of delivery by unskilled birth attendants—twice the amount compared with non-EMMs.
Similarly, child marriage in Niger is negatively associated with the frequency of
antenatal visits and having a skilled birth attendant at delivery. Moreover, the risk of
malnutrition is greater in young children born to girls who married young.
Although many countries have established laws prohibiting early marriage, often
these laws are not based on revisions of minimum age of marriage, making them
difficult to enforce. For the group of girls who ended up marrying very young beyond
their will, however, a forward shift of their age of marriage by a few years can be an
intermediate step to lessen the negative effects on health through their increasing intra
household bargaining power and autonomy. Improved agency for young girls could lead
to a larger access and control over resources, more mobility outside the community, and
increased ability to negotiate health systems more efficiently. In addition, a few more
years outside of marriage can increase the likelihood of these young girls to stay in
school and, relatedly, increase their degree of health literacy (Delprato & Akyeampong,
2017).
2.7 Research Gap

The problems of early marriage have been discussed by many theorists in
different ways and different dimensions. Most of the researchers discussed economic
and psychological background of the early marriages while the sociological background
of the study has been missed by the researchers. The current study aim is to bring
consideration on the sociological background of early marriages in the Pukhtoon society.
21
Chapter No- 03
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
Research methodology gives the track to the researchers to proceeds the research and
design the study, area universe, sample procedures and sample size, approaches of data
collection and data analysis in a well patterned manner. This study was used quantitative
research technique to find out the social and cultural factors that encourage early
marriage in District Dir Lower. Moreover, to explore how Pukhtoon social structure and
traditional practices associated with early marriage.
3.2 Theoretical Framework

A theoretical framework is a foundational review of existing theories that serves
as a roadmap for developing the arguments you will use in your own work. There are
various theories and models with related to early marriage but this study will be
confined to” A Theory of Change on Child Marriage” by GIRLS NOT BRIDES. Girls
Not Brides is a global partnership of more than 350 civil society organizations that are
based in over 60 countries. The Theory of Change was developed in consultation with
Girls Not Brides members and other experts on child marriage. It endeavors to
22
incorporate the opinions and feedback from a wide range of stakeholders. The process
adheres to several important principles.
3.3 Nature of The Study
This study was quantitative in nature to identify the relation of Pukhtoon social
structure and traditional practices with early marriage in Pukhtoon society at District Dir
Lower.
3.4 Universe of The Study
While conducting any research activates selecting a universe is vital, including all
those elements from which the samples are drawn (Babaie, 1992). Universe of the study
was selected District Dir Lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
3.5 Target Population
It is difficult for the researchers to cover the whole research area so the study was
limited to District Dir lower Tehsil Balambat. The study respondents were those people
who were have early marriages before eighteen years. Further, their parents were also
included in the study to view their opinions regarding early marriage.
3.6 Sampling Technique
A portion represents the characteristics of the total no of population is called
sample (Babaie, 1992). An appropriate sample size provides true picture of the
population parameters and the reliability of the data is dependent on the mechanism and
methods applied in the selection of a sample size. As the respondent of the study was
unknown to the researchers so the researchers used snow ball sampling technique to
access the respondents of the study. A total of 50 respondents were investigated for this
study.
3.7 Tool of Data Collection
Data was collected through questionnaire. questionnaire was consisting of the
personal and demographic information of the respondent. Further, structure
questionnaire was designed for the respondent to find out their opinions regarding the
issue.
3.8 Data Analysis
The quantitative data was collected through questionnaire and interview schedule.
The data was analyzed through SPSS (Statistical Packages for Social Sciences). Uni-
23
Variate analysis technique was used to find out frequency and percentage distribution of
the respondent’s information. while, Bi-Variate analyses technique was used to find out
association between dependent and independent variables by applying Chi-square test.
Formula of chi-square test is given below;
_____________ Equation (1)

Where,
X2 = Chi Square O= Observed frequencies
E = Expected frequencies R= Number of rows C= Number of
columns
24
Chapter No- 04
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Demographic profile of the Respondent
Table No 4.1.1 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Respondents

Regarding Their Gender
S.NO Gender of the respondents Frequency Percentage
1 Male 17 34.0
2 Female 33 66.0
Total 50 100.0
Explanation:
Table 4.1.1 shows frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents regarding
their gender which shows that majority of the respondents i.e. 33(66.0%) were female
and 17(34.9%) of the respondents were male.
Major Findings
 The table shows that majority of the respondents were female.
25
Regarding Their Age.
S.NO Age of the respondents Frequency Percentage

1 Below 15 years 05 10.0%
2 16-20 years 34 68.0%
3 21-25 years 11 22.0%
Total 50 100.0%
Explanation:
The above table 4.1.2 indicates the frequency and percentage distribution of the
respondents' age in three categories. The table indicates that the majority of respondents
34(68.0%) fall within (16-20) while11(22.0%) of respondents were between the age of
(21-25) while remaining 05 (10. %) were belong to below 15 years of age.
Major Findings
 The table shows that majority of respondents fall within (16-20) of age.
26
Regarding Their marital status.
S.N Marital status of the Frequency Percentage

O respondents
1 Married 14 28.0
2 Unmarried 34 68.0
3 Divorced 1 2.0
4 Widow 1 2.0
Total 50 100.0
Explanation:
The above table 4.1.3 represents the frequency and percentage distribution of the
respondents' marital status. The data indicates that the majority of respondents i.e. 34
(68.0%) were unmarried, while 14 (28.0%) were married while remaining 1 (2%) were
belong to divorced category and the left were 1(2%) were widowed.
Major Findings
 The table shows that majority of respondents were unmarried.
27
Regarding Their educational status.
S.NO Educational status of the respondents Frequency Percentage

1 Illiterate 1 2.0
2 Middle 8 16.0
3 Matric 4 8.0
4 Intermediate 28 56.0
5 Above intermediate 9 18.0
Total 50 100.0
Explanation:
The above table 4.1.4 represent the frequency and percentage distribution of
respondents based on their educational statuses. The data reflects a different educational
background among the participants. A minority 1(2.0%) reported being illiterate, while
8(16.0%) indicated middle-level education and4(8.0%) completed matriculation. The
majority 28(56.0%) possessed intermediate-level qualifications, with an additional
9(18.0%) achieving education above the intermediate level.
Major Findings
 The table shows that majority of the respondents possessed intermediate-level

qualifications.
28
Regarding Their family type.
S.NO Family type of the Frequency Percentage

respondents
1 Nuclear 18 36.0
2 Joint 31 62.0
3 Extended 1 2.0
Total 50 100.0
Explanation:
The above able 4.1.5 represents the frequency and percentage distribution of
respondents based on their family types. The data reveals varying family structures
within the participant group. The majority of respondents 31(62.0%) were reported
belonging to joint families, while 18(36.0%) of the respondents indicated nuclear family
setups. A smaller proportion 1(2.0%) identified with extended families.
Major Findings
 The table shows that majority of respondents were reported belonging to joint
families.
29
Regarding Their Occupation.
S.NO Occupation of the respondent Frequency Percentage

