Cyclic Test Notes I – Quarter 3

 Solution: A homogeneous mixture containing a solute and a solvent.

 Solute: A solute is a substance that gets dissolve.
 Solvent: A substance that dissolves the solute.
 Aqueous solution: A solution made using water as a solvent.
 Non- aqueous solution: A solution made using a solvent other than water (like ethanol,
acetone)

Solubility

 Solubility is the amount of of solute (in grams) that gets dissolved in 100 g of water at given
temperature. This is percentage solubility.
 Solubility can also be expressed as g/l (or g/dm3) as amount of solute in grams that dissolves
in 1dm3 of water at given temperature.

1dm3= 1 litre= 1000 ml= 1000cm3

Example 1: 5g of substance A dissolves in 20 cm3 of water. Find its percentage solubility. And
solubility in g/dm3

5g of A  20 cm3

So, x g of A  100 cm3

Cross multiplying, 5*100 = x*20

500 = 20x

500/20 = x

X= 25%

This means 25 g is dissolved in 100g water.

100 g of water has a volume of 100 cm3. [density of water is 1g/cm3]

25 g of A in 100 cm3 of water so 250 g of it will be dissolved in 1000 cm3 [1 litre=1dm3] of water.
Solubility can also be expressed as 250g/dm3.
Factors affecting solubility

 Temperature: With increase in the temperature, the solubility also increases. This means,
more amount of solute would dissolve at a raised temperature.
 Particle size: Smaller particles dissolve better than bigger chunks. Particle size and solubility
are inversely proportional.
 Nature of substances: Substances can dissolve completely [soluble substances like salt] or to
a very small extent [sparingly soluble like holi colours] or not at all [insoluble substances like
sand]. Depending on the nature of a substance the value of solubility would differ.
 Pressure: This factor affects soubility of gasses only. At higher pressure more amount of gas
can be made to dissolve. When the pressure is low, the dissolved gases come out of the
solution.

This is seen evidently in the bottles of fizzy drinks [carbonated water]. The sharp test of these drinks
is because of dissolved carbon dioxide under pressure. The drink goes flat when seal is broken and
kept open for long. This is because, as the pressure is released, the solubility of gas decreases and
the gas escapes from the drink.

Saturated and Unsaturated solutions

 A saturated solution is the one that has maximum amount of solute in a dissolved form at a
given temperature and it cannot dissolve any more solute.
 An unsaturated solution is one that has capacity to dissolve more solute without increasing
the temperature.
 A super saturated solution is formed, when a saturated solution is heated and extra amount
of solute is made to dissolve at a raised temperature.

A super saturated solution can be considered to be highly concentrated compared to saturated and
unsaturated ones.
 Using graphs

 There are two axes on the graph, X and Y respectively. The X axis is horizontal and the Y axis
is vertical.
 The independent variable [the one which is changed by experimenter to see its effect on the
other variable] is plotted on X axis.
 The dependent variable [the one that depends on the independent variable] is plotted on Y
axis.
 The point where the two axes meet is marked ‘0’ indicating the origin.
 A suitable scale is to be selected in such a way that more than half of the graph paper is
covered.
 The scale used for both the axes is to be written on the top right corner.

When to use a bar graph and when to use a line graph?

Bar Graph:

Use a bar graph when you want to compare different categories or groups. Each category gets its
own bar, and the height of the bar shows how much or how many of something there is.

Example:
Imagine you and your friends voted for your favorite ice cream flavors, and you want to show which
flavor got the most votes. You would draw a bar graph with each flavor having its own bar. The
height of each bar would represent the number of votes for that flavor.

Line Graph:
Use a line graph when you want to show how something changes as a result of other. A line graph
connects points, and you can see trends and patterns in the data.

Example:
Now, let's say you want to show how the temperature changes throughout the day. You would draw
a line graph with time on the horizontal axis (like morning, afternoon, evening) and temperature on
the vertical axis. The points on the graph would be connected with a line, showing the temperature
changing as time passes.

So, in summary:
-Use a bar graph when comparing different things (categories or groups).
- Example: Comparing the number of votes for different ice cream flavors.
-Use a line graph when showing how something changes over time.
- Example: Showing how the temperature changes during the day.

Remember, both graphs are tools to help us understand information better, and choosing the right
one depends on what kind of information you want to share!
Line of best fit:

A line of best fit has maximum points on it or symmetrically distributed around it. A point showing
maximum deviation from the line is considered anomalous.