1 Dependent 29 58.0
2 Independent 15 30.0
3 Employed 1 2.0
4 Unemployed 5 10.0
Total 50 100.0
Explanation:
The above table 4.1.6 displays frequency and percentage distribution of the
respondents based on their occupations. The data highlights the occupational diversity
within the surveyed group. The majority of participants 29(58.0%) identified as
dependents, indicating a reliance on others for financial support. Around 15(30.0%)
reported having independent occupations. A smaller percentage 1(2.0%) were employed,
while 5(10.0%) were unemployed.
Major Findings
 The table shows that majority of participants identified as dependents, indicating a

reliance on others for financial support.
30
Regarding Their Monthly Income.
S.NO Monthly Income of the respondents Frequency Percentage
1 Below 10000 9 18.0

2 10001-15000 15 30.0
3 15001 – 20000 5 10.0
4 Above 20000 21 42.0
Total 50 100.0
Explanation:
The above table 4.1.7 represent frequency and percentage of the respondents
regarding their income in which 9 (18.0%) were below 10000, 15 (30.0%) of the
respondents were 10001-15000 of income, 5(10.0%) of the respondents were between
15001 and 20000, and the remaining 21(42.0%) of the respondents were above 20000.
The table shows that majority of the respondents were fall in above 20000 of income.
Major Findings
 The table shows that majority of the respondents were fall in above 20000 of
income.
31
4.2 UNI-VARIATE ANALYSIS
Table No 4.2.1 Respondents Perception Regarding Early Marriage
S.NO Early marriage Yes No

1 Do you aware of the prevalence of early 47(94.0%) 03(6.0%)
marriages in Pashtun society?
2 Is early marriage is practices in Pashtun society? 46(92.0%) 04(8.0%)
3 Will you preferred to early marriage? 29(58.0%) 21(42.0%)
4 Does early marriage impact the physical and 43(86.0%) 7(14.0%)

mental health of individuals, particularly the
younger brides?
5 Does early marriage create the issues of gender 36(72.0%) 14(28.0%)
equality and women's empowerment?
6 Do you think early marriages have an impact on 45(90.0%) 5(10.0%)
the education of young girls in Pashtun society?
7 Do you think that education and awareness 42(84.0%) 8(16.0%)
programs can help to reduce early marriages in
Pashtun society?
Explanation:
The table 4.2.1 shows respondents’ perception regarding early marriage which
shows that majority of the respondents 47(94.0%) were agreed with the statement and
were aware about the term prevalence of early marriage in Pashtun society while
03(6.0%) of the respondents were disagreed with the statement of early marriages. The
statement was also supported by (Kabir, 2006). Kabir stated that the custom of early
marriage is common in most of the rural belt of the developing countries and prevailing
due to certain causative factors, which lay-down devastating impacts upon females, and
families. In addition, such practice is one the common future in most of societies i.e.
32
Saharan Africa, South Asia, and West Africa, East Africa and South Asia (UNDESA,
2000).
Further, respondents were asked about the practice of early marriage in Pashtun
society so majority of the respondents i.e. 46(92.0%) were agreed with the statement
while 04(8.0%) of the respondents were disagreed with the statement. The statement was
also supported by (UNICEF, 2005). According to UNICEF report Pakistan in general
and Pashtun society in particular has a strong cultural heritage and distinct customs and
traditions which mostly favor early marriage. Early marriages are practiced here at a
higher ratio as compared to other parts of the country on the basis of economic
instability, lack of awareness and strong cultural trend encourages such a custom.
Moreover, respondents were asked about preference of early marriage so majority
of the respondents 29(58.0%) were agree about preference of early marriage in Pashtun
society while 21(42.0%) negate the statement. The statement was supported by (Raj et al
,2014). According to (Raj, et al., 2014) early marriage often leads to limited educational
opportunities for young brides, hindering their ability to complete higher education and
develop skills necessary for economic independence. This can subsequently result in
reduced career prospects and financial stability for these individuals.
Additionally, majority of the respondents i.e. 43(86.0%) were agreed with the
statement that early marriage impacts the physical and mental health of individuals
particularly the younger brides While 07(14.0%) of the respondents negate the
statement. The statement was supported by (Delprato & Akyeampong, 2017). According
to Delprato & Akyeampong Early marriage is not only a serious human rights violation
driven by sociocultural factors and poverty but it is also a significant barrier to women
and children's health because girls have not yet attained full maturity and the capacity to
act autonomously. The associated risks to well-being and health as a result of early
marriage are widely acknowledged. Young girls who are married early begin
childbearing soon after marriage, leading to increased health risks from complications in
pregnancy, low infant birth weight, and often death during delivery. Other risks for
young married girls are due to their short birth spacing and greater chances of
contracting HIV.
In addition, majority of the respondents 36(72.0%) agreed with the statement that
early marriage create the issues of gender equality and women's empowerment while
33
14(28.0%) of the respondents were disagreed with the statement. The statement was
supported by (Abera, et al, 2020). According to the report women married at/after 18
were more involved in household decision-making processes than child-brides. Child-
brides were more likely to experience various forms of spousal abuse and violence in
married life.
Furthermore, majority of the respondents 45(90.0%) were agreed with the
statement that early marriages have an impact on the education of young girls in Pashtun
society while 05(10.0%) of the respondents were disagreed with the statement. The
statement was supported by (Lodhi & Haroon ,2011). Who assert that early marriage
pulls the girls out of schools (or colleges) and pushes them into an ever busy cycle of
housekeeping and child bearing. The International Centre for Research on Women has
highlighted that early marriage is a major factor for poor education of girls. Another
study conducted in 29 countries has revealed that girls marrying at 18+ were more
educated than those who married in younger age (i.e. below 18).
Similarly, majority of the respondents 42(84.0%) were given positive response
about the statement that education and awareness programs can help to reduce early
marriages in Pashtun society, while 08(16.0%) of the respondents negate the statement.
The statement was supported by (Muzaffar, Yaseen & Ahmad,2018). According to them
Early marriage essentially damages education; so to counter it education itself must
serve as weapon. Educate the present generation and thereby protect the next generation
from suffering of early marriages. A thick network of Basic Health Units is functional in
the country. Through these units, a full-force public awareness campaign must be run to
highlight various medical risks or health problems involved in early marriages.
34
Table No 4.2.2 Respondents Perception Regarding Pashtun social
structure
S.NO Pashtun social structure Yes No
1 Does the Pashtun social structure influence the 40(80.0%) 10(20.0%)

decision-making process regarding early
marriages in families?
2 Do you believe that early marriages contribute 42(84.0%) 08(16.0%)
to population growth in Pashtun society?
3 Do you think that education level of a 33(66.0%) 17(34.0%)
community affects the prevalence of early
marriages in Pashtun society?
4 Are there economic factors that influence the 38(76.0%) 12(24.0%)
prevalence of early marriage in Pashtun
society?
5 Are early marriages more prevalent in families 38(76.0%) 12(24.0%)
with lower socioeconomic status in Pashtun
society?
6 Are there any cases reported where early 42(84.0%) 08(16.0%)
marriages are arranged to preserve family
lineage and honor in Pashtun society?
7 Is early marriage perceived differently among 39(78.0%) 11(22.0%)
different social classes in Pashtun society?
8 Are traditional family roles and hierarchical 40(80.0%) 10(20.0%)
structures associated with the prevalence of
early marriage in Pashtun society?
9 Are there distinct social classes within Pashtun 44(88.0%) 06(12.0%)
society, and do they have different views on
early marriage?
10 Are early marriages sometimes seen as a way to 43(86.0%) 07(14.0%)
prevent young individuals from engaging in
35
premarital relationships?
Explanation:
The table 4.2.2 shows frequency and percentage distribution of respondents

regarding Pashtun social structure which shows that majority of the respondents
40(80.0%) were agreed with the statement that Pashtun social structure influences the
decision-making process regarding early marriages in families, while 10(20.0%) of the
respondents were not agreed with the statement. The statement was supported by
(Niaz ,2013). According to Niaz the preservation of family honor and reputation is
deeply ingrained in Pashtun culture, driving families to prioritize early marriages as a
means of safeguarding the virtue of their daughters and maintaining social standing.
Additionally, the purdah system, which restricts interactions between unrelated men and
women, contributes to the perceived necessity of early marriages to ensure women's
protection and modesty.
Similarly, majority of the respondents 42(84.0%) were agreed with the statement
that early marriages contribute to population growth in Pashtun society, while 8(16.0%)
of the respondents negate the statement. The statement was supported by (asiapacific
unwomen ,2020). The impact of child marriage is usually associated with health and
nutrition, fertility and population growth, child mortality, educational attainment,
participation in the labor force, women’s agency and gender-based violence.
statement that education level of a community affects the prevalence of early marriages
in Pashtun society while,17(34.0%) of the respondents were not agreed with the
statement. The statement was supported by (Khan & Qaiser ,2018). Who emphasizes
that education, especially for girls, often leads to delayed marriages as it becomes a
priority in the pursuit of career aspirations and personal growth. This delay in marriage
age, driven by educational goals, naturally reduces the prevalence of early marriages
within the community.
In addition to that, majority of the respondents 38(76.0%) were agreed about the
statement that economic factors influence the prevalence of early marriage in Pashtun
society, while 12(24.0%) of the respondents were not agreed with the statement. The
statement was supported by (Nasrullah, et al, 2014). Who stated that economic
36
considerations often lead families to prioritize early marriages, viewing them as a means
of ensuring financial stability and security for their children. Poverty and limited
economic opportunities can push families towards marrying off their daughters at a
young age, as early marriages may be perceived as reducing the economic burden on the
household.
Additionally, majority of the respondents 38(76.0%) were agreed with the
statement that early marriages more prevalent in families with lower socioeconomic
status in Pashtun society, while 12(24.0%) of the respondents were disagreed regarding
the statement. The statement was supported by (Mushtaque, etal., 2019). According to
them families grappling with economic constraints often prioritize early marriages as a
strategic response to financial challenges. Limited financial resources can lead families
to view early marriages as a way to mitigate the economic burden of raising and
supporting children.
Moreover, majority of the respondents 42(84.0%) were agreed with the statement
Are there any cases reported where early marriages are arranged to preserve family
lineage and honor in Pashtun society, while 08(16.0%) of the respondents were
disagreed regarding the statement. The statement was supported by (Kazi, 2015).
According to kazi the intricate link between family honor and early marriages is often
manifested through the practice of "badal," a traditional Pashtun custom that allows
families to reconcile disputes through marriage alliances. In such cases, early marriages
are arranged strategically to forge connections between families and restore familial
honor.
that early marriage perceived differently among different social classes in Pashtun
society, while 11(22.0%) of the respondents disagreed regarding the statement. The
statement was supported by (Khan & Qaiser, 2018). According to them families from
lower socioeconomic backgrounds might be more inclined to support early marriages
due to economic constraints, viewing them as a means to secure financial stability and
alleviate the burden of raising daughters.
statement that traditional family roles and hierarchical structures associated with the
prevalence of early marriage in Pashtun society, while 10(20.0%) of the respondents
37
negate the statement. The statement was supported by (Haq, et al., 2017). Who
emphasizes how patriarchal family dynamics, where elders hold significant decision-
making power, can lead to the arrangement of early marriages. The hierarchical nature
of families and the deference given to elder family members contribute to the
perpetuation of early marriage norms. Additionally, majority of the respondents
44(88.0%) were agreed with the statement that there are distinct social classes within
Pashtun society, and do they have different views on early marriage, while 06(12.0%) of
the respondents not agreed with the statement. The statement was supported by (Rahman
& Katz, 2014). The research of Rahman and Katz shows that social class can indeed
shape attitudes towards early marriage. Families from lower socioeconomic
backgrounds, often belonging to the "Qam" working class, may view early marriage as a
practical solution to economic hardships, seeking alliances to secure financial stability.
In contrast, the "Zar" noble class, with greater access to education and resources, might
be more inclined to delay marriage in favor of educational attainment and career
development.
that early marriages are sometimes seen as a way to prevent young individuals from
engaging in premarital relationships, while 07(14.0) of the respondents negate the
statement. The statement was also supported by (Ali, 2001). According to Ali Early
marriages are arranged to save the immature youngsters of provocative years from
getting involved into unacceptable emotional and sexual relationships outside. This is
essentially associated with the sense of ‘family honor’ which has to be safeguarded at
any cost.
38
Table No 4.2.3 Respondents Perception Regarding Pashtun traditional
practices
S.NO Pashtun traditional practices Yes No
1 Traditional Pashtun gender roles and expectations 42(84.0% 08(16.0%)

intersect with the practice of early marriage ? )
2 Are young individuals given a choice to refuse an 33(66.0% 17(34.0%)
early marriage proposal in Pashtun society? )
3 Traditional ceremonies and rituals, such as 40(80.0% 10(20.0%)
engagement customs and dowry traditions, )
contribute to the prevalence of early marriage
among Pashtun communities?
4 Does the concept of honor within Pashtun society 32(64.0% 18(36.0%)
impact decisions regarding early marriage? )
5 Marrying children under 18 can sometimes be a 38(76.0% 12(24.0%)
means to manage disputes? )
6 Is there a correlation between early marriage and 34(68.0% 16(32.0%)
family honor in Pashtun society? )
7 Are there instances where early marriage is 35(70.0% 15(30.0%)
considered a way to strengthen inter-family )
relationships in Pashtun society?
8 Are early marriages sometimes arranged to resolve 40(80.0% 10(20.0%)
family disputes or conflicts in Pashtun society? )
9 Are there cases where early marriages are arranged 40(80.0% 10(20.0%)
to preserve family lineage and honor in Pashtun )
society?
10 Are there instances where early marriages are 37(74.0% 13(26.0%)
postponed or canceled due to external pressures or )
changing circumstances?
11 Are traditional beliefs and customs influential in 41(82.0% 9(18%)
39
shaping the attitudes towards early marriage )
within Pashtun culture?
12 Does the practice of early marriage align with the 38(76.0% 12(24.0%)
traditional concept of Pashtunwali, emphasizing )
hospitality and family honor?
13 Do you think that early marriage is an important 42(84.0% 8(16.0%)
issue in Pashtun society that needs to be )
addressed?
Explanation:
The table 4.2.3 shows the frequency and percentage distribution of respondents
regarding Pashtun traditional practices which shows that majority of the respondents
42(84.0%) were agreed with the statement that Traditional Pashtun gender roles and
expectations intersect with the practice of early marriage, while 08(16.0%) of the
respondent negate the statement. The statement was supported by (Ambrus ,2008).
Which exploits the fact that in many traditional settings, there are strong social pressures
for girls to marry from the onset of puberty. Thus, the age of menarche provides a source
of natural variation in the age of marriage of women, which has been used to investigate
how marriage timing affects other outcomes such as schooling, childbirth, and the health
and education of children.
that young individuals are given a choice to refuse an early marriage proposal in Pashtun
society, while 17(34.0%) of the respondents negate the statement. The statement was
supported by (karim, 2013). Who stated that due to economic dependency and socio-
cultural obligations young boys generally and girls particularly are unable to raise their
voices against their marriages. The notion that a good child does not refuse his/her
parents decision, which is quite common in Pakistani society. As far as girl’s consent for
marriage is concerned the Prophet (PBUH) said, “A matron should not be given in
marriage except after consulting her and a virgin should not be given in marriage except
after her permission” (karim, 2013).
40
statement that Traditional ceremonies and rituals, such as engagement customs and
dowry traditions, contribute to the prevalence of early marriage among Pashtun
communities, while 10(20.0%) of the respondents were disagreed with the statement.
The statement was supported by (Ministry of Finance Pakistan, 2011). According to the
Ministry of Finance Pakistan, 2011 report in many countries, it is economically more
feasible to marry daughters at a younger age since the expenses of marriage are lower.
Similarly, the expenses of dowry may also be lower for younger girls in many areas.
In addition to that, majority of the respondents 32(64.0%) were agreed with the
statement that the concept of honor within Pashtun society impact decisions regarding
early marriage, while 18(36.0%) of the respondents negate the statement. The statement
was also supported by (Nasrullah, et al., 2014). According to them Strong influence of
culture and community perceptions, varying interpretation of religion, and protecting
family honor are some of the reasons that were narrated by the participants, which seems
playing a role in continuation of child marriage practice in Pakistan.
statement that marrying children under 18 can sometimes be a means to manage
disputes, while 12(24.0%) of the respondents disagreed with the statement. The
statement was also supported by (Khan, 2011). According to khan the custom of
Vani(SWARA)is practiced in tribal areas of Pakistan, where girls are married to resolve
differences or for compensation of crime committed by a male member of the family.
that there is a correlation between early marriage and family honor in Pashtun society,
while 16(32.0%) of the respondents negate the statement. The statement was supported
by (Sofia, Naveed & Manzoor, 2015). According to them “child marriage is in practice
to avoid any deviant behavior that might be resulting in stigmatization and being
socially ostracized. Further, all the other social constructions which instigate child
marriage, the notion of ‘honor’ (izzat) appears to be the most important factor of the
discourse. There is usually a marked pressure on parents to marry their daughters at an
early age in order to lessen the risk of dishonor attached with the sex without marriage.
Child marriage therefore, becomes a convenient way to off the burden of protection and
responsibility of preserving the honor.
41
that there are instances where early marriage is considered a way to strengthen inter-
family relationships in Pashtun society, while 15(15.0%) of the respondents negate the
statement.

statement that early marriages are sometimes arranged to resolve family disputes or
conflicts in Pashtun society, while 10(20.0%) of the respondents negate the statement.
The statement was supported by (Khan, 2011). According to khan 2011 Child Marriages
is still in practice in Pakistan through different customs, such as; Vani(SWARA) in
tribal areas of Pakistan, this custom is practiced, where girls are married to resolve
differences or for compensation of crime committed by a male member of the family
(Khan, 2011)
statement that there Are cases where early marriages are arranged to preserve family
lineage and honor in Pashtun society, while 10(20.0%) of the respondents negate the
statement. The statement was supported by (Paul Hockings, 1996). The report says that,
Pashtuns are strongly discouraged from marrying non-Pashtuns. Although divorce is easy
to obtain with Islamic law it is unusual among Pathans because it involves the loss of a
bride price and the man’s honor if the wife remarries.
that there are instances where early marriages are postponed or canceled due to external
pressures or changing circumstances, while 13(26.0%) of the respondents were disagreed
with the statement. The statement was supported by (Haq, et al., 2017). The concept of
"tolo" or "tolana" refers to the practice of arranging marriages within extended families or
clans, with the aim of forging or strengthening inter-family relationships.
that traditional beliefs and customs are influential in shaping the attitudes towards early
marriage within Pashtun culture, while 9(18.0%) of the respondents were not agreed
with the statement. The statement was supported by (UNICEF, 2005). the report was
stated that Pakistan in general and Pashtun society in particular has a strong cultural
42
heritage and distinct customs and traditions which mostly favor early marriage. Early
marriages are practiced here at a higher ratio as compared to other parts of the country
on the basis of economic instability, lack of awareness and strong cultural trend
encourages such a custom.
statement emphasizing hospitality and family honor, while 9(18.0%) of the respondents
were not agreed with the above statement.
that early marriage is an important issue in Pashtun society that needs to be addressed.
While 8(16.0%) of the respondent were disagreed with the above statement. The
statement was supported by (Nawaz, 2022). According to them child marriage is a
reality that spread in numerous nations. The matter keeping in view its significance is
not addressed for quite a long time and acknowledged or recognized as a standard. It is
an emerging issue in Pakistan.
43
4.3 BI-VARIATE ANALYSIS
Table No 4.3.1 Association Between Pashtun Social Structure and Early

Marriage
S.NO Pashtun social structure Chi-

square
value
1 Does the Pashtun social structure influence the decision-making X2=10.938
process regarding early marriages in families? P=(0.001)
2 Do you believe that early marriages contribute to population X2=5.623
growth in Pashtun society? P=(0.018)
3 Do you think that education level of a community affects the X2=7.948
prevalence of early marriages in Pashtun society? P=(0.005)
4 Are there economic factors that influence the prevalence of X2=17.301
early marriage in Pashtun society? P=0.000
5 Are early marriages more prevalent in families with lower X2=11.710
socioeconomic status in Pashtun society? P=0.001
6 Are there any cases reported where early marriages are arranged X2=5.623
to preserve family lineage and honor in Pashtun society? P=0.018
7 Is early marriage perceived differently among different social X2=4.929
classes in Pashtun society? P=0.026
8 Are traditional family roles and hierarchical structures associated X2=0.025
with the prevalence of early marriage in Pashtun society? P=0.875
9 Are there distinct social classes within Pashtun society, and do X2=0.057
they have different views on early marriage? P=0.025
10 Are early marriages sometimes seen as a way to prevent young X2=13.449
individuals from engaging in premarital relationships? P=0.000
Explanation:
jThe above table 4.3.1 explores the association between Pashtun social structure and
early marriage which showed a significant association (P=0.001) between early marriage
44
and Pashtun social structure influence the decision-making process regarding early
marriages in families. Similarly, a non-significant association (P=0.018) was found
between early marriages contribute to population growth in Pashtun society and early
marriage.
Moreover, a significant association (P=0.005) was found between early marriage
and education level of a community affects the prevalence of early marriages in Pashtun
society. Additionally, a highly significant association (P=0.000) was found between
economic factors that influence the prevalence of early marriage in Pashtun society and
early marriage. Moreover, a significant association (P=0.001) was found between early
marriage and early marriages more prevalent in families with lower socioeconomic
status in Pashtun society.
Furthermore, a non-significant association (p=0.018) was found between early
marriage and there are any cases reported where early marriages are arranged to preserve
family lineage and honor in Pashtun society. Additionally, a non-significant association
(P=0.026) was found between early marriage is perceived differently among different
social classes in Pashtun society and early marriage.
Likewise, a non-significant association (P=0.875) was found between early

marriage and traditional family roles and hierarchical structures are associated with the
prevalence of early marriage in Pashtun society. Moreover, a non-significant association
(P=0.225) was found between there are distinct social classes within Pashtun society, and
they have different views on early marriage. Additionally, a highly significant association
(P=0.000) was found between early marriage and early marriages are sometimes seen as a
way to prevent young individuals from engaging in premarital relationships.
45
Table No 4.3.2 Association between Pashtun traditional practices and
early marriage
S.N Statements Chi-

O Square
Value
1 Traditional Pashtun gender roles and expectations intersect X2=10.436
with the practice of early marriage ? P=0.001
2 Are young individuals given a choice to refuse an early X2=12.139
marriage proposal in Pashtun society? P=0.000
3 Traditional ceremonies and rituals, such as engagement X2=16.766
customs and dowry traditions, contribute to the prevalence of P=0.000
early marriage among Pashtun communities?
4 Does the concept of honor within Pashtun society impact X2=6.725
decisions regarding early marriage? P=0.009
5 Marrying children under 18 can sometimes be a means to X2=17.301
manage disputes? P=0.000
6 Is there a correlation between early marriage and family honor X2=13.892
in Pashtun society? P=0.000
7 Are there instances where early marriage is considered a way to X2=15.892
strengthen inter-family relationships in Pashtun society? P=0.000
8 Are early marriages sometimes arranged to resolve family X2=16.766
disputes or conflicts in Pashtun society? P=0.000
9 Are there cases where early marriages are arranged to preserve X2=8.884
family lineage and honor in Pashtun society? P=0.003
10 Are there instances where early marriages are postponed or X2=14.814
canceled due to external pressures or changing circumstances? P=0.000
11 Are traditional beliefs and customs influential in shaping the X2=8.140
attitudes towards early marriage within Pashtun culture? P=0.004
12 Does the practice of early marriage align with the traditional X2=11.710
concept of Pashtunwali, emphasizing hospitality and family P=0.001
46
honor?
13 Do you think that early marriage is an important issue in X2=5.623
Pashtun society that needs to be addressed? P=0.018
Explanation:
Table 4.3.2 explores the association between Pashtun traditional practices and
early marriage through a series of questions along with corresponding Chi-square values
and p-values. These findings shed light on how traditional practices intersect with the
phenomenon of early marriage within Pashtun society, as follows:
Traditional Pashtun gender roles and expectations intersect with the practice of
early marriage. With a Chi-square value of X 2=10.436 and a p-value of P=0.001, there is
a statistically significant association between traditional gender roles and expectations in
Pashtun society and the practice of early marriage.
Young individuals are given a choice to refuse an early marriage proposal in

Pashtun society. The Chi-square value is X2=12.139 with a p-value of P=0.000,
indicating a significant lack of choice for young individuals in Pashtun society to refuse
early marriage proposals.
Traditional ceremonies and rituals, such as engagement customs and dowry

traditions, contribute to the prevalence of early marriage among Pashtun communities. A
significant association is evident with a Chi-square value of X 2=16.766 and a p-value of
P=0.000, suggesting that traditional ceremonies and rituals contribute to the prevalence of
early marriage within Pashtun communities.
The concept of honor within Pashtun society impact decisions regarding early
marriage. The Chi-square value is X 2=6.725 with a p-value of P=0.009, indicating that
the concept of honor within Pashtun society influences decisions about early marriage.
Marrying children under 18 can sometimes be a means to manage disputes. A

statistically significant relationship exists with a Chi-square value of X 2=17.301 and a p-
47
value of P=0.000, suggesting that marrying children under 18 might help as a strategy to
manage disputes in Pashtun society.
There is a correlation between early marriage and family honor in Pashtun

society? With a Chi-square value of X 2=13.892 and a p-value of P=0.000, there is a
significant correlation between early marriage and the concept of family honor in Pashtun
society.
There Are instances where early marriage is considered a way to strengthen inter-
family relationships in Pashtun society. The Chi-square value is X 2=15.892 with a p-
value of P=0.000, indicating a significant link between early marriage and its perceived
role in strengthening inter-family relationships.
Early marriages are sometimes arranged to resolve family disputes or conflicts in

Pashtun society. A statistically significant relationship exists with a Chi-square value of
X2=16.766 and a p-value of P=0.000, indicating that early marriages are at times arranged
to resolve family disputes or conflicts.
There are cases where early marriages are arranged to preserve family lineage and
honor in Pashtun society. The Chi-square value is X 2=8.884 with a p-value of P=0.003,
indicating a statistically significant association between early marriages, family lineage
protection, and honor.
There are instances where early marriages are postponed or canceled due to
external pressures or changing circumstances. The Chi-square value is X 2=14.814 with a
p-value of P=0.000, suggesting that external pressures or changing circumstances indeed
affect the timing of early marriages.
Traditional beliefs and customs are influential in shaping the attitudes towards
early marriage within Pashtun culture. With a Chi-square value of X 2=8.140 and a p-
value of P=0.004, there's a statistically significant connection between traditional beliefs,
customs, and attitudes towards early marriage.
The practice of early marriage aligns with the traditional concept of Pashtunwali,
emphasizing hospitality and family honor. The Chi-square value is X 2=11.710 with a p-
48
value of P=0.001, indicating a significant association between the practice of early
marriage and its alignment with the traditional concept of Pashtunwali.
Early marriage is an important issue in Pashtun society that needs to be addressed.

The Chi-square value is X2=5.623 with a p-value of P=0.018, indicating that respondents
view early marriage as a significant issue in Pashtun society that requires attention.
In summary, the table underscores the complex relationships between various

Pashtun traditional practices and the practice of early marriage. It highlights the influence
of traditional gender roles, lack of choice for young individuals, the impact of honor,
engagement customs, dispute management, family lineage, inter-family relationships,
traditional beliefs, and the association with Pashtunwali. The findings provide essential
insights for understanding the complex interplay between cultural traditions and early
marriage practices in Pashtun society.
49
4.4 MAJOR FINDINGS
 Majority of the respondents 47(94.0%) were agreed about the statement and were
aware about the term prevalence of early marriage in Pashtun society
 Respondents were asked about the practice of early marriage in Pashtun society so
majority of the respondents i.e. 46(92.0%) were agreed.
 Majority 29(58.0%) Respondents were agreed that early marriage is preferred in
Pashtun society.
 Majority of the respondents i.e. 43(86.0%) were agreed with the statement that
early marriage impacts the physical and mental health of individuals particularly the
younger brides
 Majority of the respondents 36(72.0%) agreed with the statement that early
marriage create the issues of gender equality and women's empowerment
 Majority of the respondents 45(90.0%) were agreed with the statement that early
marriages have an impact on the education of young girls in Pashtun society
 Majority of the respondents 42(84.0%) were given positive response about the
statement that education and awareness programs help to reduce early marriages in
Pashtun society
 Majority of the respondents 40(80.0%) were given positive answered about the
statement that Pashtun social structure influences the decision-making process regarding
early marriages in families
statement that early marriages contribute to population growth in Pashtun society
statement that education level of a community affects the prevalence of early marriages
in Pashtun society
statement that there are economic factors that influence the prevalence of early marriage
in Pashtun society
50
statement that early marriages are more prevalent in families with lower socioeconomic
status in Pashtun society
statement that there are any cases reported where early marriages are arranged to
preserve family lineage and honor in Pashtun society
statement that early marriage is perceived differently among different social classes in
Pashtun society
statement that traditional family roles and hierarchical structures are associated with the
prevalence of early marriage in Pashtun society
statement that there Are distinct social classes within Pashtun society, and they have
different views on early marriage
statement that early marriages are sometimes seen as a way to prevent young individuals
from engaging in premarital relationships
statement that traditional Pashtun gender roles and expectations intersect with the
practice of early marriage
statement that young individuals are given a choice to refuse an early marriage proposal
in Pashtun society
statement that traditional ceremonies and rituals, such as engagement customs and
dowry traditions, contribute to the prevalence of early marriage among Pashtun
communities
statement that the concept of honor within Pashtun society impact decisions regarding
early marriage
51
statement that marrying children under 18 sometimes be a means to manage disputes
statement that there is a correlation between early marriage and family honor in Pashtun
society
statement that there are instances where early marriage is considered a way to strengthen
inter-family relationships in Pashtun society
statement that early marriages are sometimes arranged to resolve family disputes or
conflicts in Pashtun society
statement that there are cases where early marriages are arranged to preserve family
lineage and honor in Pashtun society,
statement there are instances where early marriages are postponed or canceled due to
external pressures or changing circumstances
statement that traditional beliefs and customs are influential in shaping the attitudes
towards early marriage within Pashtun culture
statement that the practice of early marriage aligns with the traditional concept of
Pashtunwali, emphasizing hospitality and family honor
 Majority of the respondents 42(84.0%) were agreed with the statement that that
early marriage is an important issue in Pashtun society that needs to be addressed
 A highly significant association (P=0.000) was found between economic factors
which influence the prevalence of early marriage in Pashtun society and early marriage.
 A highly significant association (P=0.000) was found between early marriage and
early marriages sometimes seen as a way to prevent young individuals from engaging in
premarital relationships
52
 Young individuals are given a choice to refuse an early marriage proposal in
Pashtun society. The Chi-square value is X2=12.139 with a p-value of P=0.000,
indicating a significant lack of choice for young individuals in Pashtun society to refuse
early marriage proposals.
 A p-value of P=0.000, suggest that traditional ceremonies and rituals contribute to
the prevalence of early marriage within Pashtun communities.
 P=0.000, suggesting that marrying children under 18 might serve as a strategy to
manage disputes in Pashtun society.
 P=0.000, there is a significant correlation between early marriage and the concept
of family honor in Pashtun society.
 P=0.000, indicating a significant link between early marriage and its perceived
role in strengthening inter-family relationships.
 P=0.000, indicating that early marriages are at times arranged to resolve family
disputes or conflicts.
 P=0.000, suggesting that external pressures or changing circumstances indeed
affect the timing of early marriages.
53
Chapter No- 05
SUMMURY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary
The purpose of this research was to investigate the phenomenon of early marriage
within the Pashtun society in District Dir Lower. The objective of the research was to
find out dynamics of the early marriage through sociological lens. The research
methodology involved analyzing the demographic profile of respondents, studying the
region's socio-economic and cultural background, and exploring the complex
relationship between early marriages and Pashtun social structures, culture, and
traditions. The findings of this study shown a significant awareness among respondents
about the occurrence of early marriage within the Pashtun society. This widespread
acknowledgment highlighted the need to comprehensively understanding its
fundamental drivers and consequences. Respondents commonly accepted the adverse
impact of early marriage on both physical and mental well-being, as well as its influence
on gender equality and education.
Furthermore, economic factors emerged as a crucial determinant, alongside the
imperative of maintaining family lineage and following to traditional roles, in shaping
early marriage decisions. Notably, the study uncovered strong associations between
various factors such as economic conditions, the prevention of premarital relationships,
restricted choice for rejection, loyalty to traditional rituals, conflict management through
marriage, safeguarding of family honor, inter-family relations, conflict resolution, and
external societal pressures, all of which played a role in early marriage practices. These
findings emphasize the complex nature of early marriage dynamics and necessitate
comprehensive strategies to address this issue within the Pashtun society. The study not
only sheds light on the multifaceted factors that influence early marriages but also
underscores the necessity to address the challenge effectively.
54
5.2 Conclusion
This research aimed to explore the phenomenon of early marriage within the
Pashtun society of District Dir Lower through a sociological way. The investigation into
the demographic profile of the respondents, the area profile of Pashtun society, and the
complex relationship between early marriages and Pashtun social structure, culture, and
traditional practices has focus on several key insights. Demographic profile of the
respondents shown that early marriage remains a customary practice within the Pashtun
society, indicating the need for a comprehensive understanding of its fundamental
causes and consequences. The area profile analysis emphasized the socio-economic and
cultural factors that influence the prevalence of early marriages. This analysis
illuminated the relationship between geography, economic opportunities, and the
continuation of traditional norms within the society.
The exploration of the association between early marriages and social structure
emphasized the complex network of familial and community relations that frequently
play a key role in shaping marital decisions. The influence of hierarchical structures and
power dynamics within the Pashtun society was clear, as they contribute to the
continuation of early marriages. Moreover, the examination of cultural factors showed
the importance of maintaining cultural inheritance, which sometimes leads to the
continuation of practices like early marriage. The research also revealed the strong
connection between early marriages and traditional practices. Pashtun society's loyalty
to ancient customs, despite changing global dynamics, highlights the complexity of
cultural protection in the face of modernization. This dynamic relationship between
tradition and modernity often contributes to the perseverance of early marriage practices.
The study suggests, efforts to address the issue of early marriage within Pashtun
society need to be multi-dimensional. It is important to accept the role of social structure
and hierarchical arrangements in continuing early marriages, while also recognizing the
significance of cultural practices in shaping marital decisions. If we want to change
these old customs, we need to understand how complicated society can be. We should
work together with community leaders, elders, and influencers to make a real change.
In conclusion, the findings of this research contribute to the existing body of
knowledge about early marriage practices within Pashtun society. By highlighting the
55
relationship between demographic, social, and cultural factors, this study emphasizes the
need for comprehensive strategies that engage both tradition and progress. Finally,
fostering a more complete and equitable society in District Dir Lower will necessitate
addressing the deeply inherent aspects of social structure, culture, and traditional
practices that influence early marriage decisions.
56
5.3 Recommendations
Addressing the issue of early marriages in Pashtun society requires a
comprehensive approach that involves education, community engagement, policy
changes, and raising awareness. Here are some suggestions to help stop early marriages:
1. Promote Education: Enhance access to quality education for both girls and boys,
emphasizing its importance in personal and societal development.
2. Family Workshops: Organize workshops for parents and community members to
understand the negative consequences of early marriages on physical, emotional, and
mental well-being.
3. Media Campaigns: Launch media campaigns using TV, radio, and social media to
raise awareness about the harms of early marriages and the benefits of delaying them.
4. Raise Marriage Age: Advocate for legal reforms that raise the minimum age of
marriage for both girls and boys, in line with international standards.
5. Enforce Existing Laws: Strengthen enforcement of existing laws against early
marriages to discourage offenders.
6. Compulsory Education Laws: Introduce laws that make education mandatory until a
certain age, reducing the likelihood of early marriages.
7. Penalties: Impose strict penalties on those involved in arranging or facilitating early
marriages.
8. Community Leaders: Engage local leaders, religious figures, and elders to promote
the benefits of delaying marriages and supporting education.
9. Community Dialogues: Organize community dialogues to openly discuss the
negative impact of early marriages and seek local solutions.
10. Parental Education: Educate parents about the long-term benefits of delaying
marriage for their children's physical and emotional well-being.
11. Research Studies: Conduct research studies to gather data on the impact of early
marriages, which can serve as evidence for policy changes.
12. Data Dissemination: Share research findings with communities to raise awareness
about the consequences of early marriages.
57
Implementing a combination of these suggestions, custom-made to the specific context
and needs of the Pashtun society, can help in addressing the issue of early marriages and
promoting positive change.
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60
INTERVIEW SCHEDULE/QUESTIONNAIR
SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF EARLY MARRIAGES IN PUKHTOON

SOCIETY AT DISTRICT LOWER DIR
S. No STATEMENT OPTION
01 gender of respondent a Male b Female
02 Age of respondent a below15 b 16-20
c 21-25 d Above 25
A Married b Unmarried
03 Marital status
c Divorced d widow
04 Educational Status a Illiterate b middle
c Matric d Intermediate
e Above intermediate
06 Family Type a Nuclear b Joint
c Extended
07 Occupation a Dependent b Independent
c Employed d. Unemployed
08 Monthly Income a Below 10000 b 10001-15000
c 15001 – 20000 d Above 20000
Demographic profile of the Respondents
61
S.NO Early marriage Yes No
1 Do you aware of the prevalence of early marriages in Pashtun

society?
2 Is early marriage is practices in Pashtun society?
3 Will you preferred to early marriage?
4 Does early marriage impact the physical and mental health of

individuals, particularly the younger brides?
5 Does early marriage create the issues of gender equality and

women's empowerment?
6 Do you think early marriages have an impact on the education of
young girls in Pashtun society?
7 Do you think that education and awareness programs can help to

reduce early marriages in Pashtun society?
S.N Pashtun social structure Yes No

O
1 Does the Pashtun social structure influence the decision-making

process regarding early marriages in families?
2 Do you believe that early marriages contribute to population

growth in Pashtun society?
3 Do you think that education level of a community affects the

prevalence of early marriages in Pashtun society?
62
4 Are there economic factors that influence the prevalence of early
marriage in Pashtun society?
5 Are early marriages more prevalent in families with lower

socioeconomic status in Pashtun society?
6 Are there any cases reported where early marriages are arranged to
preserve family lineage and honor in Pashtun society?
7 Is early marriage perceived differently among different social

classes in Pashtun society?
8 Are traditional family roles and hierarchical structures associated
with the prevalence of early marriage in Pashtun society?
9 Are there distinct social classes within Pashtun society, and do
they have different views on early marriage?
10 Are early marriages sometimes seen as a way to prevent young
individuals from engaging in premarital relationships?
S.N Pashtun traditional practices Yes No

O
1 Traditional Pashtun gender roles and expectations intersect with

the practice of early marriage ?
2 Are young individuals given a choice to refuse an early marriage
proposal in Pashtun society?
3 Traditional ceremonies and rituals, such as engagement customs
and dowry traditions, contribute to the prevalence of early
marriage among Pashtun communities?
4 Does the concept of honor within Pashtun society impact
decisions regarding early marriage?
5 Marrying children under 18 can sometimes be a means to manage
disputes?
63
6 Is there a correlation between early marriage and family honor in
Pashtun society?
7 Are there instances where early marriage is considered a way to
strengthen inter-family relationships in Pashtun society?
8 Are early marriages sometimes arranged to resolve family
disputes or conflicts in Pashtun society?
9 Are there cases where early marriages are arranged to preserve
family lineage and honor in Pashtun society?
10 Are there instances where early marriages are postponed or
canceled due to external pressures or changing circumstances?
11 Are traditional beliefs and customs influential in shaping the
attitudes towards early marriage within Pashtun culture?
12 Does the practice of early marriage align with the traditional
concept of Pashtunwali, emphasizing hospitality and family
honor?
13 Do you think that early marriage is an important issue in Pashtun
society that needs to be addressed?
64

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SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF EARLY MARRIAGES IN

PUKHTOON SOCIETY AT DISTRICT DIR LOWER

________________________ External Examiner

1.2 Study Background.....................................................................................................................

1.3 Research Questions..................................................................................................................

1.4 Objectives of The Study..........................................................................................................

1.5 Significance of The Study.......................................................................................................

1.6 Conceptual Framework............................................................................................................

1.7 Organization of The Study.......................................................................................................

2.2 Early Marriage in Pakistan......................................................................................................

2.3 Pukhtoon Customs Regarding Child Marriages......................................................................

2.4 Cultural Rigidity and Gender Discrimination..........................................................................

2.6 Consequences of Early Marriage.............................................................................................

2.7 Research Gap...........................................................................................................................

3.2 Theoretical Framework............................................................................................................

3.3 Nature of The Study.................................................................................................................

3.4 Universe of The Study.............................................................................................................

3.6 Sampling Technique................................................................................................................

3.7 Tool of Data Collection...........................................................................................................

3.8 Data Analysis...........................................................................................................................

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Demographic profile of the respondent...................................................................................

4.2 Uni-Variate Analysis...............................................................................................................

4.3 Bi-Variate Analysis.................................................................................................................

4.4 Major Findings.........................................................................................................................

SUMMURY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Demographic profile of the respondents

Table No 4.1. 1..................................................................................................................23

Table No 4.2. 1..................................................................................................................30

Table No 4.3. 1..................................................................................................................42

Anwar Ali Khan

Dependent variable Independent variable

watta satta(ado bado)

2.7 Research Gap

3.2 Theoretical Framework

_____________ Equation (1)

4.1 Demographic profile of the Respondent

Table No 4.1.1 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Respondents

 The table shows that majority of the respondents were female.

S.NO Age of the respondents Frequency Percentage

S.N Marital status of the Frequency Percentage

 The table shows that majority of respondents were unmarried.

S.NO Educational status of the respondents Frequency Percentage

 The table shows that majority of the respondents possessed intermediate-level

S.NO Family type of the Frequency Percentage

S.NO Occupation of the respondent Frequency Percentage

 The table shows that majority of participants identified as dependents, indicating a

S.NO Monthly Income of the respondents Frequency Percentage

1 Below 10000 9 18.0

Table No 4.2.1 Respondents Perception Regarding Early Marriage

S.NO Early marriage Yes No

3 Will you preferred to early marriage? 29(58.0%) 21(42.0%)

4 Does early marriage impact the physical and 43(86.0%) 7(14.0%)

S.NO Pashtun social structure Yes No

1 Does the Pashtun social structure influence the 40(80.0%) 10(20.0%)

The table 4.2.2 shows frequency and percentage distribution of respondents

S.NO Pashtun traditional practices Yes No

1 Traditional Pashtun gender roles and expectations 42(84.0% 08(16.0%)

11 Are traditional beliefs and customs influential in 41(82.0% 9(18%)

Furthermore, majority of the respondents 40(80.0%) were agreed with the

Table No 4.3.1 Association Between Pashtun Social Structure and Early

S.NO Pashtun social structure Chi-

Likewise, a non-significant association (P=0.875) was found between early